Organizational Behavior Exam 2 Ch. 5-7

Giving an employee a sales commission every time he makes a sale is an example of a continuous reinforcement schedule. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

Goal setting is one of the most influential theories of motivation. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

The performance appraisal meeting is the most important component of a performance appraisal. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

When we perceive a threat to our safety, the body reacts with a "fight or flight" response. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

Praising the employee occasionally when the person shows up on time is an example of ________________ of reinforcement. Select one: a. variable ratio b. equity ratio c. continuous schedule d. fixed ratio schedule

a. variable ratio

Which of the following is NOT a type of response to stress? a. physical b. mental c. emotional d. societal

d. societal

Which of the following is an example of anticipatory stress? Select one: a. Anna's coworker Julie was just let go due to downsizing. Anna worries about whether she will get to keep her job. b. Reuben feels anxious every time he thinks back to what his supervisor said during his recent performance evaluation. c. Sam is upset because he just lost an important sale that he has been working toward for a month now. d. Carlos' son is home alone and has called Carlos at work three times in the past hour.

a. Anna's coworker Julie was just let go due to downsizing. Anna worries about whether she will get to keep her job.

A Forbes magazine survey indicates that the most stressful job in 2017 was that of enlisted military personnel. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

Access to information is a key factor in empowering employees. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

Downsizing, or the expectation of downsizing, is related to greater absence in the workforce. Select one: a. True b. False

a. True

The dimensions of psychological capital (PsyCap) are Select one: a. efficacy, optimism, hope, resilience. b. efficacy, optimism, positive affect, hope. c. Optimism, positive affect, hope, resilience. d. positive affect, self-confidence, strength, hope.

a. efficacy, optimism, hope, resilience

Maslow's theory of motivation suggests Select one: a. employee needs are ordered. b. employee needs are grouped in three categories. c. employee needs are divided into motivator and hygiene categories. d. employee needs are acquired as the result of life experiences.

a. employee needs are ordered

One way to satisfy self-actualization needs is to a. pursue a master's degree through a company's tuition reimbursement program. b. go out to dinner once a month with coworkers from your department. c. get a $100 suggestion bonus from your firm for a labor cost saving tip you placed in your department's suggestion box. d. receive an employee of the week award.

a. pursue a master's degree through a company's tuition reimbursement program

Rodney is experiencing a real dilemma. His boss just called him and told him that he had to attend a dinner meeting Wednesday night with some important out-of-town clients. Rodney's daughter just called and told him she will be dancing a solo at her dance recital on Wednesday evening. Rodney is experiencing Select one: a. role conflict. b. role overload. c. information overload. d. role ambiguity.

a. role conflict

Role ambiguity refers to Select one: a. vagueness in relation to job responsibilities. b. insufficient time and resources to complete a job. c. contradictory demands at work. d. processing demands that exceed the supply of time for such processing.

a. vagueness in relation to job responsibilities

Adequate notice ensures that there is two-way communication during the performance appraisal process. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

Both positive and negative emotions can be contagious, but the spillover from positive emotions lasts longer than negative ones. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

In the most effective performance appraisal meetings, criticism of the individual personality traits is very important. a. True b. False

b. False

Marissa is generally a few minutes late for class. She feels that "class will be there, why rush?" Marissa always thinks through how to address problems that arise for her rather than responding first and thinking later. Marissa has a Type A personality. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

Over-rewarded individuals experience a great deal of guilt and will substantially increase their effort to restore feelings of equity. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

Role conflict is the strongest predictor of poor performance on the job. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

Salary is a motivator in Herzberg's two-factor theory. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

The General Adaptation Syndrome looks at how events on the job cause different kinds of people to feel different kinds of emotions. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

The most effective goals are easy ones. Select one: a. True b. False

b. False

Stress in the form of job challenge leads to: Select one: a. Higher turnover b. Higher performance. c. Higher absenteeism. d. Higher commitment.

b. Higher performance

Which of the following statements is true about job design approaches? Select one: a. Job rotation takes place only with lower level jobs in an organization. b. Job enrichment may lead to employee frustration or dissatisfaction with pay. c. Job specialization is effective in rapidly changing work environments. d. Job enlargement implementation leads employees to feel less capable of performing job tasks.

b. Job enrichment may lead to employee frustration or dissatisfaction with pay

Which of the following summary statements is true regarding motivation theories? Select one: a. Need-based motivation theories use the mental processes of employees to understand employee motivation. b. Research indicates that what is perceived as fair and unfair is culturally defined. c. Research indicates that because of the unfairness perceived in their environments, individuals no longer repeat behavior that leads to positive results. d. Process-based theories suggest managers should identify what employees need and make the work environment a means of satisfying those needs.

b. Research indicate that what is perceived as fair and unfair is culturally defined

Anita seems to take life as it comes. When the refrigerator and washing machine broke down in the same day flooding the kitchen, she laughed it off saying, "It could always be worse." She then went and called the appliance repair service. Anita has a _________________ personality. Select one: a. Type A b. Type B c. pessimistic d. neurotic

b. Type B

The concept of flow refers to Select one: a. applying the principles of athletic performance to workplace performance. b. a state of consciousness where a person is totally absorbed in an activity. c. the regulation of feelings and expressions for organizational purposes. d. ongoing negative emotional states resulting from dissatisfaction.

b. a state of consciousness where a person is totally absorbed in an activity

Work that flows includes which of the following characteristics? Select one: a. feedback b. challenge c. conformity d. task variety

b. challenge

Which of the following represents a negative emotion? Select one: a. stress b. fear c. surprise d. joy

b. fear

Abdul tends to emphasize harmonious interpersonal relationships, prefers to be with friends, and enjoys family events. Abdul would probably be categorized as being Select one: a. low in need for achievement. b. high in need for affiliation. c. high in need for power. d. low in need for affiliation.

b. high in need for affiliation

Omar is sitting at his computer writing his organizational behavior term paper using Internet research while he e-mails his friends and watches the NFL Thursday night football game. His phone just rang and now he is also talking to his girlfriend. Omar is likely experiencing Select one: a. role conflict. b. information overload. c. role ambiguity. d. role overload.

b. information overload

If you say to yourself, "As soon as I finish reading this chapter in my textbook, I am going to play Guitar Hero for an hour," this specific goal has motivated you because Select one: a. it has given you direction. b. it has energized you to keep going until you have accomplished the goal. c. it has provided you with self-esteem. d. it has caused you to re-think how you are working.

b. it has energized you to keep going until you have accomplished the goal

Which of the following is considered a psychological state in Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model? Select one: a. motivation b. meaningfulness c. creativity d. engagement

b. meaningfulness

All of the following are steps that firms are taking to assist employees in dealing with stress in the workplace EXCEPT Select one: a. creating jobs with autonomy and control. b. replacing employees who are stressed with more resilient employees. c. ensuring fairness in the workplace. d. providing access to employee assistance programs.

b. replacing employees who are stressed with more resilient employees

The ability for employees to do interesting and rewarding work at The Walt Disney Company satisfies which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select one: a. safety b. self-actualization c. social d. physiological

b. self-actualization

Hindrance stressors refer to Select one: a. vagueness in regard to job responsibilities. b. stressors that detract from personal goals and prevent personal growth. c. demands and circumstances that cause stress but also promote individual growth. d. having insufficient time and resources to complete one's job.

b. stressors that detract from personal goals and prevent personal growth

Which of the following is true about motivation? Select one: a. Being motivated is the same as being a high performer. b. Motivation is the sole reason why people perform well. c. Motivation is a key influence over an employee's performance level. d. Motivation is usually the most critical factor in a person's performance.

c. Motivation is a key influencer over an employee's performance level

In what stress phase does the body release cortisol and begin to adjust to the demands of the stress? Select one: a. alarm phase b. exhaustion phase c. adaptation phase d. resistance phase

d. resistance phase

Which of the following is a core job characteristic in Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model? Select one: a. role variety b. task importance c. feedback d. pay

c. feedback

Joaquin received the Chancellor's Award and an $8,000 scholarship for a research paper and formal presentation he created. He believes that he worked hard for the paper and the presentation and deserved the award. Joaquin would feel a sense of Select one: a. high interactional justice. b. high interpersonal justice. c. high distributive justice. d. high procedural justice.

c. high distributive justice

Positive reinforcement Select one: a. decreases the desired behavior. b. decreases the frequency of negative behavior. c. increases the desired behavior. d. reduces the frequency of undesired behavior.

c. increases the desired behavior

Conducting an effective performance appraisal meeting Select one: a. is always easier if the rater begins the meeting with a criticism of the employee and moves forward from there. b. is always easier if the rater limits the number of opportunities the employee has to speak. c. is facilitated if the rater has empathy for the employee. d. is easier if the rater completes the performance appraisal form as he talks to the employee during the actual performance appraisal meeting.

c. is facilitated if the rater has empathy for the employee

Esteem needs are Select one: a. the need to bond with other human beings. b. the desire to form lasting attachments. c. the desire to feel important. d. the freedom from an uncertain future.

c. the desire to feel important

Task significance refers to Select one: a. the extent to which the job requires a person to utilize multiple high level skills. b. the degree to which a person is in charge of completing an identifiable piece of work from start to finish. c. whether a person's job substantially affects other people's health, work or well-being. d. the degree to which a person has the freedom to decide how to perform his tasks.

c. whether a person's job substantially affects other people's health, work or well-being

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. A need for achievement can be a destructive element in relationships with colleagues. b. A high need for affiliation serves as a real advantage in managerial positions especially with regard to conducting performance appraisals. c. A high need for power is a trait of those successful in the sales area. d. A need for power can have an altruistic form.

d. A need for power can have altruistic form

Which of the following statements regarding research on emotional contagion is true? Select one: a. Positive emotions can be contagious, but negative emotions are not. b. All people are equally susceptible to emotional contagion. c. The spillover from positive emotions lasts longer than that from negative emotions. d. Emotions are especially salient in teams and thus teams can exhibit emotional contagion just as individuals can.

d. Emotions are especially salient in terms and thus teams can exhibit emotional contagion just as individuals can

Research indicates that exercise is an effective strategy for managing stress. Which of the following statements best describes some of the findings from studies on exercise and stress? Select one: a. Physically active breaks, like walking, actually increase mental fatigue. b. Exercise, like light calisthenics, actually absorbs energy. c. Light exercise tends to erode hand-eye coordination as well as fine motor control. d. Regular exercise increases the body's ability to draw oxygen out of the air, thus combating stress.

d. Regular exercise increases the body's ability to draw oxygen out of the air, thus combating stress

Which of the following is a technique used by firms to reduce the stress experienced by their employees? Select one: a. Create job descriptions for employees that are less specific and focused. b. Shift control over critical decisions to higher levels in the organization. c. Base pay decisions on tenure as opposed to performance. d. Train managers to be more interpersonally sensitive.

d. Train managers to be more interpersonally sensitive

To empower your employees, Select one: a. retain information on the job until it is absolutely needed. b. take away employee power so your manager accountability is not compromised. c. make sure managers continue to manage in such a manner that they are stepping in with routine responses to issues. d. change the company structure so employees have more power on the job.

d. change the company structure so employees have more power on the job

Imagine that you are a salesperson in a major department store. Though you might not actually believe it, you follow the policy of "the customer is always right" in your daily work at the store. However, since you do not agree with that view, you often experience Select one: a. surface acting. b. genuine acting. c. deep acting d. cognitive dissonance.

d. cognitive dissonance

Research on crying as a stress reliever suggests a. the old adage is true: "Let it all out with a good cry." b. criers are less depressed, less anxious and less tired than those who wept less. c. crying is much more successful than humor at combating stress. d. crying may intensify negative feelings because it is a social signal that the individual weeping is very upset.

d. crying may intensify negative feelings because it is a social signal that the individual weeping is very upset

Stressors are defined as Select one: a. demands to perform interactions and internal calculations that exceed the supply or capacity of time available for processing. b. states of consciousness in which a person is totally absorbed in an activity. c. events on the job which cause different people to feel different emotions. d. events or contexts that cause a stress reaction by elevating levels of adrenaline and forcing a physical or mental response.

d. events or contexts that cause a stress reaction by elevating levels of adrenaline and forcing a physical or mental response

Which of the following statements regarding culture and designing a motivating work environment is true? Select one: a. countries high in power distance respond positively to appraisal systems where lower level employees give performance feedback to their managers. b. the paternalistic nature of Mexican companies makes methods of increasing employee empowerment easy to implement. c. workers in India tend to respond positively to empowerment. d. in China, goals with low specificity are more motivational than those with high specificity.

d. in China, goals with low specificity are more motivational than those with high specificity

Research on individual differences in the type of stress experienced by employees indicates that Select one: a. workaholics enjoy work more than other employees. b. due to their stronger social networks, men process stress more effectively than women. c. men become depressed more often than women. d. individuals with Type A personalities are more likely to experience negative organizational outcomes.

d. individuals with type A personalities are more likely to experience negative organizational outcomes

Information processing demands that exceed the supply or capacity of time available for such processing is called Select one: a. role conflict. b. role ambiguity. c. role overload. d. information overload.

d. information overload

Sleep research on stress indicates that Select one: a. workers who miss work because of exhaustion become rejuvenated and face less stress upon their return to work. b. nearly all adults have trouble sleeping. c. work-life conflict makes good sleep easier to achieve. d. insomnia is a stress-related epidemic.

d. insomnia is a stress-related epidemic

In simulations examining whether reinforcement theory explains ethical behavior, researchers found that Select one: a. subjects were less likely to cut kickback payments if there was a threat of punishment. b. subjects were less likely to continue kickback payments if they made a profit after providing the kickbacks. c. the perceived likelihood of punishment is not a major influence of ethical behavior. d. the severity of expected punishment was the primary predictor of whether subjects were inclined to behave unethically.

d. the severity of expected punishment was the primary predictor of whether subjects were inclined to behave unethically

Individuals with a high need for affiliation Select one: a. want to influence others. b. have a strong need to be successful. c. desire to make an impact on the organization. d. want to be accepted by others.

d. want to be accepted by others