Pain Assessment
Timing
When we ask, "Is your pain constant, intermittent, or both?" or "When does it occur?" we are assessing the timing of the pain. This means how long it lasts and specific times it arises. The patient could have constant pain with spasms resulting in an increase in pain. Knowing how the patient takes their medicine at home will help the healthcare team to manage the pain more appropriately.
Acute pain
Acute pain is limited in duration and will resolve once tissue damage has healed. Acute pain has an identifiable cause and should be treated effectively to allow the healing process to begin.
Which of the following types of findings are most likely characterized by the patient's feelings and explanations of their pain?
Subjective findings
Reassessment of pain
The assessment of a patient's pain is not a one time event, but rather an ongoing event. If the interventions suggested for pain relief are implemented, certain outcomes are expected to result; for example, "Patient will experience pain relief within 30 minutes." Evaluation in this case would consist of the nurse's reassessment of the patient's pain status 30 to 40 minutes after the intervention had been made and comparing that to the level of pain experienced before the intervention took place. If satisfactory pain relief has not been accomplished, the steps of the nursing process should be repeated. In this way, additional assessment data, analysis, or interventions as a result of ongoing assessment may lead to a more satisfactory outcome.
Severity
"One a scale from 0 to 10, how bad is the pain?" A number scale is the best way to determine how the patient perceives his or her pain. It is also important to ask chronic pain patients, "On a number scale what number do you live at?" Some patients can live at a 5/10 and be happy there. Knowing their baseline will help determine the intervention that needs to be taken to manage the pain.
Which of the following categories of pain is most likely described as being limited in duration and will resolve once tissue damage has healed?
Acute pain
Non-cancer pain (e.g. arthritis) and cancer pain are most likely types of which of the following categories of pain?
Chronic pain
Chronic pain
Chronic pain is pain that last longer than 6 months. There are two types of chronic pain. Non-cancer pain which has a variety of causes: arthritis, myofacial pain, neuropathy, and sometimes unidentifiable pain are just a few causes. The other type is cancer pain. Not all patients that have cancer will experience pain, however, as the cancer progresses so will the pain. Both type of patient's typically have a high tolerance for pain medicine, and will require higher than normal doses to control the pain.
Subjective findings
It is important to identify and separate patient subjective findings vs. objective. Subjective findings are what the patient says they feel. They are those explained by the patient in the OPQRST mnemonic, where they explain, in their own words, the onset, quality, radiation, timing and severity (0-10) of their pain. These findings are patient specific and are influenced by personal feelings.
Objective findings
Objective data can be examined by asking, "What do you see?" It can be seen, heard and measured. Objective data are directly observed by the examiner and include vital signs (blood pressure, pulse and respiration), patient behavior (grimacing, frowning, crying out or guarding) and emotional expressions such as anger, depression, irritability, fear.
Vital signs and patient behavior are most likely examples of which of the following types of findings?
Objective findings
Which of the following most likely corresponds to the "O" in the "OPQRST" mnemonic for subjective findings of a pain assessment?
Onset
Which of the following most likely corresponds to the "P" in the "OPQRST" mnemonic for subjective findings of a pain assessment?
Provoking or palliative
Which of the following most likely corresponds to the "Q" in the "OPQRST" mnemonic for subjective findings of a pain assessment?
Quality
Which of the following most likely corresponds to the "R" in the "OPQRST" mnemonic for subjective findings of a pain assessment?
Radiation
Which of the following is the most appropriate approach to ensure satisfactory pain relief has been accomplished?
Reassessment of pain
Which of the following most likely corresponds to the "S" in the "OPQRST" mnemonic for subjective findings of a pain assessment?
Severity
Which of the following most likely corresponds to the "T" in the "OPQRST" mnemonic for subjective findings of a pain assessment?
Timing
Quality
"How do you describe your pain?" It is important to ask open-ended question. Allow the patient to describe the pain will result in more information then asking if the pain is more stabbing than shooting.
Provoking or palliative
"What makes your pain worse? What makes it better?" These questions will aid in therapeutic interventions. If pain is relieved with ice, then providing the patient with an ice pack is a great intervention to have in the care plan.
Onset
"When did the pain start?" It is important to know when the pain started. Getting as much information as possible will help the health care team make the proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Radiation
"Where does the pain hurt? Does it spread to another part of the body?" Knowing if the pain is radiating or maybe referred pain will help in diagnosing the exact cause of the pain.