Patho 293: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Which of the following is the major buffer in the extracellular fluid? Hemoglobin Albumin Bicarbonate Phosphate
C
Which two electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability? Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia
C
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop: hypokalemia. hyperkalemia. hypocalcemia. hypercalcemia.
D
Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include: confusion. excitation. insomnia. hallucinations.
A
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include: decreased urine output. increased skin turgor. increased blood pressure. decreased heart rate.
A
What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid? Infants Adolescents Young adults Older adults
A
Which of the following describes the clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit? Weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate Thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures Cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness
A
Which of the following has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid? Sodium ions Phosphate ions Magnesium ions Potassium ions
A
What fraction of total body water (TBW) volume is contained in the intracellular space in adults? Three fourths Two thirds One half One third
B
Which of the following causes hypernatremia? Decreased aldosterone secretion Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion Compulsive water drinking Excessive dietary potassium
B
Which of the following causes hypomagnesemia? Hyperphosphatemia Chronic alcoholism Oliguric renal failure Clinical dehydration
B
Which of the following imbalances occurs with oliguric renal failure? Metabolic alkalosis Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Hypophosphatemia
B
Which of the following processes is responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments? Filtration Osmosis Active transport Diffusion
B
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include: muscle spasms and rapid respirations. muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias. confusion and irritability. vomiting and diarrhea.
B
Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause which of the following changes? Increased serum sodium concentration Decreased serum sodium concentration Increased serum potassium concentration Decreased serum potassium concentration
B
Hyperaldosteronism causes which of the following? ECV deficit and hyperkalemia ECV excess and hypokalemia Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia Excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration
B
A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop: hypokalemia. hyperkalemia. hypophosphatemia. hyperphosphatemia.
C
Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by: excess proteins. renal damage. deficiency of ATP. hypocalcemia.
C
Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include which of the following? Tachycardia Increased serum sodium concentration Bounding pulse Increased hematocrit
C
The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called the: capillary hydrostatic pressure. interstitial osmotic pressure. capillary osmotic pressure. interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
C
Total body water in older adults is: increased due to decreased adipose tissue and decreased bone mass. increased due to decreased renal function and hormonal fluctuations. decreased due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass. decreased due to renal changes that cause diuresis with sodium excretion.
C
Which of the following alterations can lead to edema? Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure Decreased lymphatic flow Decreased capillary membrane permeability
C
Which of the following conditions are known causes of hypokalemia? Oliguric renal failure Pancreatitis Insulin overdose Hyperparathyroidism
C
Which of the following describes the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? Weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate Thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures Cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness
C
How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema? Through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment By causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular compartment, which leads to cell swelling Through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
D
Which of the following alterations in the blood is evidence that the kidneys are compensating for respiratory acidosis? Decreased carbon dioxide Elevated carbon dioxide Decreased bicarbonate ion concentration Elevated bicarbonate ion concentration
D