pabustan topic 9.1,2,4,5
identify cause and effect as you read European Nations Scramble for Colonies examine the text for major events and their causes and effects.
1. king leopold ii of belgium hired stanley to explore the congo river basin; arranged trade treaties with African leaders; set off a scramble by other nations. Britain, France, and Germany were pressing rival claims to the region 2. European powers recognized Leopold's private claims to the Congo Free State; Agreed that a European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there; led Europeans to send officials who would exert their power over local rulers and peoples 3. the rush to colonize Africa was on; the European powers partitioned the entire continent; Europeans established new borders and frontiers 4. Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo; they were horrifying reports of Belgian overseers brutalizing villagers; The overall population declined drastically 5. international outrage forced Leopold to turn over his personal colony to the Belgian colony; it became the Belgian Congo in 1908; under belgian rule, the worst abuses were ended 6. belgians regarded the Congo as a possession to be exploited; Africans were given little or no role in the government; the wealth of their mines went out of the country to Europe
why was Britain eager to have China buy products from western countries as well as sell products to them?
British merchants began making huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea. Many Chinese had become addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in payment for the drug, disrupting the economy.
what would the overall British economy include?
British policies were designed to fit India into the overall British economy
how did india grow more unified under british rule
British rule brought some degree of peace and order to the countryside. Railroads helped Indians move around the country, while the telegraph and postal system improved communication. Greater contact helped bridge regional differences and develop a sense of national unity.
compare and contrast china and japan during the 1800s
China was a powerful force before western powers. China did not want other countries shipping opium, since a lot of Chinese people got addicted to it. China cut off trade and the opium war began. Chinese surrendered and signed a treaty to not arrest merchants in their country. Westerners were causing chaos in China. Started a rebellion against the Manchus. Rebellion took out the Manchus. Chinese started Boxer Rebellion in attempted to get all the westerners out of China. Westerners assembled an army and stopped the rebellion. Japan was not used to being a big power so they wanted to isolate themselves as long as they could for the West.
examine the text for clues that signal cause and effect. "the british east india company"
For more than 200 years, Mughal rulers governed a powerful empire in India. By the mid-1700s the Mughal empire was collapsing from a lack of strong rulers. Britain then turned its commercial interests in the region into political ones. The british east india company won trading rights on the fringe of the mughal empire. As Mughal power declined, the company's influence grew. By the mid-1800s, it controlled three fifths of India
how did the british react to the diversity of the people in India?
India was home to many cultures and peoples. When the Mughal empire began to crumble, these groups could not unite to expel outsiders. Britain took advantage of this disunity by encouraging competition between rival princes.
what were the effects of the Boxer uprising?
It got rid of Christian influences and weakened the Qing Dynasty.
what problems might an outside country create if it draws borders without understanding local, political, or ethnic situations?
It might cause civil wars in these regions because the people of two different regions might develop a rivalry.
what led to resentment of foreigners living in China in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
Japan was the strongest military power in Asia and had successfully negotiated getting rid of extraterritorial rights for foreigners
compare and contrast the Muslim League to the Indian National Congress
Muslim league- political organization founded in India, defend the interests of India's Muslim minority, attempted to negotiate with the Indian national congress, demanded a separate state for Muslim, they were voice of the Muslim Indians who mainly struggled Indian national congress- movement and political part founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in the government, middle class, demands were modest until ww1, appealed increasingly to poor and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence, fought for freedom of the Indian people and was a leading voice to the British
why did British imperialists think Western education would benefit both Indians and the British? in what way were they mistaken?
The British disagreed among themselves about India. A few admired Indian theology and philosophy. As Western scholars translated Indian classics, they acquired respect for India's ancient heritage. Western writers and philosophers borrowed ideas from Hinduism and Buddhism. However, most British people knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian culture with contempt.
why did the British seek to claim Boer lands north of Cape Colony?
The British seeked to claim Boer lands north of Cape Colony to establish new borders and frontiers
what were the causes and effects of the opium war?
The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers. The British refused, insisting on the right of free trade. Chinese warships clashed with British merchants triggering the Opium War. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and river ports. The Chinese were easily defeated. Treaty was signed to not arrest merchants in their country. Other countries wanted this as well. China was soon filled with westerners.
what European idea let to colonial resistance?
The European view of justice caused a lot of friction and fighting between the Europeans and their colonies
how did Western education affect different members of the African elite?
The Western education affected different members of the African elite admired Western wats and rejected their own culture. Others valued their African traditions and condemned Western societies that upheld liberty and equality for whites only. By the early 1900s, African leaders were forging nationalist movements to pursue self-determination.
how did superior weaponry help Western imperialism spread?
The advanced technologies of the West created a fear of warring against them.
how was setting up a protectorate different from practicing direct rule?
The protectorate has its own government, but still follows whatever the overpowering country when asked for.
why did European countries sometimes choose to maintain spheres of influence instead of creating colonies?
They did not want to have to deal with fully controlling a far away place because they felt colonizing a place was useless if they could not fully control it.
how did western bankers seeking ventures for profit have an effect on imperialism?
Ventures means expansion of a country. This would provide new investment opportunities.
shaka
a Zulu chier and founder of southern Africa's Zulu empire
henry stanley
a british explorer of central Africa, famous for the rescue of Dr. David Livingstone and discoveries in the region of the Congo river
ram mohun roy
a founder of Hindu College in Calcutta, which provided an English-style education to Indians; roy wanted to reform some parts of traditional Indian and Hindu culture, he also revived India's pride in its culture; considered the founder of Indian nationalism
usman dan fodio
a fulani revolutionary leader, mystic, and philosopher, led a revolt to create a new Muslim state known as the Fulani empire, now northern Nigeria
samori toure
a muslim military leader who founded a powerful West African kingdom in the Niger River region and fought against French forces
david livingstone
a scottish missionary and explorer who influenced attitudes towards Africa
nehanda
a spiritual leader of the Shona people in southern Africa and the inspiration for revolt against the British South Africa Company's colonization of the territory that is now Zimbabwe, eventually captured and executed by the British
boer war
a war which Great Britain defeated the Boers of South Africa, lasted from 1899 to 1902
open door policy
american approach to China around to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations
boxer uprising
anti-forgein movement in China from 1898-1900
sphere of influence
area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
protectorate
country with its own government but under control of an outside power
sati
custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre
balance of trade
difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports
imperialism
domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
why is ram mohun roy called the founder of Indian nationalism? in what ways did he adopt Western culture?
he called for an end to traditional practices such as arranged child marriage
compare and contrast conditions in west
in east and west africa, the religion of islam greatly influenced the area. west africa made their money from trade while Africa gained money from the slaves they took as captives
what was the state of the ottoman empire in the early 1800s? how might that influence events in North Africa?
in the early 1800s, much of North Africa remained under the rule of the declining ottoman empire. this might influence events in the North Africa by becoming economically unstable
seproy
indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies
why would machine-made textiles from Britain ruin India's hand-weaving industry?
inexpensive, machine made textiles ruined India's once prosperous hand weaving industry
purdah
isolation of women in separate quarters
what were some of the positive things that the British East India Company did in India?
main goal was to make money. the company did work to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry. By the early 1800s, British officials introduced Western education and legal procedures. Missionaries converted Indians to Christianity. pressed for social change, end forms of indentured servitude, improve the position of women within the family. removed sati.
how did the fact that the british took control of Cape Colony in Southern Africa affect developments in the region?
many boers resented british laws that abolished slavery and otherwise interfered with their way of life. the boers later loaded their goods into covered wagons and started north to escape British rule
why was the open door policy advantageous to the United States?
more ports were opened for foreign trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in China
indemnity
payment for losses in war
Taiping Rebellion
peasant revolt in China
viceroy
representative of the king of Spain or of the British monarch who ruled colonies in their names
extraterritoriality
right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation
trade surplus
situation in which a country exports more than it imports
trade deficit
situation in which a country imports more than it exports
sun yixian
son of poor farmers in a small village, left a career in medicine to revolt against the Qing government, sun was forced into exile in Japan, delegates elected sun as provisional president of the newly established Republic of China, sun established a nationalist government in south China and allied with the communists to defeat the warlords
causes of the new imperialism
spain, portugal, britain, and france set up colonies in the americas spain seized control of philippine islands european nations gained only small outposts overseas portugal, spain, and the netherlands won footholds in southeast asia the british and french were fierce rivals for trading rights in India europeans built trading forts on the coasts of Africa and negotiated limited trade with China and Japan Europe had relatively little influence on the lives of the peoples in China, India, or Africa Europeans traded with merchants in these lands but did not control any large territory, except in the Americas
deforestation
the destruction of forest land
menelik ii
the emperor of ethiopia who expanded his empire, modernized his country, and defeated the Italian invasion in 1896
king leopold ii
the king of belgium who led the first Western efforts to develop and control the Congo basin, ruled personally over the Congo Free State, which became part of belgium in 1908
Guang Xu
the ninth emperor of the Qing dynasty. when previous emperor tongzhi died, his mother ci xi named Guang her nephew as new emperor. dominated his reign, influencing the government ad making him ineffectual. attempted progressive reforms, angering conservatives. Ci Xi had guang imprisoned. died under suspicious circumstances
yaa asantewaa
the queen mother of the Edweso tribe of the Asante, who led a revolt against British rule starting in 1900
paternalistic
the system of governing a country as a father would a child
missionaries wanted to help Africans while they tried to convert them to Christianity. why might they have believed that opening Africa to western ways would improve life for Africans?
they believed opening Africa to Western ways would annihilate slave trading and thought building schools and medical clinics alongside churches would allow them to see the evils o the slave trade
why did some africans and asians fight Western imperialism, even though their weapons were inferior?
they wanted to fight for their freedom
what steps did menelik ii take to successfully resist Italian conquest?
to modernize his country, set up a Western school system, and import the latest weapons
elite
upper class
Sino-Japanese War
war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan
opium war
war between Great Britain and China over restrictions to foreign trade