Patho Ch. 2

Enzymes that use oxidation to convert food materials into energy are found in sausage-shaped structures called __________.

mitochondria

The cells in nerve tissue that are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses are called __________.

neurons

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and centrioles are all examples of __________.

organelles

Cell death normally does not occur unless there has been an injury to the cell. T/F

False

During contraction of a muscle fiber, actin filaments slide outward and lengthen the fiber. T/F

False

Nerve tissue is composed entirely of cells called neuroglia. T/F

False

The trophoblast is the part of the fertilized ovum that eventually grows into an embryo. T/F

False

Various supporting tissues such as cartilage and bone are derived from the endoderm. T/F

False

Which of the following processes is not involved in the movements of materials in and out of the cell? A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Pinocytosis D. Filtration

Filtration

The activities of the cell are directed by which cell structure?

Nucleus

How many types of muscle tissue exist in the body, and what are they called?

Three: smooth, striated, and cardiac.

All necrotic cells are dead, but not all dead cells are necrotic. T/F

True

During DNA synthesis, the chemical structure of the bases means that adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine. T/F

True

Endocrine glands discharge their secretions directly into the bloodstream, while secretions from exocrine glands discharge through ducts. T/F

True

Neoplasia is a term for dysplastic cells that undergo malignant transformation. T/F

True

Parenchyma is the total mass of functional tissue. T/F

True

Phagocytosis is a method by which cells ingest particles that are too large to cross through the cell membrane by other means. T/F

True

Specific types of cells often can be identified by examining structures called intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton. T/F

True

Stroma is the supporting framework of an organ T/F

True

An organ system is composed of:

a group of organs organized to perform complementary functions.

An injured cell may commonly show which of the following changes? A. Sodium and water diffuse into the cell, causing it to swell and sometimes to rupture. B. Fat droplets accumulate within the cytoplasm. C. Cell death, occasionally leading to necrosis. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

D. All of the above.

Which of the terms below does not describe a method by which cells adapt to changing conditions? A. Hypertrophy B. Hyperplasia C. Increased enzyme synthesis D. Necrosis

D. Necrosis

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Mesothelium is a type of flat (squamous) epithelium lining the pleural cavity and external (pleural) surface of the lung. B. Epithelium consists of small groups of cells dispersed in a large amount of extracellular material called matrix. C. Cartilage is a type of modified epithelium. D. Endothelium is a type of stratified squamous epithelium.

A. Mesothelium is a type of flat (squamous) epithelium lining the pleural cavity and external (pleural) surface of the lung.

Choose the answer below that best completes the sentence: DNA is composed of __________ base chemicals called __________.

4; adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

14. Choose the response that correctly identifies which components are true or false in the following statement: Fat stored in adipose tissue functions as (1) stored energy, (2) padding and insulation, and (3) support for internal organs and bones.

A. 1 and 2 are true, but not 3

4. The normal osmolarity of blood and body fluids is 300 mOsm/L. A person with severe diabetes and a greatly elevated blood glucose has a blood osmolarity of 370 mOsm/L. Which of the following events will result from the increased osmolarity? A. Water shifts by osmosis from the cells into the extracellular fluid (ECF). B. No water shifts will occur between the cells and the extracellular fluids as a result of the higher osmolarity of the subject's blood and body fluids. C. Water shifts by osmosis from the extracellular fluid into the cells. D. Equal amounts of water move from the cells into the ECF and from the ECF into the cells, and thus, there is no net change in the water content of either the cells or the ECF.

A. Water shifts by osmosis from the cells into the extracellular fluid (ECF).

Matching ___ Collagen fibers ___ Elastic fibers ___ Reticulin fibers ___ Matrix A. Fibers that stretch readily and return to their former shape B. An extracellular material into which various fibers are embedded C. Thin, delicate fibers that form in a fine meshwork to support organs such as the liver D. Long, flexible fibers that are strong but do not stretch

Ans: D, A, C, B

Match the terms below to the correct definitions. ___ Metaplasia ___ Hypertrophy ___ Atrophy ___ Neoplasia ___ Hyperplasia ___ Apoptosis ___ Necrosis ___ Dysplasia A. Programmed cell death B. A change from one type of cell to another type better able to tolerate adverse conditions C. Disturbed or abnormal development and maturation of cells D. Structural changes occurring in dead cells E. Reduction in the size of cells in response to less favorable conditions F. An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells G. An increase in the size of individual cells H. Development of a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor

B, G, E, H, F, A, D, C

Dysplasia of epithelial cells sometimes results from which of the following? A. Excessive sodium intake B. Chronic irritation or inflammation C. Increased enzyme synthesis D. Apoptosis

B. Chronic irritation or inflammation

3. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. The nucleus directs the metabolic functions of the cell. B. Organelles are small chromosome fragments. C. Migration of water molecules across the semipermeable membrane from a more dilute to a more concentrated solution is called osmosis. D. The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes attached to its membrane that synthesize protein molecules.

B. Organelles are small chromosome fragments.

Match each term with its role in the genetic code. ___ Messenger RNA ___ Transfer RNA ___ Chromosome ___ Nucleotide A. Picks up required amino acids from the cytoplasm and transfers them to the ribosomes for assembly B. Basic structural unit of DNA consisting of a phosphate group linked to a five-carbon sugar C. Carries instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm D. Contains a series of messages called the genetic code that regulates cell functions

C, A, D, B

Match each term below with the type of cells, functions, or organs that are derived from it: ___ Ectoderm ___ Inner cell mass ___ Entoderm ___ Mesoderm A. Tissues used for support, motion, circulation, urination, generation B. Tissues that form inner layers of the body and linings of organs C. Tissues that form the external covering of the body and organs that contact the external environment D. The collection of cells that gives rise to the distinct germ layers

C, D, B, A

Choose the answer below that best completes following statement: An organ is __________. A. an object within the abdominal cavity that processes food, water, and air. B. a complex structure that evolves from a single cell. C. a group of different tissues integrated to perform a specific function. D. a collection of similar cells that have an identical function.

C. a group of different tissues integrated to perform a specific function.

The function of lysosomes is to:

break down particles or worn-out cellular components.