Part 2: Topic 12: Absolutism and The French Revolution (1550-1850)

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

First Estate: The Clergy

1% of the population Church had extended great influence throughout Europe French clergy still enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege The First Estate did provide social services to some extent Clergy members often criticized each other for being "idle" Condemned the Enlightenment for undermining religion and moral order

Committee of Public Safety

12-member committee that had absolute power Preparing France for an all-our war, it ordered citizens to contribute to the war effort Europe monarchs shuddered as the revolutionaries carried "freedom fever" into conquered lands

A Crumbing Economy

1770s-1780s Bad harvest set food prices soaring Hard times and lack of food inflamed the Third Estate The peasants began to attack the manor house of nobles

Storming the Bastille

1789 Paris seized the spotlight from the National Assembly meeting Streets buzzed with rumors that royal troops were going to occupy the capital The commander of the Bastille refused to open the gates Finally he raged mob broke through Thomas Jefferson was at the Scene The mob killed the commander and five guards For the French, the Bastille was a symbol of tyranny

Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General

1789, France tottered on the voyage of bankruptcy Bread riots of the commons Denouncing Royal tyranny from noble

War Breaks Out

1792-1815 Assembly declared war on Austria, Prussia, and Britain War heightened tensions in Paris Royalist officers deserted French army, joining he emigres

Napoleon Is Defeated at Waterloo

1815 Triumph short-lived (lol because he was only 5'0) British forces and a Prussian army crushed the French in an agonizing day-long battle Napoleon was AGAIN sent to exile , but this time in St. Helena (another island) This time he would not return

Faction

A group with a distinct political interest

Guerrilla warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Which of the following best describes France's government according to the Constitution of 1791? A. a limited monarchy B. an absolute monarchy C. an oligarchy D. a republic

A limited monarchy

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

The Congress of Vienna

After Waterloo, diplomats sat down at the Congress of Vienna Faced the task of restoring stability and order in Europe (after years of war) Congress met for 10 months Diplomats and royalty dined and danced, ballets, enjoyed parties Emperor Francis I of Austria hosted The work fell to Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austia

Reaction and the Directory

After the Terror, the Revolution entered a third stage Moderates produced another constitution The Constitution of 1795 set up a 5 man directory and a two-house legislature The Directory faced many challenges War continued with Austria and Great Britain When rising sans-culottes started rioting, the Directory quickly suppressed them The Directory failed to keep away the royalists Many emigres and devout Catholics returned to France Despite failing, the Directory consolidated many reforms of the National Convention The Directory set up a system of elite schools and helped the French economy to recover They also strengthened armies Politicians turned to Napoleon Bonaparte

Seeds of Defeat

Although nationalism spurred French armies to success, it had many follies Europeans who welcomed the French Revolution saws Napoleon and his armies as foreign oppressors Resented the Continental System and Napoleon's effort to force French culture among them Nationalism unleashed revolts against France German states, leaders encouraged national loyalty among German-speaking people to counter French influence

Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Which goal was most likely to be supported by both poor peasants and wealthy city merchants in the early years of the French Revolution? A. an end to feudal privileges B. overthrow of the monarchy C. destruction of the power of the Catholic Church D. suppression of the Third Estate

An end to feudal privileges

Controlling the Church

Assembly voted to take over and sell Church lands Assembly put the French Catholic under state control Bishops and priest then became elected, salaried officials (part of the Clergy) Many people hated the Civil Constitution. Many bishops refused to accept the document Large numbers of church conservatives in the Third Estate did not like the rule too

New Outbreaks of Violence

Battle disasters overseas quickly inflamed revolutions in Paris They thought the king was in league with the enemies Parisians stormed the royal palace of Tuileries and killed the kings guards Royal family ran Citizens attacked prisons that held nobles and priests accused Most rioters were ordinary citizens

The Monarchy Is Abolished

Because of nation being radical

Which country was able to remain outside Napoleon's European empire? A. Belgium B. Britain C. Italy D. the Netherlands

Britain

The Continental System

Britain relied on its sea power to stop Napoleon's drive to rule the continent Napoleon waged warfare through the Continental System, economic warfare Britain and France seized neutral ships suspected of trading with the other side British attacks on American ships sparked anger in the U.S. and eventually triggered the War of 1812 Napoleon's Continental System failed to bring Britain to its knees Britain's powerful navy kept vital trade routes open to the Americas and India

How did France's radical revolutionaries try to protect the revolution? A. by writing a new constitution B. by compromising with the monarchy C. by dealing harshly with enemies of the revolution D. by seeking peace with neighboring countries

By dealing harshly with enemies of the revolution

The Reign of Terror

Danger threatened France on all sides Country was at war with Europe Royalist sand priests led peasants in rebellion against the government The Convention was divided between Jacobins and Girondins

Girondins

Delegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris.

The Tenis Court Oath

Delegates to the Estates-General from the Third Estate were elected Only propertied men could vote Delegates were mostly lawyers, middle class officials, and writers Were familiar with the writings of the French philosophers They went to Versailles not only to resolve the financial crisis but also insist reform Delegates deadlocked over the issue of voting First and second Estate always outvoted Third Estate Third Estate wanted to have a general voting, with all estates The tennis Court Oath was to never separate and meet whenever the circumstances might require until we have established a constitution Rumors spread that the Louis XVI planned to dissolve the Assembly

Religion and the Revolution

Different governments pursued different policies toward religion The Civil Constitution of the Clergy put the Catholic Church under state France supported the Church still, paying for salaries of clergy

Napoleon Falls from Power

Disaster in Russia changed the Napoleonic Wars Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia signed an alliance to destroy Napoleon and France

Marie Antoionette

Discredited monarchy Marched with women

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document modeled after Declaration of Independence Claimed that all people were equal under the law No persons can be arrested before being tried in court

Fear of the "French Plague"

European rulers were horrified by the French Revolution, because it threatened absolute monarchy Increased boarder patrol to stop the spread of 'French Plague' Emigres told the stories of the plague Enlightened rulers were scared and turned against France The French Plague was a way to scare people who believed in the Enlightenment and French Revolution

Successes and Failures

Extended their wartime alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain) They then set up the Concert of Europe The Concert of Europe was the first modern international peace keeping organization The Vienna statesman achieved their immediate goals in creating lasting peace Peace lasted in Europe for the next 100 years Nationalism would soon shake the foundations of Europe and Latin America in the future

An End to Special Privilege

Feudalism is abolished National Assembly turned the reforms of August 4th into law, meeting a key Enlightenment goal—the equality of all male citizens before law

France's Economic Crisis

Financial issues Caused by deficit spending from gov.

Radicals Gain Strength

French Revolution stirred debate all over Europe and U.S. Supporters of the Enlightenment saw the French experiment as the dawn of a new age for justice and equality Nobles and rulers denounced the French Revolution

The National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. Agreed to give up old manorial dues, exclusive hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes

Impact of Napoleon's Conquests

French armies under Napoleon spread ideas of the revolution across Europe Backed liberal reforms in lands conquered Helped install revolutionary governments that abolished titles of nobility Ended Church privileges Opened careers to men of talent Ended serfdom and manorial dues

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

Failure of Reform

Heirs of Louis XIV could not fix economic crisis Louis XV enjoyed life and create more debt instead of contributing to a solution Louis XVI was weak and indecisive As crisis deepened, the reforming pressure mounted The wealthy class demanded an estates-general, a body that represented the three estates before making a decision

Sans-culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Why was the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, an important event in the French Revolution? A. It challenged the king's authority. B. It allowed revolutionaries to seize guns and ammunition. C. It allowed political prisoners to escape. D. It showed the king's determination to put down the rebellion.

It challenged the King's authority

What was one way that the French Revolution changed life in France? A. It eliminated feudal class privileges. B. It separated church and state. C. It led to greater social disparities between the Three Estates. D. It discouraged the rise of nationalism.

It eliminated feudal class privileges.

Which best describes the impact of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen? A. It abolished the monarchy and set up a republic. B. It put into practice ideals of the Enlightenment. C. It protected the feudal privileges of the First Estate. D. It represented a compromise between the monarch and radicals.

It put into practice ideas of the Enlightenment

Louis XVI

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

The Napoleonic Code was a reform of France's A. political system. B. educational system. C. legal system. D. economic system.

Legal system

A Nation in Debt

Louis XIV created immense debt for the country of France The Seven Years War & American Revolution further took a toll on their budget Half of the government's income from taxes went to paying interest for debt Nobles & clergy resisted to end their privilege of not paying taxes

The Cahiers

Louis XVI had the three estates make cahiers, or notebooks, that listed grievances Most Cahiers called for reforms Testified to boiling class resentments

Robespierre the Incorruptible

Maximilien Robespierre Lawyer & Politician Rose to lead the Committee of Public Safety His enemies Calle him a tyrant Part of the Jacobins

How did France's social divisions in the late 1700s contribute to the French Revolution? A. All of the estates in French society believed the government should be changed. B. Members of the First Estate believed those in the Second Estate should have greater rights and privileges. C. Members of the Second Estate demanded significant social and financial reform. D. Members of the Third Estate were dissatisfied with social and economic inequality.

Members of the Third Estate were dissatisfied with the social and economic inequality

Third Estate: Middle Class & Peasants

Most diverse social class At the top was the bourgeoisie (middle class) The largest proportion of the third Estate was the: peasants Poorest members of Estate were: urban workers To survive, some begged or committed crime

Why was Napoleon unable to successfully establish a French empire in Europe? A. Most nations' people resented the imposition of French culture. B. Most nations were allies of Great Britain. C. Most European governments welcomed Napoleon's armies, but their people did not. D. Most nations wanted to establish a system of joint rule, but Napoleon did not.

Most nations' people resented the imposition of French culture.

Napoleon on the Rise

Napoleon Bonaparte dominated France and Europe The Age of Napoleon was the final phase of the French Revolution

Challenges to the French Empire

Napoleon continued his pursuit of European domination Invaded Russia This campaign (of invading Russia) began a chain of events that eventually led to his downfall Napoleon's final defeat brought an end to the era of the French Revolution

Social and Economic Reforms

Napoleon controlled prices, encouraged business, and built canals in order to restore economic prosperity Set up system of public schools Stepped away from some Revolutionary Reforms Made peace with the Catholic Church The Concordant kept the Church under state control Encouraged emigres to return to France, if they take an oath of loyalty Napoleon opened jobs to all

Napoleon's legacy

Napoleon died in 1821 Contemporaries and historians debate his legacy Was he "the revolution on horseback (as he claimed)?" Or was he a traitor to the Revolution? The Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of the Revolution The France of Napoleon was a centralized state with a constitution Electrons were held Many citizens had moral rights Napoleonic Wars spread ideas of the French Revolution He failed to make Europe into a French empire Instead he sparked nationalist feelings across Europe Napoleon's impact also reached across the Atlantic He sold the Louisiana Territory to the AMerican Government, that doubled the size of the U.S.

The Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon increases his reputation on the battlefield He battled the combined forces of the greatest European powers Valued rapid movements and developed a new plan for each battle Napoleons presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000

Resistance in Spain

Napoleon introduced reformes that reduced the Spanish Catholic Church Spaniards remainder loyal to previous king and church When resisting invaders, the French For ese then responded with brutal repression The French responses to revolts made the Spanish more angry Spanish Patriots made a campaign of guerrilla warfare Small bands of guerrillas ambushed French supply Attacks kept large numbers of French soldiers in Spain while Nap. Needed them in other places

Rewarding the Map of Europe

Napoleon redrew the map of Europe He included Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy inside his empire Abolished the Roman Empire Napoleon controlled much of Europe through forceful democracy In France, Napoleon's successes boosted the spirit of nationalism

Military Success

Napoleon rose ranks in army Won against the Austrians Led an expedition to disrupt trade from British to India Success fueled Napoleon Overthrown the Directory Napoleon named himself consul for lifd

Early Years

Napoleon was born in Corsica, French island At age 9, he was sent to a military school When the Revolution broke out, he made a name for himself Napoleon favored the Jacobins and republican rule

The Napoleonic Code

Napoleon's lasting reform was a code of laws Embodied most Enlightenment principles Napoleon Code also removed reforms of the Revolution Women lost their rights and citizenship Napoleon valued order over individual rights

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Napoleon Abdicates Breifly

Napolian stepped down from power The Victors of the war exiled him (to Elba) Louis XVIII became new emperor of France Louis XVIII did a horrible job at restoring the nation He agreed to accept the Napoleonic Code Emigres rushed back to France to get revenge Economic crisis (again) and the fear of the return of Old Regime helped rekindled a loyalty to Napoleon Napoleon escaped his island and returned to France As citizens cheered for Napoleon, Louis XVIII fled

The Constitution of 1791

National Assembly produced a Constitution Set limited monarchy (instead of absolutism) Legislative Assembly Lawmakers would also be elected The constitution replaced the provinces with 83 departments Completed the Revolution Reflected Enlightenment goals Put the power in hands of men with the means to serve government

Paris in Arms

National Guard of middle class militia under Marquis de Lafayette created in response to royal troops Marquis de Lafayette fought with George Washington Paris Commune was a more radical group (protests) Some demanded an end to the monarchy and spread scandalous stories about the royal family

Restoring Peace and Order

Peacemakers redrew the map of Europe In the north, they added Belgium and Luxembourg They gave Prussia lands along the Rhine River in order to prevent French Expansion The architects of the peace promoted the principe of legitimacy even before the Congress began, they put Louis XVIII on the French throne

Widespread Discontent

People of third Estate resented the privilegies of their social "betters" Third Estate could get political names, but the best jobs were reserved for the nobles Urban workers earned miserable wages Rises in prices of bread lead to the "Flour War" Third Estate was taxed on everything Enlightenment ideas about equality led people to question the inequalities of the old regime Third Estate demanded other Estates to balance power

The Royal Family Tries to Escape

People urged the king to escape their embarrassing conflict The king disguised as a servant, queen disguised as governess The attempt to escape failed, a sculptor recognized him People were throwing insults at the king This is the start of the radical phase of the revolution

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

The National Convention

Radicals crowded the assembly Radicals called for the election of a new legislative body called the National Convention Suffrage was to be extended to all male citizens All men and women were made citizens Louis XVI became Citizen Capet

"Death to the Traitors"

Reign of Terror Rev. Courts conducted hasty trials This was necessary to protect the revolution and achieve its goals Arrested to Executed ratio— 30:17 Many were victims of mistaken identity or were falsely accused A guillotine was used to create terror Dr. Joseph Guillotine was the inventive Robespierre was executed by his own Terror

Nationalism Spreads

Revolution and war gave people a strong sense of national identity This lead to great amounts of pride among citizens France was a nation in arms The French Anthem was created in 1793

Social Reform

Revolutionaries pushed for social reform and religious toleration State schools were in place for religious ones France abolished slavery in Caribbean colonies

The Old Regime in France

Rioting reflected anger of the people in France Hungry and unemployed took arms against the government France was still in an outdated social system of the Middle Ages Under the Ancien regime, everyone belonged to one social class (or Estate)

Austria Seeks Revenge

Spanish inspired Austria to cause havoc Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon wins against army of superior numbers Napoleon triumphed—Austria surrendered lands

Napoleon Reforms

Strengthened power by strengthening central government Order, security, and efficiency replaced: liberty equality, and fraternity

The "Great Fear"

Tales of attacks on villages and towns spread panic Peasants unleashed furry on nobles who were trying to bring back feudal system Set fire to old manor records and stole grain

Execution of a King and Queen

The Convention put Louis XVI on trial as a traitor to France He was sentenced to death Louis XVI proclaims that he shall die innocent The polar press celebrated their death Louis XVII died in the dungeons

How did the Directory's actions ultimately lead to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte? A. The Directory was well regarded by the population. B. The Directory was weak and corrupt. C. The Directory wanted to restore the monarchy. D. The Directory had supported the Reign of Terror.

The Directory was weak and corrupt

AMERICAN Revolution v. FRENCH Revolution

The French Revolution was after the American Revolution Both root from Enlightenment ideas: liberty, freedom, and rights to citizens Both began with calls to reform DIFFERENT forms of government (although both started republic) French colonies rose up against monarchs and high taxes Both revolutions broke out after years of discontent among the people

Reforms of the National Asembly

The National Assembly followed the king to Paris Mostly bourgeois members worked to draft a constitution and solve finance crisis

The Revolution Transforms France

The Revolution dislodged the old social order, Monarchy, and the Church is now under state control New symbols arose, like the "red caps," which represented liberty and equality Citizen applied to ALL people Fashion changes

Threats from Abroad

The failed escape of Louis XVI brought further hostile rumblings The king of Prussia and the emperor of Austria issued the Declaration of Pilnitz In this Declaration, it threatened to protect the French Monarch from the French people Everyone called it a bluff, but the France prepared for war

Radicals Seek Power

The new Legislative Assembly took office Survived for less than a year because of conflict Assignats was the revolutionary currency, it dropped in value When the currency dropped the prices rose Working class (sans-culottes) pushes the revolution to be more radical Sans-culottes demanded an end to the monarchy and to end the republic Sans-culottes got support from the Jacobins Opposing the radicals were people who wanted no more reforms

Revolts in Paris and the Provinces

The political crisis of 1789 coincided with the worst famine As grain prices soared, even people with jobs had to spend as much as 80 percent of their income on bread

Women March on Versailles

This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread Women would not refuse to give up till Louis returned to France For 3 years Louis was prisoner at Tuileries

Napoleon Invades Russia

Tsar Alexander I of Russia was once an ally Napoleon responded to Russia's hate of the Continental by sending in the Grand Army (600,000 soldiers) His triumph in Moscow was short lived

Napoleon Crowns Himself Emperor

Two years later, Napoleon had acquired enough power to assume the title Invited the pope to the crowning ceremony He took the crown of the pope and placed it on his head Napoleon had held a plebiscite, or popular vote by ballot

Goals of the Congress

Vienna's goal was to create lasting peace Establishing a balance of power and protecting the monarchy Each leader also pursued their own individual goals Metternich wanted to restore things to the way before the revolution Castlereigh was determined to prevent a raise in Military Power

Second Estate: The Nobles

Was the nobility of French society Louis XIV crushed the nobles military power, but gave them other rights At Versailles, determined nobles competed for royal appointments Though they owned land, they had little income Many nobles hated absolutism and royal bureaucracy Feared losing their traditional privileges, especially not paying taxes

Lesson 6: The French Revolution Begins

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Lesson 7: A Radical Phase

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Lesson 8: The Age of Napoleon

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Quiz Questions

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Jacques Necker

a financial advisor to Louis XVI

Which of the following was most responsible for Napoleon's rise to emperor of France? A. disruption of British trade with India B. the spread of nationalism in Europe C. defeat of the British navy at the Battle of Trafalgar D. a series of military victories against Austria

a series of military victories against Austria

Bastille

fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

Bourgeoisie

middle class

Ancien regime

old order; system of government in pre-revolution France

Marseilles

port city in France; the French national anthem was named after it

The chief goal of the Congress of Vienna was to A. preserve peace through a balance of power. B. restore Napoleon to the throne. C. establish a republic in France. D. combine France and Prussia.

preserve peace through a balance of power.

Estates

social classes

Suffrage

the right to vote

Why did the radical Legislative Assembly declare war on Austria and then Prussia in 1792? A. to stop the monarchs in Austria and Prussia from conquering France B. to stop émigrés from returning to France C. to increase the size of France's borders D. to spread the revolution and destroy other monarchies

to spread the revolution and destroy other monarchies