PATHO Ch. 1, 2, 7 (Quiz 1)

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including a. Burkitt lymphoma. b. hepatic cancer. c. pancreatic cancer. d. Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Burkitt lymphoma

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a. Cortisol b. Norepinephrine c. Insulin d. Epinephrine

Insulin

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? a. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine the genetic basis of the tumor. b. It is based on exploratory surgery. c. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. d. It is a histologic examination of tissues to determine the degree of tumor differentiation.

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread

stages and clinical course

Latent Period Prodromal Period Acute Phase

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is a. DCC. b. P53. c. Rb. d. APC.

P53

example of sequela

Paralysis following polio, scarring from an inflammatory disease

age differences

a normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age

gender differences

a normal value for men may not be normal for women or visa versa; relevant in both health and disease

allostasis

ability to successfully adapt to challenges, intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain, a dynamic process that maintains or re-establishes homeostasis in light of environmental and lifestyle changes

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except a. epinephrine. b. norepinephrine. c. cortisol. d. aldosterone.

aldosterone

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except a. resistance. b. alarm. c. allostasis. d. exhaustion.

allostasis

primary level of prevention

altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons ex: immunization/vaccines

Proto-oncogenes a. are the same as oncogenes. b. are normal cellular genes that promote growth. c. result from severe mutational events. d. lead to abnormal tumor-suppressor genes.

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Coagulative necrosis is caused by a. lung tissue damage. b. trauma or pancreatitis. c. interrupted blood supply. d. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation.

interrupted blood supply

Reperfusion injury to cells a. results from calcium deficiency in cells. b. results in very little cellular damage. c. involves formation of free radicals. d. occurs following nutritional injury.

involves formation of free radicals

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor a. is benign. b. has spread. c. is malignant. d. is secondary to cancer elsewhere in the body.

is malignant

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is a. hydropic swelling. b. intracellular accumulations. c. metaplasia. d. lactate production.

itracellular accumulations

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will a. selectively kill tumor cells. b. kill rapidly dividing cells. c. stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer. d. have minimal side effects.

kill rapidly dividing cells

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. a. sequela b. prodromal c. convalescence d. latent

latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. a. coagulative b. liquefactive c. fat d. caseous

liquefactive

time variations

may impact how the body responds from day to night, or at varying times

The effect of stress on the immune system a. is unknown. b. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. c. may involve enhancement or impairment of the immune system. d. most often involves enhancement of the immune system.

may involve enhancement or impairment of the immune system

chronic clinical course

may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course

endemic disease

native to a local region

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by a. glucagon. b. ACTH. c. cortisol. d. norepinephrine.

norepinephrine

incidence

number of new cases; number of people who develop a new infection/disease in a year

prevalence

number of people who have the disease in a year

signs

objective/observed manifestation of disease

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene a. is more responsive to treatment. b. occurs at an earlier age. c. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer. d. is more likely to be unilateral.

occurs at an earlier age

how do etiologic factors and pathogenesis relate?

pathogenesis is the description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder/disease

subclinical stage

patient functions normally; disease processes are well established

stress

physical, chemical, or emotional factor resulting in tension of body or mind, actual physical and mental state that tension produces, real or perceived threat to homeostasis, direct consciously or indirect unconsciously sensed sensed threat to the stability of the organism

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a. tertiary prevention. b. disease treatment. c. secondary prevention. d. primary prevention.

primary prevention

specificity

probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition

sensitivity

probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except a. tachycardia. b. diaphoresis. c. increased peripheral resistance. d. pupil constriction.

pupil constriction

Carbon monoxide injures cells by a. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. b. crystallization of cellular organelles. c. promotion of free radicals. d. destruction of cellular membranes.

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin

latent period refers to time btw exposure to agent and first appearance of si/sx and also...

refers to a period during an illness when si/sx temporarily become mild, silent, or disappear AKA silent period

tertiary level of prevention

rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning once disease becomes established ex: medical and surgical medicine

homeostasis

remaining stable while staying the same, all systems are in balance, state of equilibrium, ideal "set point" despite alterations within the body

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. tertiary prevention. c. disease treatment. d. secondary prevention.

secondary prevention

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of a. primary prevention. b. secondary prevention. c. tertiary prevention. d. disease treatment.

secondary prevention

what does the statement "most disorders are multifactorial" mean?

several different etiologic factors contribute to their development

acute clinical course

short-lived; may have severe manifestation (hours, days, weeks)

Clinical Manifestations

signs, symptoms, and syndrome

which of the following is an example of a factor that would affect the epidemiology of a particular disease? A: predictive value B: Southeast Asian ethnicity C: circadian rhytyms D: clinical manifestations

southeast asian ethnicity

pandemic disease

spread to large geographic areas

epidemic disease

spread to many people at the same time

convalescence

stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

latent period

time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs/symptoms; person doesn't know anything is wrong but disease is starting to develop AKA incubation period regarding infectious diseases

prodromal period

time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear indicating onset of disease; signs often nonspecific (headache, malaise)

treatment implications

understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations may imply treatment

idiopathic etiology

unknown cause

example of a sign

vomiting

syndrome

a group of symptoms; etiology of signs/symptoms has not yet been identified

Aggregate Factors or Epidemiologic Variables

Age Ethnic group Gender Socioeconomic factors/lifestyle considerations Geographic location

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the a. RNA. b. membrane. c. ribosomes. d. DNA.

DNA

pathogenesis

Development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease

positive predictive value

Estimate of the probability that disease is present if the test is positive

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive. a. False b. True

False

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Han Seyle 3 stages: alarm, resistance/adaptation, exhaustion

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. a. True b. False

True

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic a. True b. False

True

risk factor

a factor that increases the likelihood of disease

which of the following is an example of the clinical manifestation known as a sign? A: nausea B: bruise C: headache D: loss of appetite

bruise

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is a. calcium. b. insulin. c. potassium. d. tumor necrosis factor.

calcium

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as a. sarcomas. b. carcinomas. c. lymphoma. d. adenomas.

carcinomas

what does etiology identify?

causal factors that, acting in concert, provoke a particular disease or injury

iatrogenic etiology

cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

Cancer grading is based on a. metastasis. b. tumor size. c. cell differentiation. d. local invasion.

cell differentiation

same stress response to each stimuli

cortex of adrenal gland = enlarged, lymphatic organs shrink, bleeding peptic ulcers in stomach/duodenum

individual factors in concepts of normality

cultural considerations, age differences, gender differences

etiology

the study of the causes of diseases

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a. proliferation. b. death. c. atrophy. d. mutation.

death

In general, with aging, organ size and function a. are unknown. b. increase. c. decrease. d. remain the same.

decrease

remission

decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured [only if remission = permanent (5 yrs+)]

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except a. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. b. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. c. crystallization of cellular components. d. decreased blood viscosity.

decreased blood viscocity

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is a. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. b. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. c. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health. d. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy.

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

situational differences

determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism

acute phase

disease/illness reaches its full intensity AKA manifest illness

cultural considerations

each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience; determine which si/sx are abnormal

secondary level of prevention

early detection, screening, and management of disease ex: yearly physical exams, routine screening

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. pandemic. b. endemic. c. ethnographic. d. epidemic.

endemic

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is a. set a new baseline steady-state. b. energy and repair. c. invoke resting state. d. produce exhaustion.

energy and repair

statistical normality

estimate of diseases in a normal population, based on a bell-shaped curve

Negative predictive value

estimate of the probability that the disease is absent if the test is negative

predictive value

extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person's condition

example of a symptom

feeling nauseous

alarm stage (GAS)

fight/flight response; surge of energy and physical alterations to either evade/confront danger

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed a. hypertrophy. b. atrophy. c. inflammation. d. metaplasia

hypertrophy

exacerbation

increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms

epidemiology

study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as a. latent. b. convalescence. c. subclinical. d. prodromal.

subclinical

symptom

subjective feeling of abnormality in body; can only be reported by affected individual

sequela

subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an acute illness

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of a. secondary prevention. b. disease treatment. c. primary prevention. d. tertiary prevention.

tertiary prevention

reliability

test's ability to give same results in repeated measurements

validity

the degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure (accuracy)

Allostasis is best defined as a. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. b. steady-state. c. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. d. the process by which the body heals following disease.

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

Metaplasia is a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements. c. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. d. an irreversible cellular adaptation.

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another