P 459 Quiz 4 People

Wolfgang Kohler

A German psychologist, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology, with Wertheimer and Koffka; studied insight learning in chimpanzees and promoted the idea of psychophysical isomorphism

Kurt Koffka

A German psychologist, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology; with Wertheimer and Köhler; wrote Principles of Gestalt Psychology, long considered the standard exposition of that movement

Ulric Neisser

A German-born American psychologist whose integrative textbook, Cognitive Psychology, is regarded as the launching event for the new academic sub discipline; he conducted research focusing on information processing, cognition, intelligence, and memory

Kurt Lewin

A Gestalt-trained German-American psychologist whose field theory proposed that each person resides in a unique psychological field or life space, the totality of his or her psychological situation at any given moment. He also became a pioneering experimental social psychologist, promoter of action research, and investigator of group dynamics

Henry Murray

A Harvard psychologist who promoted a personological approach to psychology, involving the intensive study of relatively small numbers of individual cases; developed a projective personality test. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), along with Morgan

John von Neumann

A Hungarian mathematician who made important contributions to mathematics, physics, computer science, and the area of artificial life. He was born in Budapest, Hungary, on 28 December 1903. ... His work on artificial life focused on the problem of the self-reproduction of machines.

Solomon Asch

A Polish-born Gestalt-oriented American social psychologist who conducted famous experimental studies of social conformity and suggestibility in groups

Joseph Wolpe

A South African physician who developed behavior therapy, an approach based on classical conditioning principles

Herbert Simon

An American computer scientist and developer, with Newell, of the early AI programs Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver

Allen Newell

An American computer scientist and developer, with Simon, of the early AI programs Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver

Aaron Beck

An American psychiatrist who developed cognitive therapy, which focuses on correcting the distorted thinking and irrational thoughts that are presumed to underlie psychological problems, such as depression

Noam Chomsky

An American psycholinguist whose conception of the innate grammatical sense in humans contradicted behaviorist theories of verbal behavior; he strongly influenced Miller and helped lay the foundation for cognitive psychology

Martin Seligman

An American psychologist and APA president who strongly promoted the development of the positive psychology movement

George Miller

An American psychologist and major founder of the cognitive movement; he introduced information theory into the study of language and promoted Chomsky's nonbehavioristic theory of grammar, proposed the "magical number seven" as the highest number of items immediately storable in memory; and confounded the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies with Bruner

B. F. Skinner

An American psychologist and outspoken behaviorist well known for the development of operant conditioning and for his application of the principles of reinforcement to education and even social design

Starke Hathaway

An American psychologist best known for developing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory with the psychiatrist McKinley

Clark Hull

An American psychologist best known for his development of a mathematically based mechanistic behaviorism

Edward C. Tolman

An American psychologist best known for his experimental work with rats in mazes that led to the formulation of the concepts of latent learning and cognitive maps: a position known as purposive behaviorism

Carl Rogers

An American psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and collaborated with Maslow in establishing humanistic psychology; an early advocate and practitioner of scientific research on the process of psychotherapy and its outcomes

Rollo May

An American psychologist who developed existential psychotherapy, which focused on the quest for meaning in human life; he became a founder of humanistic psychology

Albert Ellis

An American psychologist who developed rational emotive therapy at around the same time that Beck was developing cognitive therapy

Abraham Maslow

An American psychologist who developed the concept of self-actualization and the hierarchy of needs theory of human motivation; he became a major founder of humanistic psychology

David Shakow

An American psychologist who studied schizophrenia and attempted to design an objective study of psychoanalytic therapy; best known as the architect of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical training that was adopted in the US in 1949

Gordon Allport

An American psychologist who was instrumental in establishing the field of personality psychology; he promoted both nomothetic and idiographic research methods and also made important contributions as a social psychologist with studies of religion and prejudice

John Searle

An American psychologist who wrote about the psychology of advertising and headed the Committee for the Classification of Personnel in the Army during WWI

Jerome Bruner

An American psychologist whose "new look" in perception studies demonstrated the influence of motives and expectations on perception; he also conducted studies on concept formation and collaborated with Miller in establishing the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies; later developed a neo-Piagetian teaching program emphasizing modes of representation

Stanley Milgram

An American social psychologist best known for his studies on conformity and obedience in the 1960s, in which subjects were told to deliver electric shocks to a confederate to test their willingness to obey the orders of an authority

Philip Zimbardo

An American social psychologist known for his research on obedience to authority and his creation of the Stanford Prison Experiment

Leon Festinger

An American social psychologist who studied with Lewin and later developed the theory of cognitive dissonance

Elizabeth Loftus

An American social psychologist whose research program on the reconstructive nature of memory demonstrated the reality of false memories and the fallibility of eyewitness accounts

Max Wertheimer

An Austro-Hungarian-born psychologist, former student of Ehrnefels, whose studies on optical illusions, apparent movement, and the phi phenomenon helped, found the field of Gestalt psychology along with Koffka and Köhler. He promoted a theory of productive thinking and became a mentor to Maslow

Charles Babbage

An English mathematician and inventor who helped introduce Leibnizean calculus into English Mathematics, invented a difference engine that could solve complex equations, and designed an analytical engine that could hypothetically perform any kind of calculation and is considered a prototype for modern programmable computers

Alan Turing

An English mathematician whose conception of the Turing machine as a universal computer, as well as the Turning test, profoundly influenced the development of the fields of computer science and artificial intelligence

Raymond Cattell

An English psychologist recruited to America by Allport to pursue factor analysis studies of personality traits; developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

Molly Harrower

An experimental psychologist trained in Gestalt theory who became a clinician; she developed the group Rorschach projective technique and opened one of the first private practices in clinical psychology in New York City

Donald Broadbent

An influential British experimental psychologist, most famous for his work on attention. Broadbent helped nurture what was then the infant field of psychology in England, becoming famous worldwide for his groundbreaking theories and experimental work. His 1958 publication Perception and Communication was radical in its approach, taking the new field of information processing to model unobservable mental processes

Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin

Drew an analogy between information storage in computers and information storage in human memory; proposed the classic three-stage processing model of memory (sensory memory to short-term memory to long-term memory)

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Humanistic approach. Said that 'flow' is obtained when there is an optimal level of difficulty and optimal level of arousal in an activity that you do once you achieve self-actualization.; The man who came up with the idea of flow states of consciousness

George Sperling

Psychologist associated with early research into the capacity of sensory memory; Tested recall time by flashing rows of numbers and saw if participants could immediately recall the numbers; Sperling documented the existence of iconic memory

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play