OT exam 2

Micah as country/rural prophet: what features of his prophecy reflect this?

"Therefore I will make Samaria a heap of rubble, a place for planting vineyards. I will pour her stones into the valley and lay bare her foundations." "Micah is a fierce defender of the rights of small farmers . . . whose way of life was threatened by the encroaching state system in Judah, aggravated by the bureaucrats who ran it."

divine pathos

- heschel - the emotions or feelings of God about the state of humanity - The prophet enters into the divine pathos; sees the world from God's point of view (which makes the prophet seem hysterical, overly sensitive to injustice, etc)

Jeroboam II

- last descendent of Jehu. - -786-746 BCE -His reign treated positively in 2 Kings 14:25-27 -5 He was the one who restored the boundaries of Israel from Lebo Hamath to the Dead Sea,[e] in accordance with the word of the Lord, the God of Israel, spoken through his servant Jonah son of Amittai, the prophet from Gath Hepher. 26 The Lord had seen how bitterly everyone in Israel, whether slave or free, was suffering;[f] there was no one to help them. 27 And since the Lord had not said he would blot out the name of Israel from under heaven, he saved them by the hand of Jeroboam son of Jehoash. - his reign started out well but this led to increased social inequities between the rich and the poor 3 In the fifteenth year of Amaziah son of Joash king of Judah, Jeroboam son of Jehoash king of Israel became king in Samaria, and he reigned forty-one years. 24 He did evil in the eyes of the Lord and did not turn away from any of the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which he had caused Israel to commit. 25 He was the one who restored the boundaries of Israel from Lebo Hamath to the Dead Sea,[a] in accordance with the word of the Lord, the God of Israel, spoken through his servant Jonah son of Amittai, the prophet from Gath Hepher. 26 The Lord had seen how bitterly everyone in Israel, whether slave or free, was suffering;[b] there was no one to help them. 27 And since the Lord had not said he would blot out the name of Israel from under heaven, he saved them by the hand of Jeroboam son of Jehoash. 28 As for the other events of Jeroboam's reign, all he did, and his military achievements, including how he recovered for Israel both Damascus and Hamath, which had belonged to Judah, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Israel? 29 Jeroboam rested with his ancestors, the kings of Israel. And Zechariah his son succeeded him as king.

"people of the land"

...Then the servants of Amon conspired against him and killed the king in his palace. 24But the people of the land killed all who had conspired against King Amon, and they made his son Josiah king in his place. 25As for the rest of the acts of Amon, along with his accomplishments, are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?...

Fall of Northern Kingdom

722/721- fall of Samaria and northern kingdom of Israel did not participate but was a witness of because Hoshea, king rebelled against Assyria in 725, Shalmaneser V (726-725)and Sargon II laid siege on Samaria in 721, deporting 27,290 Israelites to Assyria. This brings the northern kingdom of Israel to a final end.

Nebuchadnezzar

A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem,and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon King Nebuchadnezzar was the greatest and most powerful of all the Babylonia kings. His name means "Oh Nabu (a Babylonian god), protect my son (or my boundary),

Immanuel

A Hebrew word meaning "God is with us." Live embodiment of Yahweh's promise the birth and naming of a child is a sign of deliverance.

"day of the LORD"

Amos says it will be not a day of celebration but of judgment (5:18-20) a time near at hand when either deliverance or punishment will overtake Judah- but other passages speak of an undetermined future time; still others describe an apocalyptic vision fo the distant future. some it is peaceful and others nature concusses and collapse. God alone brings it about.

701 BCE

Assyrian Crisis (Isaiah and Hezekiah) siege of Jerusalem the assyrian king Sennacherib who had invaded Judah laid siege to Jerusalem

Battle of Carchemish

Babylon, led by the young Nebuchadnezzar, defeats Egypt and Assyria at the Battle of Carchemish on the Euphrates, which opened up all of "the land of Hatti" (Syria and Palestine) to the Babylonians. Babylon now controlled all of Syria and Palestine. 605 BCE

Baal

Canaanite god of fertility

Habakkuk: What are his complaints, how are they answered?

Habakkuk has two complaints mentioned in Chapter 1 and 2. His first complaint consists of complaining about how corrupt Israel has become. He complains that the Torah is neglected, there is violence and injustice in Israel, and there is corrupt leadership. God responds and says that he sees the corruption happening and will use the evil empire Babylon to defeatIsrael because of their injustice and evil. But this was not what Habakkuk wanted to hear. His second complaint consists ofhim telling God that Babylon is even worse than Israel because they are more corrupt, violent, and treat other humans like animals. He doesn't understand how God could use such corrupt nations to get Israel's attention. God responds and has Habakkuk write on a tablet. On the tablet, he is supposed to write God's promises that he will bring Babylon down. He isn't endorsing their corruption but using them. This second response leads to the five woes. In these woes, God is critiquing unjust economics, slave labor, irresponsible leadership, and idolatry (the bible project).

Summarize and evaluate Heschel's description of prophets and prophecy

He influenced biblical scholarship by emphasizing the human side of prophecy and even of God - prophets had been thought of as merely dictating the words of God -he emphasizes the prophets total personal involvement in the message

Rezin

He is the king of Syria or Aram. He wants Pekah and Ahaz to form a coalition to fight the powerful Assyria.

Assyrian Crisis

Hezekiah was tempted to join the alliance and may have discussed this possibility with Egypt since Isaiah says that Egypt sent ambassadors in what the prophet sarcastically called "vessels of papyrus" (Isaiah 18:1-2). Both the desire for political freedom from Assyria and the requirement of paying the annual tribute to Assyria were strong motivating factors that almost prompted Hezekiah to join this rebellion. The prophet Isaiah strongly opposed the revolt against Assyria (see Isaiah 20:1-4). According to the text, Isaiah walked around naked and barefoot to demonstrate what would happen to Egypt and Ethiopia and the foolishness of trusting in them for help. Although the text is silent on Hezekiah's decision, it is clear that he listened to Isaiah's words and did not participate in the revolt for when Sargon crushed the revolt, Judah did not suffer any reprisal from Assyria.

Bethel

In Amos, Amos was sent by God to prophesy here against religious apostacy, moral & social collapse, & political corruption of the Northern Kingdom; "House of God" he mocks worship here and claims that religious worship is meaningless without justice bethel means "House of God" Hosea sarcastically refers to Bethel as Bethaven = (house of iniquity)

722 BCE

Israel Deported in 722 BCE

922 BCE

Israel splits into the two kingdoms of Judah (south) and Israel (north)

Jehoiachin

Jehoiakim's son - only 18 when made king Nebuchadnezzar takes him to Babylon King Jehoiachin had a short reign that lasted for only three months and one week. God had to remove this king from power because he didn't want to repent of his sins. He was alive when his grandfather Josiah ruled the kingdom. King Josiah was a righteous ruler who believed in God. Just like his father, Jehoiachin didn't learn how to trust in the Lord. God had decided to send the people into captivity for their sins at the hands of the Babylonians. The Babylonians made Judah pay them tribute during the reign of Jehoiakim. One day King Nebuchadnezzar decided to attack Judah during the rule of Jehoiachin. Before he marched on Judah, he forced King Jehoiachin to come to Babylon. Once King Jehoiachin arrived in Babylon King Nebuchadnezzar made him a prisoner. goes into exile Jehoiachin is taken to Babylon as a hostage, where he remains for the rest of his life

Prophetic Conflict

Jeremiah and Hananiah- speaking falsely and broke the yoke on Jeremiah's neck.

Baruch

Jeremiah's scribe. he was important in the preservation of Jeremiah's prophecies, writing down at the prophet's dictation all his words. Because Jeremiah was banned from the temple he sent Baruch his messenger to the temple where he read all of his words to the crowd that had gathered for a major feast day. He later read them to king officials. Baruch wrote down words and recorded many of the events in which jeremiah was involved.

Jehoikim

King during Habakkuk's text. Succeeded King Josiah however, after the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at the battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II besieged Jerusalem, and Jehoiakim changed allegiances to avoid the destruction of Jerusalem. He paid tribute from the treasury in Jerusalem, some temple artifacts, and handed over some of the royal family and nobility as hostages.[4] The prophet Jeremiah criticised the king's policies, insisting on repentance and strict adherence to the law.[6] Another prophet, Uriah ben Shemaiah, proclaimed a similar message and Jehoiakim ordered his execution (Jeremiah 26:20-23).[7] dies in siege

Josiah

King of Judah 640-609BCE The highlight of his reign was the religious reform he undertook in 622 He ordered that the temple of the lord in Jerusalem be repaired - a traditional undertaking of devout kings.In the course of the building project, the high priest Hilkiah found "the book of law" and gave it to secretary Shaphan, who read it to the kind. On hearing it, the king tore his robes as a sign of mourning and penitence. Gods anger was kindled against the people because "our ancestors did not obey the words of this book, to do acceding to all that is written concerning us" he destroyed altar at bethel and established that the only authorized worship of God would be the temple in Jerusalem Installed by "the people of the land" (2 Kgs 21:23-24) Reformer; nationalist fervor (2 Kings 22-23)—Assyrian empire beginning to fall, pro-independence sentiment strong Dies at Megiddo in battle against Pharaoh Neco (2 Kgs 23:29-30)

Zedekiah

Last king of Judah before Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and the temple in 586 BC rebels, second exile

Fall of Nineveh

Nahum 1:2-10 The LORD expresses his anger against the Assyrians. "The LORD is a jealous God who punishes; the LORD punishes and is filled with anger. The Lord punishes those who are against him, and he stays angry with his enemies." (Nahum 1:2) Nahum 1:11-14 Nahum prophesies the destruction of Nineveh: "You will not have descendents to carry on your name. I will destroy the idols and metal images that are in the temple of your gods. I will make a grave for you, because you are wicked." (Nahum 1:14) Nahum 1:15-16 He looks forward to victory over the Assyrians and the ensuing peace. "Look, there on the hills, someone is bringing good news! He is announcing peace!" (Nahum 1:15) Nahum 2:1-3:3 Nahum pictures Nineveh under attack and foresees its fall. "The people lose their courage, and their knees knock. Stomachs ache, and everyone's face grows pale." (Nahum 2:10) War chariots race through its streets and gold is plundered from the palace. "Many are dead; their bodies are piled up - too many to count. People stumble over the dead bodies." (Nahum 3:3) Nahum 3:4-19 Nineveh is likened to a prostitute who is being punished. "I will pull your dress up over your face and show the nations your nakedness and the kingdoms your shame. I will throw filthy rubbish on you and make a fool of you." (Nahum 3:5-6) Nineveh's downfall (which came in 612 BC) is compared with the destruction of Thebes (Luxor), the capital of Egypt, by the Assyrians themselves in 663BC. "Thebes was captured and went into captivity. Her small children were beaten to death at every street corner. Lots were thrown for her important men, amd all of her leaders were put in chains." (Nahum 3:10) Nahum concludes that all who hear of Nineveh's destruction will clap their hands with joy "because everyone has felt your endless cruelty." (Nahum 3:19)

Sennacherib

Powerful king of Assyria Built an 80 room palace in Nineveh; dimensions of about 503 by 242 metres (1,650 ft × 794 ft) recorded accomplishments in his annals (found in 19th century when Nineveh was discovered) the Sennacherib Prism (see handout) Agrees and disagrees with Biblical account Agrees: doesn't claim he captured Jerusalem Disagrees: puts emphasis on his major conquests and does not say why he left

Amaziah

Priest of Bethel loyal to Jeroboam II; opposed Amos's preaching and presence in the northern kingdom Then Amaziah the priest of Bethel sent a message to Jeroboam king of Israel: "Amos is raising a conspiracy against you in the very heart of Israel. The land cannot bear all his words. 11 For this is what Amos is saying: "'Jeroboam will die by the sword, and Israel will surely go into exile, away from their native land.'" 12 Then Amaziah said to Amos, "Get out, you seer! Go back to the land of Judah. Earn your bread there and do your prophesying there. 13 Don't prophesy anymore at Bethel, because this is the king's sanctuary and the temple of the kingdom." 14 Amos answered Amaziah, "I was neither a prophet nor the son of a prophet, but I was a shepherd, and I also took care of sycamore-fig trees. 15 But the Lord took me from tending the flock and said to me, 'Go, prophesy to my people Israel.' 16 Now then, hear the word of the Lord. You say, "'Do not prophesy against Israel, and stop preaching against the descendants of Isaac.' 17 "Therefore this is what the Lord says: "'Your wife will become a prostitute in the city, and your sons and daughters will fall by the sword. Your land will be measured and divided up, and you yourself will die in a pagan[a] country. And Israel will surely go into exile, away from their native land.'"

Amos/Hosea: compare and contrast their message to the northern kingdom

Similar: critique of religious ritual Different: main virtues Amos: justice & righteousness Hosea: faithfulness & knowledge

Shear-Jashub

Son of Isaiah, his name means "a remnant will return" a remnant shall escape or return (i.e., to God), a symbolical name which the prophet Isaiah gave to his son ( Isaiah 7:3 ), perhaps his eldest son.

Pekah

Sought to overthrow Ahaz of Judah because he is concerned that Judah would ally itself with assyria Pekah allied with Rezin, king of Aram and threatened Jerusalem. The prime reason for such a league was probably to protect their respective countries from another incursion of Tiglath-pileser III., who had compelled Menahem, in 738 B.C., to pay a large tribute. The two kings united their armies and attempted to coerce Ahaz of Judah into joining them. Pekah raided Judah and carried to Samaria a number of captives; but, rebuked by the prophet Oded and by some of the prominent men, he released them and sent them back.

735-34 BCE

Syro-Ephraimite Crisis (Isaiah and Ahaz)

Immanuel child: identity, original significance, later interpretation

The Immanuel child: two options (who is the "young woman"?) Isaiah's child (3 children = parallelism with Hosea) OR, Ahaz's child, a new crown prince (Hezekiah) on this option, he would signify the end of the threat to the Davidic dynasty—a sign of salvation! Note: Hebrew text has word for "young woman of marriageable age," later Greek translation would use the word for "virgin," which influenced the New Testament A child will be born as a sign of salvation (7:14, 9:1-6), and will usher in an age of righteousness and peace (11:1-10) Messianic king (Hezekiah, son of Ahaz?) Later Christian interpretation (see Matt 1:22-23): Jesus

Hananiah

The Judean prophet who challenged Jeremiah over the issue of the yoke of Babylon

Ahaz

Warned by Isaiah not to seek Assyrian help in his war against Israel and Syria - king of Judah Isaiah 7:14 is a verse in the seventh chapter of the Book of Isaiah in which the prophet Isaiah, addressing king Ahaz of Judah, promises the king that God will destroy his enemies; as a sign that his oracle is a true one, Isaiah predicts that a specific almah ("the young woman")[1] will shortly give birth to a child whose name will be Immanuel, "God is with us",[

Remnant

When the day of judgement comes, the wicked will be wiped out but the righteous will survive. Those who survive the divine catastrophe will be called "the remnant" or "the survivors" or the ones "left". Though the punishment destroys the evildoers, it purifies the remnant. The remnant testifies, on the other hand, to the severity of divine judgment. The importance of the remnant to Isaiah's theology is captured in the name of one of his firstborn son, Shear-jashub, which means "a remnant shall return". The prophet's own flesh - his son- bears the hope of his people.

Sacrifice/ritual

atonement; blood sacrifice

612 BCE

battle of Nineveh fall of Nineveh The Assyrian Empire's capital city - Nineveh - is attacked by a coalition of Babylonians, Scythians, Medes and others. As explained by the prophet Nahum in the Bible, Nineveh was to be destroyed because of the Assyrian Empire's treatment of the Israelites and other people.

Central vs. Peripheral

central: have a solid degree of social support and prestige, part of the establishment. Peripheral: marginal figures, lacking power and social legitimacy central: Nahum and Habakkuk- all point toward central because of little social criticism

Jezreel

child of Hosea; place where idol worshipers were massacred "God sows"

Syro-Ephraimite Crisis

erives from two kingdoms that conspired against Judah: Syria (Aram) vs. Ephraim (northern kingdom of Israel) In response to the ongoing aggression and expansionistic moves of Tiglath-pileser III, the kings of Syria (Aram) and Ephraim (Israel) make an alliance to defend themselves against the Assyrian king. They want Ahaz of Judah to join them but he refuses. Aram and Israel are concerned that Ahaz of Judah will ally itself with the enemy (King of Assyria) so they plan to attack Jerusalem and remove him from being King. In response to their aggression, Ahaz plans to ask Assyria to help him resist the Syro-Ephraimite coalition. But Isaiah convinces him to not make an alliance with either Assyria or Aram-Israel. Trust in Yahweh's promise to uphold the House of David and in his power to deliver Judah from harm Ahaz, against the advice of Isaiah, asks the King of Assyria for help Here we see Isaiah relying on God, not military strategy

Marriage Metaphor

hosea's marriage is intended to be a graphic illustration of Israel's spiritual and political infidelity- he was called to portray the broken covenant in his marriage and family

Describe the Syro-Ephraimite crisis, the key players, Isaiah's role and message, outcome

key players: Tiglath- Pileser III, Ahaz, Pekah, and Rezin his message: "faith not fear": rejection of the politics of fear Brueggemann, 65: "short-term panic and long-term foolishness" Don't worry about Israel and Aram, they will be destroyed Trust in God; he will save ("Immanuel" child: sign of salvation)

Utopianism

seen in Isaiah. 9:1-7: end of war, rise of a righteous king 11:1-10: utopian age of universal peace and prosperity What do you think of such utopianism? Is it useful? Why or why not? Recent example (with influence from Isaiah): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dFIz5ZG4DQ

Not-my-people

son of hosea "Lo-ammi"

Not-pitied

son of hosea lo-ruhamah

New Covenant

talked about in Jeremiah. the previous covenant was broken and that is what Jeremiah prophesied. - broken by idolatry the new covenant will be written on their hearts. a relationship between God and Israel will be established. it envisions the possibility of forgiveness of sins. this new covenant offers hope. would reunite the people, reestablish the relationship between God and Israel, write the divine Law on people's hearts, and be present to people with forgiveness and mercy.

Sennacherib Prism

the clay prism that recounts the siege of Jerusalem during the reign of Hezekiah; states that Hezekiah was locked inside of Jerusalem like a caged bird, but city not taken b/c of Hezekiah's devotion to YHWH; written in Akkadian; found in Nineveh Agrees and disagrees with Biblical account Agrees: doesn't claim he captured Jerusalem Disagrees: puts emphasis on his major conquests and does not say why he left

Tiglath Pileser III

the enemy. King of Assyria. he had ongoing expansionistic and aggressive moves.

Lachish Reliefs

the reliefs uncovered in archaeological excavations and dramatically depicts the Assyrian war machines assaulting the city. The inhabitants of Lachish appear in the reliefs as they valiantly fight from the walls and then as they are brought a as humiliated prisoners of war before Sennacherib, seated on his throne.

Hezekiah

the son of Ahaz and the 13th king of Judah Ruled 715-687 he is remembered in the biblical texts as a good and pious king whose zeal for Yahweh and whose expansion and fortification of Jerusalem inspired the Deuteronomists to liken him to David. He had religious reform. dug a water tunnel

Gomer

wife and prostitute of Hosea regular woman, wasn't unfaithful until after they were married temple/cult prostitute (fertility cults associated with Baal worship)

Young Woman

young woman translates to "virgin" making this a very important passage for early christian writers. "the young woman is with child and she shall bear a son"

zion theology

zion = Jerusalem as the city of God - psalm 46 - conviction that because of Yhwh's presence on Zion, the city could not fall - support for David Dynasty