PA - BLACKSPECTACLE

What is restoration?

"Restoration is defined as the act or process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period."

An architect is working on a small development where the developer would like to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Which energy source will help them meet this goal? 1.Geothermal 2.Coal 3.Photovoltaic (PV) panels 4.Natural gas

1. - Geothermal Correct. Geothermal systems emit no greenhouse gases during operation. According to the U.S. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, their life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are four times less than solar PV emissions and up to 20 times less than natural gas emissions. -Photovoltaic (PV) panels Incorrect. According to the U.S. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, geothermal life cycle greenhouse gas emissions are four times less than PV emissions and up to 20 times less than natural gas emissions.

In order to accommodate population growth, a municipality is exploring a combination of short term and long term parking options along its historic main street. The architect would like to maintain the integrity of the historic building pattern, which has continuous storefronts along a pedestrian sidewalk. Which type of parking is the most desirable? 1. Bi-level parking structure 2. Satellite surface lot with shuttle service 3. Parking lot in front of retail spaces 4. Two-hour metered on street parking

1. 1. Bi-level parking structure Correct. A bi-level parking structure is desirable because it would maintain the scale of a historic main street and provide needed additional parking. A parking structure addresses both long and short-term parking. 4. Two-hour metered on street parking Incorrect. Metered parking is desirable because it promotes turnover for short term parking for business customers and can be beneficial for slowing through traffic, but it does not address long term parking solutions.

A building is to be located in an area with high seismic risk. A site must be chosen. The site should be one that minimizes liquefaction of the soil. Which soil type is the least susceptible to liquefaction during a seismic event? 1` Clay 2`Sand 3`Gravel 4`Silt

1. 在地震事件中，哪种土壤类型最不容易液化？Clay Correct. Liquefaction is when a soil behaves like a liquid, such as when seismic "S" waves cause vibrations during earthquakes. Loose and uncompacted granular soils such as sand and sandy (non-plastic) silts are the most susceptible to liquefaction. During liquefaction, soils lose their shear strength. A clay content of 15% or more is considered adequate protection from liquefaction.

The mechanical engineer of a new low-rise commercial building is proposing DOAS (dedicated outdoor air system) units as a means of complying with the owner's sustainable design requirements. What is the principal benefit of using a DOAS system? 1. The supply air can be comprised of 100% fresh outside air 2. The supply air is a constant mix of fresh outside air and return air 3. Supply air can consist of 100% fresh outside air but only for part of the year 4. DOAS does not have the expense of a return air system

1. A DOAS system is often used on projects with high sustainable performance criteria. The ability to provide 100% fresh outside air reduces energy dependence because the return air system is powered and used far less frequently than in a conventional HVAC system.

An architect is programming the spatial requirements for a school. Based on the International Building Code, which of the following areas requires the most square footage per occupant? 1. Administrative offices 2. Science lab 3. History classroom 4. Gymnasium

1. Administrative offices Correct. Administrative offices (business) have a floor area allowance of 150 gross sq. ft. per occupant. 2. Science lab Incorrect. Shop and vocational classrooms have a floor area allowance of 50 net sq. ft. per occupant.

An architect is visiting a site to collect information for a proposed structure. Which activity should be included in the site analysis? 1. Availability, location, and capacity of existing utilities 2. Test the soil and groundwater for possible contamination 3. Determine the presence of endangered species

1. Availability, location, and capacity of existing utilities Correct. Determining what utilities are available is an important step in site analysis. The utilities that the architect should look for include water, sewer, gas, and electric. 2. Test the soil and groundwater for possible contamination Incorrect. Performing a soil analysis is an important site analysis step as it provides valuable information regarding the soil's bearing capacity, but should be performed by a geotechnical engineer, not the architect.

A project site has been determined to be contaminated. An architectural firm prepares a report for the site owner. Which recommendation should the architect submit to the site owner? 1. Conduct a Phase II Environmental Site Assessment 2. Conduct an ecological study 3. Select a different site 4. Conduct a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment

1. Conduct a Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Correct. Following determination that a site is contaminated, the recommendation is to conduct a Phase II Environmental Site Assessment (ESA II) that addresses contamination mitigation. 4. Conduct a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Incorrect. A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA I) refers to a study to investigate if a site is contaminated or not. It has been determined that this site shows evidence of contamination.

A church group commissions an architect to design a new 8,000-square-foot building. The building is in a cold climate. The client asks the architect to design the building to offer a high level of protection from the cold winter. Which strategy will offer the greatest climatic benefit for the new building? 1. Earth berming 2. Natural ventilation 3. Green roof 4. Landscaped windbreak

1. Earth berming Correct. Cutting a structure into a slope or locating it partially underground moderates the temperature and provides protection from cold wind and heat loss in cold climates. 4. Landscaped windbreak Incorrect. A landscaped windbreak provides protection from wind but does not provide insulation.

The owner of a new motel is looking to integrate HVAC into the property. Which of the following systems should be installed? 1. Local air-to-air heat pumps 2. Local unitary air conditioning unit 3. Single zone all-air system 4. Indirect evaporative cooling

1. Local air-to-air heat pumps Correct. This is the best option that will allow the individual user high autonomy of control for each unit. It is well-suited for this system where rooms tend to be located on the perimeter and climate can be adjusted to account for the difference in exposure promoted by orientation of the structure. The system is relatively economical because the installation costs would be lower than a complete HVAC refrigerant system with the associated equipment and ductwork. The unit is also more energy-efficient than the local unitary air conditioning unit. 2. Local unitary air conditioning unit Incorrect. This system would not be ideal because its energy inefficiency. The noise level when in operation would also affect occupant comfort level.

The owner of a business would like to install an intrusion detection system. The primary area of concern is the storefront area and front entry into the business. The owner would like the selected system to have the flexibility to be integrated into other building systems, such as an occupancy sensor integrated with lighting controls. Which of the following intrusion detection devices should be selected? 1. Passive infrared detectors 2. Mechanical motion detectors 3. Photoelectric devices 4. Ultrasonic motion detectors

1. Passive infrared detectors Correct. This system uses sudden temperature rise to detect intruders through infrared sensors. Since the temperature increase is likely due to human activity, it can serve as a source of identifying when the space is occupied. It can be set to a wide area and can be adapted as an occupancy sensor, as once a heat signature dissipates, the lights can be programmed to turn off. 2.Mechanical motion detectors Incorrect. This is a contact type device mounted directly to secure the surface in question and sound an alarm when any movement is detected. Since it is directly mounted onto the unit, it would not have any suitable function for integration as an occupancy sensor.

The owner of a commercial office space would like to install a new reception desk. Their preference is for the desk to be clad in wood veneer that has a bold, non-linear grain with a repetitive pattern. Which of the following provides the asthetic the owner is looking for? 1. Rotary veneer with slip matching 2. Quarter sliced veneer with random matching 3. Plain sliced veneer with book matching 4. Rift-sliced veneer with running matching

1. Rotary veneer with slip matching Correct. Rotary veneer will produce a broad pattern and slip matching will create a repeating grain figure. 4. Rift-sliced veneer with running matching Incorrect. Rift-sliced wood will create a very liner grain patterm with running matching creating a symmetrical look.

Urban-to-rural transects include a sequence of human habitats of increasing density and complexity. In this model of planning and development, each transect is regulated by design standards based on density and character. What is "Offices and retail are permitted but restricted"? 1. Suburban 2. General Urban 3. Rural 4. Urban Core 5. Urban Center

1. Suburban

what is the appropriate treatment for the following project? An 1890 train station will be reused as a light rail station but will largely retain its original look and feel. 1` preservation 2` reconstruction 3` restoration 4` rehabilitation

1. preservation. "Preservation is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of a historic property. Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new construction. The limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a preservation project." Preservation is the appropriate choice for the scenarios of, "The stone cornice of a historic hotel is patched and repaired," and, "An 1890 train station will be reused as a light rail station but will largely retain its original look and feel."

what is the appropriate treatment for the following project? The stone cornice of a historic hotel is patched and repaired. 1` preservation 2` reconstruction 3` restoration 4` rehabilitation

1. preservation. "Preservation is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of a historic property. Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new construction. The limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a preservation project." Preservation is the appropriate choice for the scenarios of, "The stone cornice of a historic hotel is patched and repaired," and, "An 1890 train station will be reused as a light rail station but will largely retain its original look and feel."

An architect has been contracted to design a mid-sized hotel with public space amenities, such as a fitness center, and will sit on two levels of underground parking. The building is to have a structural steel frame with precast hollowcore plank floors. After the schematic design is completed, the owner indicates that they would like to add a pool to the project. The architect should inform the owner that this addition will affect what aspects of the project? Check the four that apply. 1. Cost of work 2.Project schedule 3.Building Area 4.Building height 5.Public space layout 6.Building use classification

1235. -Building height Incorrect. The building height is unlikely to change based on the inclusion of the pool. -Public space layout Correct. It should be communicated to the client how the addition of the pool will affect the public space layout of the hotel.

A client has purchased an existing three-story building with the intent to renovate the facility into three private condominiums (one per floor). The building was built in 1920 and has been decommissioned for two years. The architect must determine if it is feasible to renovate the space utilizing the client program. Which items should be considered when determining the feasibility of the program? Check the four that apply. 1. Historic features 2. Zoning 3. Accessibility 4. MEP systems 5. Roofing system 6. Structural stability

1246. 1. Historic features Correct. A building constructed in 1920 must be researched to determine if there is any historical significance. The result of the research may impact the feasibility of the project. 3. Accessibility Incorrect. Per 2010 ADA Standards - Section 233, residential structures having four or more multi-family dwelling units, regardless of whether they are privately owned or federally assisted, include certain features of accessible and adaptable design according to guidelines established by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). A privately owned facility with three units would not fall under this requirement.

A local manufacturer has purchased a brownfield site from the city. The architect suggests capping the hazardous material on the site and building the new manufacturing facility on top of the cap. What challenges may arise from the capping of the site? Check the three that apply. 1. It will be more difficult to install underground utilities with the cap 2. The facility will have additional operating costs to maintain the cap 3. It will be more difficult to garner public support for the project if it has a cap 4.It will be more difficult to design the foundations to accommodate the cap 5. It may be difficult to design for stormwater management with the cap 6. Installing the cap might make the project ineligible for brownfield incentives from the city

125. 2.The facility will have additional operating costs to maintain the cap Correct. Caps are required to be maintained for the lifespan of the hazardous material. 4.It will be more difficult to design the foundations to accommodate the cap Incorrect. While the installation of foundations may prove challenging, the design of them should not be challenging nor cause further contamination.

The facade of a historic masonry building is heavily soiled and needs to be cleaned. Which methods should be used? Check the three that apply. 1. Low-pressure water 2. Acid washing 3. Soft-bristle brush 4. Biodegradable detergent 5. Ultrasonic waves 6. High-pressure water

134. 4. Biodegradable detergent Correct. The most gentle methods should be used. This includes low-pressure water, gentle detergents, and soft-bristle brushes. 5. Ultrasonic waves Incorrect. Ultrasonic waves produce high pressures that could damage the facade.

The owner of a new mixed-use development has recently purchased a plot of land for their project. Shortly into the programming phase, the architect suggests that the design team perform an environmental impact assessment before deciding on a direction for the design of the building. The owner asks the architect why an environmental impact assessment is necessary and how it would benefit the project. Which of the following are key goals of an environmental impact assessment? Check the four that apply. 1. Evaluating the relationship between a project and site 2. Resolving environmental issues found in the assessment 3. Establishing a defensible public record of findings 4. Reducing risk of project opposition 5. Identifying property extents and boundaries in context to the community 6. Determining effective ways to use project resources in addressing potential impacts

1346. 3. Establishing a defensible public record of findings Correct. By publicly documenting findings from the assessment, this helps reduce the risk of potential legal issues which might arise from community members or activists involved in the site or its challenges. This also establishes an ethical base for the design team, by showing that they were forthcoming with information and knew about challenges and risks before undertaking their project. 2. Resolving environmental issues found in the assessment Incorrect. Environmental impact assessments are not executed for the means of the architect and design team to address all environmental issues or challenges found on the site. The assessment's goal is to bring these issues to the attention of the design team for consideration in design and development of the site.

An architect is preparing site analysis diagrams to document existing conditions on a suburban site which will house a new commercial development, small park, and parking lot. The site currently has a vacant three-story warehouse, which will be demolished. Which of the following site conditions are important to note in the site analysis diagrams? Check the four that apply. 1. Easements 2. Soil boring locations 3. Existing site drainage 4. Existing trees 5. Location of the new building 6. Shadows cast by adjacent buildings

1346. 6. Shadows cast by adjacent buildings Correct. Understanding the shadows cast on a site is important. It may be pleasant to locate the new park in a partially shaded area, and the new building can benefit from shade to reduce cooling costs. 2. Soil boring locations Incorrect. Soil borings are done later in the process when the location of the building and improvements are known. Soil information gathered during the site analysis should come from soil maps before expensive soil testing is done.

A project is located on the slopes in the mountains of Southern California. The program consists of a resort spa and wellness center. Historically, the region was home to several Native American tribes, then mining and logging. What environmental constraints should the architect evaluate? Check the four that apply. 1. Brownfield 2. Paleontology 3. Geotechnical 4. Wetlands 5. Wildfire 6. Climate change

1356. 1. Brownfield Correct. Historically, mining activities took place in the mountains, so hazardous materials should be a constraint to evaluate. 2. Paleontology 古生物学 Incorrect. Paleontology is not an environmental constraint. 4. Wetlands Incorrect. Wetlands should not be encountered on a slope in the mountains. 5. Wildfire Correct. Wildfires occur frequently in the mountains of Southern California.

A firm is working with environmental mitigation consultants to clean up a brownfield site. What are mitigation solutions that can be implemented? Check the four that apply. 1. Air sparging 2. Decarbonization 3. Dewatering 4. Dechlorination 5. Incineration 6. Soil vapor extraction

1456. 5. Incineration 焚化 Correct. Incineration is controlled burning of soil or solids to convert, degrade, or oxidize contaminants. It may be done on or off site. 4. Dechlorination 脱氯 Correct. Dechlorination is chemical treatment to remove chlorine atoms bonded to hazardous chemicals. Hydrogen or hydroxide ions are used to detoxify materials. 2. Decarbonization 脱碳 Incorrect. Decarbonization is a term used to describe phasing out of carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Decarbonization means removing the carbon from the process chain.

Before renovations can begin on a school built in the 1940s, the owner must hire a contractor to complete asbestos testing throughout the building. Which items may contain asbestos? Check the four that apply. 1. Joint compound 2. Hardwood flooring 3. New office systems furniture 4. Roofing shingles 5. Textured coatings 6. Floor tiles

1456. 6. Floor tiles Correct. Older floor tiles and adhesives may contain asbestos. 3. New office systems furniture Incorrect. Newer furniture would not contain asbestos.

An architect is conducting a feasibility study of a rural site for an industrial building. The soil analysis shows that the site consists of fine sandy composition and liquefaction is a concern. Other areas of the site show soils with some clay content. Which percentage is the minimum clay content that the architect should specify within the soil in order to prevent liquefaction? 80% 15% 3% 45%

15% In fine sandy soils, the presence of 15% clay is considered adequate protection from liquefaction. Liquefaction is a condition that can occur during an earthquake where soil behaves like a liquid, losing all its shear strength. Clay can offer protection against liquefaction because it is a cohesive soil that has a small particle size and low void ratio. Note, however, that not all clays can protect from liquefaction.

An architect is completing a site survey of an existing building that will be renovated. Which of the following observations would indicate differential settlement of the building? Check the three that apply. 1. Sloping floors 2. Sidewalks sloped up towards building 3. Bowed foundation walls 4. Horizontal cracks in the foundation or basement walls 5. Inoperable doors and windows 6. Diagonal cracks in the foundation or basement walls

156. 1. Sloping floors Correct. Differential settlement occurs when one part of the building settles more than another part. This can cause sloping floors. Foundation upheaval can also cause sloped floors. 5. Inoperable doors and windows Correct. Differential settlement occurs when one part of the building settles more than another part. This can cause inoperable doors and windows due to the frame shifting under pressure. Foundation upheaval can also cause inoperable doors and windows.

what is the appropriate treatment for the following project? A badly deteriorated native dwelling is carefully studied and missing parts are replaced with great accuracy. 1` preservation 2` reconstruction 3` restoration 4` rehabilitation

2. "Reconstruction is defined as the act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location." Reconstruction is the appropriate choice for the scenario, "A badly deteriorated native dwelling is carefully studied and missing parts are replaced with great accuracy."

An architect is reviewing the requirements for a two-way communications systems as part of their code analysis for the design of a high-rise office building. Besides the fire command center, what are the other points within the building that these systems are required to service? 1. Egress stair landings immediately above or below the level of exit discharge 2.Elevator landings that are part of the accessible means of egress and not on the level of exit discharge 3.Elevator and stair landings that are part of the accessible means of egress 4.Common spaces shared by tenants on floors above the first floor

2. Elevator landings that are part of the accessible means of egress and not on the level of exit discharge Correct. Based on IBC 2018 section 1009.8, a two-way communication system shall be provided at the landing serving each elevator or bank of elevators on each accessible floor that is one or more stories at or below the level of exit discharge. Elevator and stair landings that are part of the accessible means of egress Incorrect. Two-way communications systems are only required at elevator landings for elevators that are part of the accessible means of egress that is one or more stories above or below the level of exit discharge.

The management of an apartment building is making a security plan to keep the residents and building safe. What type of security provision is most important for this building? 1. Emergency call system 2. Access control 3. Intruder detection

2. Access control Correct. Access control limits entry to unauthorized visitors. The simplest form of access control includes a push-button intercom that visitors can use to communicate with residents.

An existing school needs to add a new accessible ramp to the main entrance. A feasibility study reveals the only place for the ramp is within the front setback. What is the best course of action for the school, considering the zoning challenges? 1. Request a conditional use permit (CUP) 2. Apply for a variance 3. Apply for an easement

2. Apply for a variance Correct. A variance is an allowed deviation from the zoning regulations. Request a conditional use permit (CUP) Incorrect. CUP is sought when a change of use is desired.

A 36,000-square-foot office building is in the programming phase. The client has made it clear that the project must stay on budget all the way through design. What type of cost estimate would be most appropriate during this phase? 1. Gross square footage costs 2. Comparison estimation 3. Assembly/systems estimate 4. Detailed list of materials and labor

2. Comparison estimation Correct. This is a cost estimate based on the comparison of a similar building, adjusted for location and inflation. This is the simplest form of cost estimating. 1. Gross square footage costs Incorrect. This is a cost estimate based on the square footage of a building and is slightly more detailed than a comparison estimate; usually completed at schematic design.

A large office building's design is following best practices of sustainability. However, the site does not allow for the building to be elongated in the east-west direction to maximize daylighting. Which is the one most important thing the architect should do to design the building for maximizing daylighting? 1. Use computer models to simulate the building's performance 2. Create undulations in the building form and massing 3. Design louvered facades on either the exterior or interior 4. Incorporate wide windows along the building's perimeter

2. Create undulations 起伏 in the building form and massing Correct. The architect should shape the massing of the building so that no interior spaces are too far from the skin, allowing for daylighting throughout the building and reducing the need for electric lighting. This is how buildings were shaped before electric lighting existed. 4.Incorporate wide windows along the building's perimeter Incorrect. While wide windows allow more daylighting into the building, they will do little to increase the depth that the daylight will need to reach in a large office building.

In the event of a fire, the elevator system in a building automatically overrides its programming to implement Phase 1 of standard safety protocol. Which of the following actions are associated with Phase 1 activations? 1. Elevators turn into manual control for fire department use 2. Elevator is recalled to primary floor and doors remain open 3. Elevators travel to the nearest floor and doors remain open 4. Elevators stops operation and remains in place until recalled by fire personnel

2. Elevator is recalled to primary floor and doors remain open Correct. Typically in Phase 1, all elevators are recalled to the primary floor (usually the lobby floor of a building) for egress of any occupants and remain at the level until manually operated by fire department personnel (in Phase 2).

A client wants to renovate a small office building and design a 25,000 sf. addition. The architect needs to use a different construction type than was used for the original building. What type of fire-resistant element is required to separate the two different construction types? 1. Fire barrier 2. Firewall 3. Fire partition

2. Firewall Correct. A firewall can be used to provide separation between two different construction types. 1. Fire barrier Incorrect. A fire barrier is a fire-resistance-rated wall assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained. A fire barrier might be used to create a fire wall, which is required to separate the two construction types.

Urban-to-rural transects include a sequence of human habitats of increasing density and complexity. In this model of planning and development, each transect is regulated by design standards based on density and character. What is "A street of rowhouses with retail on the corner"? 1. Suburban 2. General Urban 3. Rural 4. Urban Core 5. Urban Center

2. General Urban

An architect has been working with a client who requests performance analysis and verification throughout the design and construction process. Which of the following will best assist in designing building systems to meet performance goals? 1. Parametric modeling 2. Model-based analysis 3. Clash detection 4. Integrated Project Delivery

2. Model-based analysis Correct. Model-based analysis, which can include energy modeling, building performance modeling, life cycle cost analysis, or other types of simulation, is a process that uses the three-dimensional model of the building to predict various aspects of performance while still in the design phase. Some combination of these analyses should be performed by the architect or appropriate consultant to determine if the design will be likely to meet the client's goals. After construction, a commissioning agent or other authority will need to verify ongoing performance of the building and its systems through testing or observation of the actual facility. 4. Integrated Project Delivery Incorrect. Although Integrated Project Delivery teams will work more closely during design, this alone does not address the issue of vetting building performance during design.

A high-rise building in a dense urban area requires a foundation that extends to the bedrock. How much settling should the architect expect due to the foundations? 1. Up to several inches 2. Negligible 3. About an inch 4. About half an inch

2. Negligible Correct. Bedrock is a dense, continuous monolith. Very little settlement will occur, if any, for a foundation that extends to bedrock.

A project is located in the foothills of Boulder, CO, which is known for rocky terrain. To be sure the site is represented accurately, topographic maps need to be reviewed. From which organization can the architect request topographical maps? 1. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 2. USGS (United States Geological Survey) 3. ASLA (American Society of Landscape Architects) 4. AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)

2. USGS (United States Geological Survey) Correct. The United States Geological Survey is a valuable source of topological data. The data is accurate enough for planning but not for design.

An architect is conducting a preliminary site analysis of a 640-acre site with varied topography. What organization should the architect contact for topographical information? 1. American Geographical Society (AGS) 2. United States Geological Survey (USGS) 3. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

2. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Correct. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) provides topographical maps for much of the contiguous United States in both digital and printed form. 3. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Incorrect. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is a professional association representing members of the civil engineering profession. The ASCE does not provide topographical information for designers.

An architect is in the schematic design phase of a project. The client wants to build a new office building large enough to accommodate 1,500 people. Roughly how much total space should the architect estimate as a starting point? 2,000 sq. ft. 20,000 sq. ft. 200,000 sq. ft. 200 sq. ft.

200,000 sq. ft. Correct. Offices have about 100 - 200 sq. ft. per person, so the total area should be between 150,000 and 300,000 sq. ft.

An architect is preparing zoning diagrams for a proposed new multi-family residential building in an urban area. The owner is not seeking a variance to increase the height of the building beyond what is allowed by the local zoning ordinance, and will pursue the project as-of-right with regard to setbacks. Which of the following graphical items are critical to include in these diagrams to demonstrate that the building complies with the current zoning ordinance with regard to building height? Check the two that apply. 1. Adjacent building setbacks 2. Setback boundary 3. Maximum allowable height dimension 4. Adjacent building heights 5. Floor-to-floor heights 6. Property line

23. Setback boundary Correct. Showing the setback boundary or "build-to line" will illustrate that the proposed building will not exceed the setback lines vertically. Property line Incorrect. While the property line is critical to include as it demonstrates the building does not exceed its property's metes and bounds, the property line will do little to communicate the proposed height of the building since the property lines are planar.

The architect has been hired to design a multi-family building for a developer with a limited budget. When assessing their budget, what information does the architect need? Check the three that apply. 1. General contractor 2. Project schedule 3. Site requirements 4. Project program 5. Financing package 6. Site survey

234. 3. Site requirements Correct. The owner is required to provide a site location and site requirements to the project. The specific site and the expectations for the site are critical for determining budget feasibility. 6. Site survey Incorrect. The site survey is something that is to be provided by the client but it is not part of assessing the project budget.

A developer would like to move forward with a potential infill project in an aging and underpopulated Chicago neighborhood. The project would include both retail and housing uses on multiple abandoned sites. The city approaches the architect to lead a public workshop to promote public engagement in the project. Which of the following infill development benefits should the architect discuss at the workshop? Check the three that apply. 1. Property values 2. Promotion of sustainability strategies 3. Creation of mixed-use development 4. Neighborhood revitalization 5. Parking requirements 6. Financial feasibility

234. 4.Neighborhood revitalization 振兴 Correct. Making use of vacant and underused land increases population density and neighborhood continuity. A critical mass of people is required to support retail, an amenity the existing community can utilize. 5.Parking requirements Incorrect. Although parking should be discussed as current residents will be concerned regarding this issue, parking typically has limited availability for urban infill projects. It is a challenge that deserves consideration, but it is not usually a benefit for this type of project.

An architect is planning a building on a five-acre site in a forested area. The site design must take measures to prevent forest fires. Which of the following actions complies with best practices for maintaining defensible space? Check the four that apply. 1. Separate small areas of shrubs by at least 100 feet 2. Do not use wood chip mulch directly adjacent to the building 3. Extend defensible space further on the downhill side of the building 4. Reduce forest density within 100 feet from the building 5. Store firewood uphill from the building 6. Do not plant non-native species of plants around the building

2345. 3. Extend defensible space further on the downhill side of the building Correct. Fires spread vertically and travel uphill, therefore, a larger defensible space is required on the downhill side of the building. 5.Store firewood uphill from the building Correct. Stacked firewood is a fuel source for forest fires and should be stored uphill from structures. If it's stored downhill and catches fire, the flames will rise towards the structure and increase the likelihood that the structure also catches fire. 1. Separate small areas of shrubs by at least 100 feet Incorrect. Shrubs should be spaced at least 10 feet apart in order to protect against them spreading fire to each other. 6. Do not plant non-native species of plants around the building Incorrect. All vegetation should be avoided around the building, including native and non-native vegetation

A client is requesting a site plan to determine where to locate a second house on their existing farmland. When preparing the preliminary site analysis for the property, what information should the architect include? Check the three that apply. 1. Local wildlife 2. Existing vegetation 3. Topography 4. Neighboring properties 5. Flood zones 6. Soil type

235. 2. Existing vegetation Correct. It is important to identify existing site vegetation to maximize solar shading, and minimize tree removal. 3. Topography Correct. Topography is an essential element in determining the lay of the land. 5. Flood zones Correct. Any parts of the site that are prone to flooding should be identified immediately. 6. Soil type Incorrect. The soil type is usually analyzed by a consultant.

An architect is working on a mid-rise apartment building. Due to a number of factors, the structural engineer has eliminated the possibility of running ducts to the apartments. Of the systems listed below, which are appropriate options for this project? Check the three that apply. 1. Air handling unit 2. Packaged terminal air conditioner 3. Variable refrigerant flow 4. Roof top unit 5. Fan coil unit 6. variable air volume

235. 3. Variable refrigerant flow Correct. A variable refrigerant flow device does not need duct work to manage air temperature. 1. Air handling unit Incorrect. An Air Handling Unit (AHU) requires ductwork to manage room temperature.

An architect has been hired to design a private residence in an area that is moderately susceptible to landslides. Which steps should be taken to minimize slope destabilization? Check the four that apply. 1. Remove existing wood vegetation 2. Utilize native plantings that require little irrigation 3. Use alternatives to septic systems 4. Utilize existing upslope fill to create the building lot 5. Review local landslide hazard maps and landslide reduction regulations 6. Comply with local grading ordinances regarding the use of retaining walls for steep hill cuts

2356. 3. Use alternatives to septic systems Correct. Use of septic systems increases the potential for slope destabilization and landslides. 4. Utilize existing upslope fill to create the building lot Incorrect. Using upslope fill to create a building pad creates an unstable soil condition and increases the potential for landslides.

An architecture firm has been commissioned to design the master plan of a small city. The project architects are analyzing the existing development plans of the city. Which of the following are characteristics of a successful transit-oriented development? Check the four that apply. 1. Increased parking requirements 2. Increased bicycle facilities 3. Mixed-use functions 4. Decreased development density 5. Varied housing prices 6. Diverse housing types

2356. 5.Varied housing prices Correct. A variety of housing prices, including affordable housing, should be planned. 6.Diverse housing types Correct. A mix of housing types ensures population density for the development. 1. Increased parking requirements Incorrect. Parking requirements should be reduced. A benefit of increased transit use is that less parking should be provided. Shared parking should also be considered for mixed-use functions. 4. Decreased development density Incorrect. Population density is required for viable people-centered neighborhoods with lower dependence on automobiles.

An architect is determining the correct number of exits a building should have based off the comments from the AHJ. Which of the following might affect the number of exits required? Check the three that apply. 1. Exit door hardware 2. The total occupant load 3. The building's construction type 4. The travel distance 5. The common path of travel 6. Dead end corridor length

245. 5. The common path of travel Correct. The common path of travel is the distance any building occupant must travel before reaching access to two exits. If the common path of travel is exceeded, an additional exit must be provided. 6. Dead end corridor length Incorrect. The dead end corridor length will determine where the exit is placed is relation to other building elements, and how far a person can travel before having to turn in order to access that exit.

During the predesign phase of a new office building, an architect has been asked to develop a program with the project's owner. Which of the following items should be considered during the completion of this task? Check the three that apply. 1. Building orientation 2. The owner's budget 3. Zoning 4. The owner's current space 5. Structural systems 6. Applicable building codes

246. 4. The owner's current space Correct. The owner's current needs should be considered when programming a new project. 3.Zoning Incorrect. Zoning often dictates the uses permitted in a new project like the office building in question. It may require retail at the base of the building for instance, thus having a direct impact on the owner's program requirements. However, this question assumes that the permitted uses have been determined by the owner already, as they have approached the architect to help program an office building.

A new construction high rise multi-family tower is being designed for a site in Chicago, Illinois. The client requests a high performance building and has pushed the design team to incorporate modeling analysis into various aspects of the project. Which of the following aspects of sustainable design can be analyzed through computer modeling? Check the two that apply. 1. Structural systems 2. Curtain wall glazing 3. Interior air quality 4. Egress simulations 5. Daylighting 6. Occupant comfort

25. 5. Daylighting Correct. Daylighting can be simulated using computer analysis of building form, site location, exterior wall configuration, etc. 1. Structural systems Incorrect. Although structural system performance can be simluated using computer modeling, it is not a component of sustainable design as such.

During the programming phase, the architect is asked to list out several materials that will contribute to the sustainability of the project. Which of the following sets lists the materials in order of embodied energy, from least to greatest? 1. straw bale, particle board, gypsum plaster, copper 2. Local stone, imported stone, PVC, glass 3. Lumber, glass, vinyl, aluminum 4. Plywood, gypsum board, steel, stainless steel

3. Lumber, glass, vinyl, aluminum Correct. Lumber, glass, vinyl, then aluminum shows the materials in the sequence of least to most embodied energy. Materials that occur naturally have the least amount of embodied energy; materials that grow have less energy than those that are mined. Items that need to be refined or produced have the highest levels of embodied energy. 1. The correct order is: straw bale, gypsum plaster, particle board, then copper. 2. The correct order is: local stone, imported stone, glass, then PVC. 4. The correct order is: gypsum board, plywood, steel, then stainless steel.

An architect has been contracted to design a residence. After construction documents are complete, the owner asks the architect to expand the garage from a one-car to a three-car garage. Which one of the following items will add the most expense as a result of this change? 1. Additional professional design fees 2. Costs associated with the schedule extension 3. Additional material and labor costs 4. Utility tap-in fees

3. Additional material and labor costs Correct. The cost of additional building materials and labor will likely be the items which most affect the budget.

A client requires high performance building systems to be integrated into a new corporate project early in the design phases, and wants documentation showing how the suggested performance will likely be achievable by the approach taken by the design team. The client also desires ongoing verification of systems performance after construction. Which one of the following would best provide for these client goals during the design phases? 1. Building information modeling 2. Post-occupancy analysis 3. Energy model analysis 4. Commissioning evaluation

3. Energy model analysis Correct. Energy modeling, which predicts energy use and energy savings measured against a baseline of performance, is the best way to estimate how a building and its systems will perform during design. This analysis may be performed by the architect if they possess the abilities in-house or it could be conducted by a third party. 1. Building information modeling Incorrect. Building information modeling (BIM) involves the use of three-dimensional objects to design a building within the computer-drafting environment. Although BIM processes may be used to conduct an energy analysis, this is not the best answer as BIM is a general category of modeling techniques.

An architect has designed a long rectangular home parallel to the slope contours of a hill. The design includes a basement. Given this information, what is the major environmental impact resulting from this design decision? 1. Decreased slope stability 2. Maximum solar gain 3. Increased water penetration 4. Increased natural ventilation

3. Increased water penetration Correct. Given that the linear building runs parallel to the contours, the drainage from upper slopes will be blocked by the structure. The project will require significant water penetration protection on the basement walls, as well as trench drains to divert water flow around the building. 1. Decreased slope stability Incorrect. There is no information indicating that the soil conditions would lead to destabilization or slippage.

An architect has been hired to design a new eco-hotel in a remote part of a tropical climate. Due to the unpredictable weather in this particular part of the world, the owner plans for extensive finished landscaping throughout the project site. Which 3D modeling geometry type might be most useful to get a highly accurate understanding of the existing terrain? 1. BIM modeling 2. Extruded topographical surveys 3. NURBS modeling 4. Polygonal modeling

3. NURBS modeling Correct. NURBS modeling allows for highly controllable curved and smoothed surfaces to be created from existing survey information. While requiring a greater degree of labor to create, this digital geometry type is capable of being far more accurate in representing sloped topography than other geometry types. 1. BIM modeling Incorrect. BIM is a general term that describes using specific software to document projects with the benefit of a 3D environment and interface. Various digital geometry types can be incorporated into a BIM model.

A house is being designed with a slopped shingle tile roof and copper guttering and flashing. The architect is concerned about the material reactions between the different components of the roof assembly. Which method would be the best way to detail the tile-to-gutter assembly to any type of material reaction? 1. Provide for a direct overlap of the last course of shingle tile directly on top of the gutter for direct drainage 2. Provide a stainless steel hat channel between the shingle and gutter 3. Provide a cant strip between the shingle and gutter 4. Provide an aluminum drip between the edge of the tile and gutter

3. Provide a cant strip between the shingle and gutter Correct. The cant strip between the shingle and the gutter is the best practice as it will allow a separation between materials to mitigate erosion of the copper material. 2. Provide a stainless steel hat channel between the shingle and gutter Incorrect. While the aluminum channel would provide a separation between materials, stainless steel and copper in contact will create galvanic action leading to rust and decay.

Urban-to-rural transects include a sequence of human habitats of increasing density and complexity. In this model of planning and development, each transect is regulated by design standards based on density and character. What is "A transfer of development rights (TDR) sending area"? 1. Suburban 2. General Urban 3. Rural 4. Urban Core 5. Urban Center

3. Rural

An architect is conducting a preliminary site analysis of a 640-acre site with varied topography. What organization should the architect contact for topographical information? 1. American Geographical Society (AGS) 2. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 3. United States Geological Survey (USGS)

3. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Correct. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) provides topographical maps for much of the contiguous United States in both digital and printed form.

An architect is reviewing the site for a proposed 500-unit apartment complex with eight retail spaces in the hot, dry climate of Phoenix, Arizona. The 10,000-sf. site has a gentle cross-slope running north-to-south, is currently covered in native grasses and shrubs, and lies off an arterial corridor serving a pedestrian mall. An environmental impact study has been performed on the site to determine the impact of several design options on the site and its surroundings. Which one of the following sections of the environmental impact study will likely be impacted the greatest through developing the site? 1. Cultural resources 2. Land use 3. Transportation 4. Wetlands

3.Transportation Correct. Introducing a large apartment complex and additional retail along an arterial street will introduce an influx of new vehicles. This will also increase the potential need for traffic engineers to review the area and determine if additional street lights, turn lanes, or pedestrian walkways need to be added. Land use Incorrect. While land use could be affected due to not having access to the city's zoning information, this is not the best answer choice. It is reasonable to assume that the housing and retail will be compatible with the master plan of the city, as it is near a pedestrian mall, and will add to the value of the area. Land use sections are typically concerned with the number of businesses and residences being displaced. Since there aren't existing structures on the site and the plan is to add businesses and residences, this is not the best answer.

An architect is working with a client on a new mid-rise office building. The client prefers sustainable materials to be used whenever possible. Of the following, which options present an environmentally conscious alternative to traditional methods or materials? Check the four that apply. 1. Ebony wood molding 2. Asphalt roofing shingles 3. Linoleum flooring 4. Fiber cement siding 5. Cellulose insulation 6. Engineered lumber

3456. 1. Ebony wood molding Incorrect. Ebony, although a natural wood product, is not the best for sustainability as it is not domestically produced and its harvesting contributes to the global depletion of rain forests. 2.Asphalt roofing shingles Incorrect. Asphalt is derived from petrochemicals which are not a renewable resource. Fiber cement or other materials could be substituted here as a more sustainable or recycled option. 3.Linoleum flooring Correct. Linoleum is considered sustainable because it is manufactured entirely from natural products such as linseed oil, cork, and jute. 4.Fiber cement siding Correct. Fiber cement is made from recycled wood and Portland cement, both of which can be recycled. 5.Cellulose insulation Correct. Cellulose insulation is a recycled product made from paper. It does not produce glass fibers the way fiberglass batt insulation would, nor does it present off-gassing issues. 6.Engineered lumber Correct. Where practical, engineered lumber is preferable to traditional new- or old-growth timber because it can be made from smaller trees and can incorporate recycled wood content.

An architect has been hired for renovation work at a university. Based on the project type and scope, the university and the architect have agreed to use a phased project schedule. Which of the following conditions could lead to the decision to phase a project? Check the three that apply. 1. There are time constraints 2. The program is unknown 3. Money for the project will become available over time 4. The client is indecisive 5. The client's functional needs are expected to grow 6. The initial budget is limited

356. 1.There are time constraints Incorrect. When there are time constraints, phasing a project will only lengthen the project, not shorten it. 5.The client's functional needs are expected to grow Correct. When functional needs are expected to grow, phasing allows the client to provide more space as needed, instead of creating a large building upfront, which can be expensive and possibly underutilized at first.

A client wishes to integrate sustainability principles into the design of a new facility that makes greeting cards. Which sustainability principles should the architect recommend? Check the three that apply. 1. Specify materials that minimize the use of recycling 2. Position the building in a way that minimizes solid waste 3. Capture, treat, and reuse rainwater onsite 4. Incorporate a large lawn area to foster plant growth 5. Minimize area of site disturbance during construction 6. Avoid locating the project on a Greenfield site

356. 5. Minimize area of site disturbance during construction Correct. Construction activity is destructive to a site. Sustainable construction seeks to limit the impact of a site. Examples of minimizing the impact of construction include limiting construction and stage activity to one part of the site and making the impact of the construction activity as small as possible. 2. Position the building in a way that minimizes solid waste Incorrect. Minimizing solid waste is a good idea but is not related to the positioning of a building on the site.

what's the standard size for brick?

4 x 8 x 2.25

what is the appropriate treatment for the following project? An addition housing a planetarium is being planned for a historic museum. 1` preservation 2` reconstruction 3` restoration 4` rehabilitation

4. "Rehabilitation is defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values."

An architect and client are identifying goals for a new residential and care facility for intellectually disabled adults. What should be the main priority in the design of this structure? 1. Project phasing 2. Spaces to foster interaction 3. Adequate parking 4. Clear sense of orientation

4. Clear sense of orientation Correct. Because of the nature of the people in community, having a clear sense of orientation in the buildings layout is a top priority. 2. Spaces to foster interaction Incorrect. Perhaps this is a priority, perhaps it isn't. We don't know. There is a better answer.

An architect is working with a medium-sized city to design a new sports arena for a local minor-league team. The project will require the local government to acquire private property to build the arena. Which of the following terms best describes the government's power to overtake private property for public use? 1. Easement 2. Variance 3. Right of way 4. Eminent domain

4. Eminent domain Correct. Eminent domain is the government's legal right to take private property in return for fair compensation. 1. Easement Incorrect. An easement is a legal right for one party to use land owned by another party for a specific purpose.

A business owner has approached an architect to design their company's new headquarters. The owner has variously discussed putting a rooftop bar, dining hall, gym, sleeping quarters, shower room, and restaurant within the building in addition to typical office programming. The owner has not given a budget. The owner wishes to contract the architect to begin design. How should the architect proceed? 1. Prepare a conceptual design package to aid the owner in determining the project's scope 2. Prepare a stipulated sum contract to begin design services for signing 3. Prepare a contract based on a percentage for a cost of the work to begin design services 4. Prepare an hourly contract for a preliminary study

4. Prepare an hourly contract for a preliminary study Correct. The architect should assist the owner in determining these factors at an agreed fee or rate as they cannot determine their scope of services based on the information given in the prompt. Preliminary studies may include programming, preliminary design, rough schedules, and possible cost estimates. 3.Prepare a contract based on a percentage for a cost of the work to begin design services Incorrect. As no budget has been determined, this may be a risky way to structure the fee. There is no way of knowing if the client's budget aligns with their desired program.

what is the appropriate treatment for the following project? An old theater is being repurposed as a bookstore and coffee shop. 1` preservation 2` reconstruction 3` restoration 4` rehabilitation

4. Rehabilitation. "Rehabilitation is defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values." Rehabilitation is the appropriate choice for the scenario, "An old theater is being repurposed as a bookstore and coffee shop."

One goal for the design of a new bed-and-breakfast is to respond to the changing nature of the sun throughout the day, as well as the seasons. The building will be located in the Midwest, where the climate is temperate and humid. Which programmatic arrangement would help to meet this goal? 1. Main entry door to the north 2. Kitchen to the south 3. Gardens to the west 4. Sleeping rooms to the east

4. Sleeping rooms to the east Correct. Sleeping rooms to the east would allow guests of the bed-and-breakfast to experience sunlight first thing in the morning. Also, east-facing sleeping rooms will be cooler in the summer evenings. 2. Kitchen to the south Incorrect. Since kitchens generate heat, they are best placed on the north side of buildings to reduce heat gain in the summer.

The longest facade of a wood-framed building is located along the east-west axis. A porch is located on the south side, and the kitchen, on the north side of the house. This building is best suited for which type of climate? 1. Cold 2. Hot humid 3. Hot arid 4. Temperate

4. Temperate Correct. Much of the Continental United States falls into the temperate climate zone where it is cold some parts of the year and hot during others. This building's east-west orientation would maximize sun exposure on the south-facing facade in winter and help to keep the building warm. In the summer, when the sun is higher, the porch will help to shade the facade and keep the building cool. The northern side of the building is least exposed to the sun, and thus it is a logical position to place the kitchen, which generates heat. 1. Cold Incorrect. Cold climates call for more compact forms, not elongated ones. Examples of locations that have cold climates are Alaska and Montana.

A new mixed-use development is being planned on the site of a former railyard. The site has been designated a brownfield due to the presence of solvents, lead, and mercury in the soil. The owner would like pursue phytoremediation to address the soil contaminants and proceed with development quickly. The site must be remediated before any construction activity can occur, per local ordinances. Why might the architect recommend against this abatement method? 1. Expensive 2. Untested 3. Ineffective 4. Time-consuming

4. Time-consuming Correct. While Phytoremediation is cost-effective, it is also a time-consuming method to abate the contaminants as it is dependent on the plants to remove the contaminants via a lengthy process of phytoextraction or phytodegradation. The owner indicated time as a concern and the local jurisdiction requires full remediation before any construction activity. 1. Expensive Incorrect. Phytoremediation is considered a cost-effective method to abate contaminants.

At the development phase of the project, a client has presented the architect with a construction budget. How will the architect and client use this construction budget? 1. To agree upon fixed costs up front 2. To carefully define the cost of each item in the project 3. To ensure the project will not go over budget 4. To set cost guidelines for their work

4. To set cost guidelines for their work Correct. The budget serves as a guide, establishing parameters for the project costs. It keeps the architect from spending too much in the wrong place and helps them to meet the project goals. 3.To ensure the project will not go over budget Incorrect. Budgets are not hard numbers. They can and often do increase or decrease.

Urban-to-rural transects include a sequence of human habitats of increasing density and complexity. In this model of planning and development, each transect is regulated by design standards based on density and character. What is "Surface parking lots are disallowed"? 1. Suburban 2. General Urban 3. Rural 4. Urban Core 5. Urban Center

4. Urban Core

An owner wants to build a restaurant on the rezoned location of a factory that was demolished. Due to the previous use of the site by a factory, what should the architect recommend to the owner? 1. Topographic survey 2. Floodplain survey 3. Geotechnical survey 4. Phase 1 survey

4.Phase 1 survey Correct. The previous industrial use of the site warrants an environmental report to evaluate the likelihood of environmental contamination. If the potential of contamination is noted in Phase 1, then a Phase 2 survey should be completed. Geotechnical survey Incorrect. Though a geotechnical survey can provide helpful information for foundation sizing and site drainage, the previous use of the site as a factory does not specifically warrant the suggestion of this survey.

Urban-to-rural transects include a sequence of human habitats of increasing density and complexity. In this model of planning and development, each transect is regulated by design standards based on density and character. What is "An area of mixed-used and higher density"? 1. Suburban 2. General Urban 3. Rural 4. Urban Core 5. Urban Center

5. Urban Center

A new construction senior living facility project has advanced through schematic design. The architect has produced various documentation of the design to date. Of the following, which types of documentation may be provided by the architect during schematic design? Check the two that apply. 1. Construction details 2. Updated cost of work estimate 3. Equipment layouts 4. Building systems diagrams 5. Hand perspective sketches 6. Study models

56. 6. Study models Correct. At the architect's option, study models may be created during schematic design to convey design intent to the client. 2. Updated cost of work estimate Incorrect. This would typically be included starting in design development. During schematic design, the architect first prepares the cost of work estimate, so it cannot be updated until a later phase.

An architect has been hired by a housing developer to plan a suburban neighborhood outside Chicago. The developer requires that each cul-de-sac must be large enough to allow for a large motorhome to enter and turn around. To save costs, the culs-de-sac must be as small as possible while achieving this criteria. What is the most appropriate turning radius that the architect should suggest? A. 50'-0" B. 24'-0" C. 36'-0" D. 60'-0"

A. 50'-0" Correct. This turning radius will be large enough for a large motorhome. C. 36'-0" Incorrect. This turning radius is too small for a large motorhome. Cul-de-sacs typically have a 38'-0" to 50'-0" turning radius.

What is a hypothesis?

An educated guess. A hypothesis is an assumption that is made in order to test an idea.

A building's design includes a photovoltaic array on the roof. The building is located at 42 degrees north latitude. What angle configuration should be specified for the photovoltaic arrays? A. 12 degrees to the southwest B. 42 degrees to the south C. 12 degrees to the south D. 42 degrees to the southwest

B. Correct. A photovoltaic array should be south-sloping and tilted at the same angle as the latitude, or slightly greater, to favor greater energy production in the winter.

A city is expanding its existing industrial use zone into undeveloped land to the south. The legal documents indicate that the area for the new development is: 1/2 of Township A 1/4 of Township B 1/9 of Township C What is the maximum area of the new industrial zoned area? square miles

Incorrect - the answer is 31 A township is 6 miles wide by 6 miles wide for an overall area of 36 square miles. Since the area encompasses 1/2 of Township A (18 square miles), 1/4 of Township B (9 square miles), and 1/9 of Township C (4 square miles), the total maximum area equals 31 square miles.

What is preservation?

Preservation is the process of taking necessary measures to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of a historic property

What is reconstruction?

Reconstruction is the process of depicting the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building or structure through new construction for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time.

What is rehabilitation?

Rehabilitation is the process of making a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving features that convey its historical values.

What is restoration?

Restoration is the process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by removing features from other periods and reconstructing any missing features.

where is the maximum bending moment at balcony?

The bending moment occurs at the wall is a rigid connection point for the balcony

The site design of a new school campus requires two parking lots. The architect plans to set aside an area nearest the main school entrance for two accessible parking spaces separated by an access aisle. One parking lot requires two van spaces, while the other requires two standard accessible spaces. In the parking lot accommodating the two standard accessible spaces, what is the minimum width the architect must plan for the spaces and access aisle? Provide your answer in feet.

the answer is 21 Each standard, non-van accessible parking space must be a minimum of 8 ft. wide. Each access aisle must be a minimum of 5 ft. wide. So, the required total width for two spaces and one access aisle would be at least 21 ft.

A 100' x 150' site is being considered for a new office building. The site is commercially zoned with a floor area ratio (FAR) of 3.0. The required front setback is 15' and the required side and rear setbacks are 5'. What is the maximum allowable floor area, in gross square feet, permitted to be built on the site?

the answer is 45000 FAR is the ratio of the allowable floor area of the building to the area of the lot.The area of the lot multiplied by the FAR value equals the allowable floor area.Therefore, (100' x 150') x 3 = 45,000 square feet.

What is synthesis?

when two or more elements or compounds combine to make a more complex substance. Synthesis is the opposite of analysis. Synthesis is the process of putting ideas together; it is an act of creation.

Cul-de-sacs

死胡同