PATHO CH 1 (Week 1)

Situational differences

Determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism

Risk Factor

A factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease

Age differences

A normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age

Gender differences

A normal value for men may not be normal for some or visa versa, relevant in both health and disease

Exacerbation

A sudden increase in severity of disease or signs or symptoms

Aggregate Factors or epidemiologic variables

Age, Ethnic group, Gender, Socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations, Geographic location

What general factors affect the expression of disease in a particular person?

Age, gender, genetic and ethnic background, socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations, and geographic location may affect the expression of disease in a particular individual (pgs. 6-9).

Levels of prevention: Primary

Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons

Reliability

Test's ability to give the same results in repeated measurements (w/in same parameters)

What of the following is an example of clinical manifestation known as a sign? A) Nausea B) Bruise C) Headache D) Loss of appetite

B: Bruise, A sign is visible to the observing health care provider (such as a bruise), whereas symptoms are subjective and must be reported. Nausea, headache and loss of appetite are symptoms.

Idiopathic

Cause is unknown

Iatrogenic

Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

Remission

Decresase in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured

Validity

Degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure

Pathogenesis

Description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder/disease

Pathogenesis

Development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of the disease

Cultural considerations

Each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience

Levels of prevention: Secondary

Early detection, screening, and management of disease (self check breast cancer)

Statistical normality

Estimate of disease in a normal population, based on a bell-shaped curve

How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy?

Etiology is the study of the causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury. Pathogenesis is a description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder or disease. An understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of a particular disorder may suggest that certain treatments could be helpful (pgs. 2-3).

Predictive value

Extent to which a test can differentiate between prescience or absence of a person's condition

Etiology

Identifies casual factors that, acting in concert, provoke a particular disease or injury

Time variations

May impact how the body responds from day to night, or varying times (circadian rhythm or diurnal variations)

Chronic clinical course

May last months to years, sometimes following an acute course (long lasting)

Endemic disease

Native to a local region

How are normal and abnormal physiologic parameters defined?

Normal physiologic parameters are defined by measuring a particular variable in the general population, and determining the standard deviation. A normal range is suggested as the mean ±2 standard deviations. Measurements outside of the normal range are considered to be abnormal (pg. 4).

Clinical Manifestations: Signs

Objective or observed manifestation of disease (see, hear, feel, smell)

What is pathophysiology?

Pathophysiology is the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings and seeks to reveal physiologic responses of organisms to disruptions in its internal or external environment (pg. 1-2).

Subclinical stage/Latent

Patient functions normally; disease processes are well establish

Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? Maintaining routine immunizations, Screening for cancer, Rehabilitating after a stroke, or Performing monthly breast exams?

Primary prevention encompasses all activities, such as immunizations, that reduce the risk of developing a disease. Screening for cancer and performing monthly breast exams are secondary prevention; while, rehabilitating after a stroke is tertiary.

Specificity

Probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition (-)

Sensitivity

Probablity that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition (+)

Levels of Prevention: Tertiary

Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning

Acute clinical course

Short lived; may have severe manifestation (fast)

Which of the following is an example of a factor that would affect the epidemiology of a particular disease? Predictive value, Southeast Asian ethnicity, Circadian rhythms, or Clinical manifestations?

Southeast Asian ethnicity, Ethnicity is a significant factor in disease epidemiology. Certain ethnic groups are more at risk than others. Predictive value is a statistical measurement. Circadian rhythms may affect physiologic parameters, not epidemiology. Clinical manifestations are associated with signs and symptoms of diseases.

Pandemic disease

Spread to large geographic areas

Epidemic disease

Spread to many people at the same time (flu, ebola, outbreak of disney measles)

Convalescence

Stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

Etiology

Study of causes or reasons for phenomenia

Clinical Manifestations: Symptoms

Subjective feeling of abnormality in the body (what patients tell you)

Sequela

Subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness (complications)

What kinds of information about disease can be gained through understanding concepts of epidemiology?

The occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of people or populations are established through epidemiology, which are essential for effective prevention strategies and treatment (pgs. 6).

Latent period

Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms

Prodromal period:

Time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear indicating onset of disease

Treatment implications

Understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a particular disorder/disease/illness may determine which treatments could be helpful