Organizational Behavior Review Guide Exam 2 (5-8)

What is a distrust tax?

"When trust goes down, speed goes down, and costs go up" // Decrease in performance because there is a lack of trust

A trust divided?

"When trust goes up, speed goes up, and costs go down" // Boost in performance because there is trust & boost in citizenship behavior

How does motivation relate to job performance and organizational commitment?

Job performance = Strong positive. First, self-efficacy/competence. Second most powerful is difficult goals. Next, valence, instrumentality, and expectancy. Finally, perceptions of equity have a somewhat weaker effect on task performance. Organizational committment - Moderately positive. Those who feel a sense of equity are more emotionally attached to their firms and feel a stronger sense of obligation to remain.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

The five innate needs that we are born with and that we long to satisfy. The diagram looks like a pyramid and include: Physiological (basic needs such as food and shelter... organizations provide this by providing a living wage), safety & security (physical safety and financial security...organizations provide this by doing background checks on employees and having a safe environment), belongingness (a need to feel that you are a part of something bigger than yourself.. organizations can provide this by having outside of work hang outs or design work where employees work in teams), esteem (can be broken down to self & social and is the need to feel like you are worthwhile... organizations provide for this by giving recognition for a job well done and making them able to accomplish something), self-actualization (organizations can provide training to help people obtain this) With this model Maslow developed a term prepotency... stating that the only thing that motivates an individual is their lowest level of unfilled need.

What increases moral intensity?

The potential for harm is perceived to be high social pressure How urgent is the issue?

What is the primary focus of equity theory? How is it determined?

This theory acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people. This is determined by the cognitive calculus comparisons. You would divide your outcomes divided by your inputs and compare that to others outcomes divided by their inputs.

What are the components of cognition-based trust?

This type of trust is looking for evidence/experience with each person to base trust on -ability -benevolence -integrity

What is the difference between an economic exchange and a social exchange between the organization and employees and how does it relate to trust and commitment?

Trust = Personal Exchange Economic Exchange: if we have low levels of trust there will not be very many citizenship behaviors and thus the economic exchange will not be good because profits will not be maxed Social Exchange:

what is stress?

a psychological to demands where there is something at stake and where coping with the demands taxes or exceeds a person's capacity or resources

risk =

actually becoming vulnerable

What are the steps in the decision making process? What are some assumptions related to the process?

-determine problem.appropriate criteria from making a decision -generate list of available alternative -evaluate the alternatives against criteria -choose solution that maximizes the value -implement appropriate solution -does the solution deliver the expected outcome?

affect based trust =

Not based on reason or disposition, it is based on how you feel about the authority

what are the two individual differences that influence the impact of stress?

Possibly behavior and social support?? Social support is both instrumental and emotional support

What are ethics?

the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms

how does stress relate to job performance and organizational commitment?

hindrance stressors have a weak negative correlation to job performance; hindrance stressors have a strong negative correlation to organizational commitment challenge stressors have a weak positive correlation to job performance; challenge stressors have a moderate positive correlation to organizational commitment

What is the role of engagement?

investment, high intensity, and persistence in work efforts

cognitive coping strategy

thinking.. strategizing, reappraising

work/hinderance stressors

role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, daily hassles

work/challenge stressors

time pressure, work complexity, work responsibility

How does trust influence job performance and organizational commitment?

trust has a moderately positive effect on performance. Employees who are willing to be vulnerable to authorities tend to have higher levels of task performance & more likely to engage in citizenship behavior as opposed to counterproductive behavior

Be familiar with the four component model of ethical behavior.

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What is whistleblowing?

whistleblowers are people who expose negligence, abuses, or dangers, such as professional misconduct or incompetence, which exists in the workplace

trust =

willingness to be vulnerable

types of non-work/hindrance stressors

work-family conflict, negative life events, financial uncertainty

What are the three types of trust and how do they relate to each other?

1. Dispositional 2. Cognitive 3. Affective

four types of organizational justice and how they might interact with each other.

1. Distributive justice: perceived fairness of outcomes (equity v. equality v. need) (capitalism v. socialism v. communism) 2. Procedural justice (based on the procedures of an organization and have the ability to voice their views/opinion/corrections) 3. Interpersonal justice 4. Informational justice

What are the four levels of corporate social responsibility?

1. Economic: foundation of any business is profitability (money makes the world go round) 2. Legal: the law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must therefore be followed 3. Ethical: organizations have an obligation to do what is right, just, and fair to avoid harm 4. Citizenship Expectations: organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities

What are the various comparisons that people could make? What are the different personality types in relation to equity theory?

1. Equity (equal) 2. Underreward inequity (you < others) 3. overreward inequity (you > others)

What are the various ways that organizations apply motivational concepts in compensation systems? Be familiar with how each relates to creating a clear goal and connecting the individual's performance to outcomes.

1. Individual focused 2. Unit focused 3. Organization focused

What are the three types of goal orientations?

1. Learning (means to an end) 2. Performance-prove 3. Performance-avoid

What are the four types of reinforcers?

1. Punishment 2. Negative reinforcement 3. Positive reinforcement 4. Extinction

How do organizations manage stress?

1. Survey employees and find out what is causing stress 2. Take steps to reduce the stress on the employees (extend time, hire more employees) 3. Provide resources to manage the stress (time, control over their time, knowledge, training) 4. Reduce the strains that surround the job (relaxation techniques, wellness programs)

What are the reactions to inequity and how do they differ in relation to positive and negative inequity?

1. Underreward Inequity 2. Overreward Inequity

What four things are necessary for proper learning to occur?

1. attention processes 2. retention processes (remember) 3. production processes (reproduce) 4. reinforcement

What are the five types of reinforcement schedules?

1. continuous: reward follows desire behavior/Ex..PRAISE 2. fixed interval: fixed (known) time periods/Ex..PAYCHECK 3. variable interval: variable (unknown) time periods/Ex..SUPERVISOR WALK BY 4. fixed ratio: fixed # of desired behaviors/Ex..PIECE RATE PAY 5. variable ratio: Variable # of desired behaviors/Ex..COMMISSION PAY

What are the three components of motivation?

1. direction of effort 2. intensity of effort 3. persistence of effort (how long)

what are the consequences of stress?

1. psychological strains (depression, anxiety, reduced confidence, forgetfulness, burnout) 2. physiological strains (illness, headaches, high blood pressure, back pain, stomach aches) 3. behavioral strains (alcohol and drug use, teeth grinding, compulsive behavior, overeating)

What is trust propensity?

A general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon. This is impacted by early life experiences and people... religion, parents, teachers, etc.

Transactional Theory of Stress

Breaks down stressors into two dimensions.. 1) hinderance v. challenge and 2) work v. non-work. Has 2 stages.. 1) primary appraisal... assess the demand and determine if you can handle it. 2) secondary appraisal is used to determine how you can best handle the stress

What is moral attentiveness?

Captures the degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences our tendency to think about ethical delimmas

Be familiar with each of the stages of moral development and moral judgement

Cognitive Moral Development: 1. Pre-conventional: punishment & obedience... instrumental purpose and exchange 2. Conventional: conform to individual expectation & then society 3. Principled: universal ethical principles Moral principles 1. teleological: utilitarianism & egoism 2. Deontological: duties, rights, & virtue

what contributes to the perceptions of each type of justice?

Distributive - fairness of decision-making outcomes Procedural - fairness of decision-making processes Interpersonal - fairness of the treatment received by employees Informational - fairness of the communications provided to employees

Alderfer's ERG model

Existence relatedness and growth -Safety, security and physiological needs = existence -belongingness and social esteem = relatedness -self esteem and self actualization = growth Alderfer does not buy into prepotency... he suggests that any/all of the needs can be activated at any time. "Starving artist" "frustration regression"....is that when you are trying to satisfy a need and you can't you will go back to another need that you've already satisfy and over-satisfy that.

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivators? Be familiar with examples of each.

Extrinsic motivation is controlled by some contingency that depends on the task performance. Someone provides these. Examples: pay, bonuses, promotions, praise, free time, benefits Intrinsic motivation is felt when task performance serves as its own reward. Both represent the employees "total motivation" level. These come from within the individual. Examples: enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge gain, skill development

What is the difference between programmed and non-programmed decisions?

If the problem has been dealt with before it is a programmed decision (intuition, gut feeling) If it has not been dealt with before is it a non-programmed decision (rational decision making model)

What is the basic theory behind reinforcement theory?

Law of effect... "praise what you want repeated" behavior that receives positive effect will be repeated behavior that receives negative effect will not be repeated

Be familiar with the moral principles we discussed in class.

Moral principles 1. teleological: utilitarianism & egoism 2. Deontological: duties, rights, & virtue

What is the role of goal difficulty, feedback, task complexity, and goal commitment in the effectiveness of goal setting? What influences goal commitment?

Motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals.

What are the three components of performance?

Performance = motivation X ability X opportunity

What makes a goal an effective one?

S - specific M - measurable A - achievable R - results-based T - time-sensitive

How do people learn from others in their environment?

Social Learning Theory Behavioral Modeling (self efficacy)

define trust

The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions

How does trust relate to reputation?

Trust can be based on reputation, or previous experiences. People have a hard time trusting Congress because they have a bad rep. Most people trust they will get paid because they've never experienced not getting paid. Reputation earned takes a while but only a split second to lose it. A good reputation can equate to trust.

What is the difference between explicit and tacit knowledge?

explicit: easy to communicate and teach tacit: more defined to communicate; gained with experience

Which of the main components of motivation is the focus of goal setting?

Valence

How does cognitive moral development relate to moral judgment?

When in the specific state of cognitive moral development we believe that if it fits within the context it is moral and if it does not it is not moral. For example, in pre-conventional... if it brings me pleasure it is moral & if it brings me punishment it is not moral

types of non-work/challenge stressors

family time demands, personal development, positive life events

behavioral coping strategy

doing something... venting anger, working harder

Be familiar with expectancy theory including the three main components, how those components can be influenced by organizations, and how you can predict performance based on the theory.

effort >>> performance >>> outcome relationship between effort and performance is expectancy relationship between performance and outcomes is instrumentality

What is the difference between merely ethical and especially ethical behavior?

merely ethical behavior is when it seems you are following the norms and expectations of the group but it does not feel right. especially ethical behavior is when

What is moral awareness?

occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle in relevant to the circumstance Do you recognize that there is a moral issue?

Define learning

permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience