Patho Ch. 34

Select the function of the occipital lobe: 1. Determination of objects through the sense of touch 2. Discrimination of sounds entering opposite ears 3. Anticipation and prediction of consequences of behavior 4. Color, motion, and depth perception

4. Color, motion, and depth perception

A 9 year-old girl has a diffuse collection of symptoms that are indicative of deficits in endocrine and autonomic nervous system control. She also suffers from persistent fluid and electrolyte imbalances. The nurse knows which of the following aspects of the nervous system listed below would her healthcare providers focus their diagnostic efforts? A. Potential damage to the girl's cerebellum B. Possible damage to her pons and medulla C. Her afferent and efferent cranial nerve function D. Impaired function of her hypothalamus

D. Impaired function of her hypothalamus

The nurse witnesses a client go into cardiac arrest. If the nurse delays intervention, when will the death of brain cells begin? a. 4-6 minutes b. 2-3 minutes c. 1-2 minutes d. 7-8 minutes

a. 4-6 minutes

Which of the following statements best conveys an aspect of the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? a. CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients b. It provides physical protection for the brain and ensures leukocytes and erythrocytes are evenly distributed in the CNS c. It ensures the high metabolic and oxygenation needs of the brain are met, as well as absorbing physical shocks d. CSF distributes plasma proteins throughout the superficial gray matter of the CNS

a. CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients

A client is having an upper endoscopy to determine the presence of a gastric ulcer. After the procedure is performed, the nurse instructs the client that he cannot have anything to eat or drink until the return of the gag reflex. Which nerve is the nurse testing for return of function? a. Glossopharyngeal b. Abducens c. Hypoglossal d. Trigeminal

a. Glossopharyngeal

A client has sustained damage to cranial nerve VIII. The nurse recognizes that the client may experience difficulty with: a. Hearing b. Taste c. Motor d. Smell

a. Hearing

The nurse knows which phenomena listed below is an accurate statement about axonal transport? a. Materials can be transported to the nerve terminal by either fast or slow components b. The unidirectional nature of the axonal transport system protects the CNS against potential pathogens c. Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport allow for the communication of nerve impulses between and neuron and the central nervous system (CNS) d. Axonal transport facilitates the movement of electrical impulses but precludes the transport of molecular materials

a. Materials can be transported to the nerve terminal by either fast or slow components

Which of the following are the main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Select all that apply. a. Norepinephrine b. Tyrosine c. Monoamine oxidase d. Epinephrine e. Acetylcholine

a. Norepinephrine d. Epinephrine e. Acetylcholine

Which neuroglial cells of the CNS provide protection and metabolic support to neurons? Select all that apply. a. Oligodendrocytes b. Microglia cells c. Ependymal cells d. Internuncial neurons e. Astrocytes

a. Oligodendrocytes b. Microglia cells c. Ependymal cells e. Astrocytes

When educating a patient about to undergo a pacemaker insertion, the nurse explains the normal phases of cardiac muscle tissue. During the repolarization phase, the nurse will stress that membranes must be repolarized before they can be re-excited. Within the cell, the nurse understands that: a. Potassium channels open and while sodium channels close causing repolarization to the resting state. b. The influx of calcium is the primary stimulus for the repolarization of cardiac tissue. c. Only the electrical activity within the heart will determine when repolarization occurs. d. The cell membranes need to stay calm resulting in muscle tissue becoming refractive

a. Potassium channels open and while sodium channels close causing repolarization to the resting state.

During a clinical assessment of a 68 year-old client who has suffered a head injury, a neurologist suspects that a client has a sustained damage to her vagus (CN X). Which of the following assessment findings is most likely to lead the physician to this conclusion? a. The client has difficulty swallowing and has had recent constipation and hypoactive bowel sounds. b. The client is unable to perform any fine motor movements of her tongue. c. The client has a unilateral facial droop, dry eyes and decreased salivary production. d. The client is unable to turn her head from side to side and her tongue is flaccid.

a. The client has difficulty swallowing and has had recent constipation and hypoactive bowel sounds.

The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems are continuously at work in our bodies. This continual action gives a basal activity to all parts of the body. What is this basal activity referred to as? a. Tone b. Relaxation c. Tension d. Strength

a. Tone

Which are functions of the frontal lobe? Select all that apply. a. Experiencing depth perception b. Anticipation of consequences of behavior c. Prediction of consequences of behavior d. Experiencing color and motion

b. Anticipation of consequences of behavior c. Prediction of consequences of behavior

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of which of the following systems? a. Somatic nervous system b. Autonomic nervous system c. Central nervous system d. Thoracolumbar nervous system

b. Autonomic nervous system

A nurse educator is explaining basic neuroanatomy to a class of prospective nursing students. Which statement best conveys an aspect of the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? a. It provides physical protection for the brain and ensures leukocytes and erythrocytes are evenly distributed in the CNS. b. CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients. c. CSF distributes plasma proteins throughout the superficial gray matter of the CNS. d. It ensures the high metabolic and oxygenation needs of the brain are met, as well as absorbing physical shocks.

b. CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by which of the following structures? a. Falx cerebri b. Choroid plexus c. Dura mater d. Arachnoid mater

b. Choroid plexus

The cerebellum, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium. What is one of the functions of the cerebellum? a. Contains the pontine nuclei b. Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body c. Conveys the senses of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the superficial and deep regions of the face d. Contains the main motor pathways between the forebrain and the pons

b. Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body

Which of the following types of synapse allows the quickest transmission from one neuron to another? a. Excitatory b. Electrical c. Chemical d. Inhibitory

b. Electrical

Maintenance of blood gas concentrations, water balance, and food consumption are controlled by which of the following parts of the brain? a. Basal ganglia b. Hypothalamus c. Cerebellum d. Cerebral hemispheres

b. Hypothalamus

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons are known as which of the following? a. Afferent neurons b. Interneurons c. Cranial nerves d. Efferent neurons

b. Interneurons

Feelings of dread, high anxiety, or exquisite pleasure can be elicited by stimulation of areas in which of the following structures? a. Cerebellum b. Limbic system c. Temporal lobe d. Occipital lobe

b. Limbic system

A client is undergoing a diagnostic workup of the autonomic nervous system. Which statement should inform the nurse's analysis of the results? a. The client's ANS can be roughly divided into ? and ? branches b. Neurotransmitters in the ANS are capable of both excitation and inhibition c. The major neurotransmitters of the ANS are acetylcholine and dopamine d. The ANS is primarily responsible for mediating between the different components of the CNS

b. Neurotransmitters in the ANS are capable of both excitation and inhibition

Which types of cells are supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system? a. Ependymal cells b. Schwann cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Astrocytes

b. Schwann cells

A child is experiencing difficulty with chewing and swallowing. The nurse knows that which of the following cells may be innervating specialized gut-related receptors that provide taste and smell? a. Special somatic afferent fibers. b. Special visceral afferent cells. c. General somatic afferents. d. General visceral afferent neurons.

b. Special visceral afferent cells.

Through what specific component do neurotransmitters exert their action? a. Water b. Specific proteins c. Carbon dioxide d. Oxygen

b. Specific proteins

Neurons communicate with each other through which structure? a. Dendrites b. Synapses c. Neural crest cells d. Cell bodies

b. Synapses

Following a spinal cord injury suffered in a motor vehicle accident, a 22 year-old male has lost fine motor function of his finger and thumb, but is still able to perform gross motor movements of his hand and arm. Which of the following components of his white matter has most likely been damaged? a. The reticular formation b. The outer layer (neolayer) c. The middle layer (paleolayer) d. The inner layer (archilayer)

b. The outer layer (neolayer)

Dopamine is an intermediate compound made during the synthesis of norepinephrine. It is the principal inhibitory transmitter of the internuncial neurons in the sympathetic ganglia. What other action does it have? a. Vasoconstricts renal and coronary blood vessels when given intravenously b. Vasodilates renal and coronary blood vessels when given intravenously c. Acts as a neuromodulator in the forebrain d. Acts as a neuromodulator in the hindbrain

b. Vasodilates renal and coronary blood vessels when given intravenously

A client has been recently diagnosed with Alzheimer disease and has been prescribed a cholinesterase inhibitor. This drug will slow the progression of the client's symptoms by: a. increasing the frequency of action potentials. b. decreasing ACh breakdown. c. increasing the rate of action potentials. d. decreasing ACh synthesis.

b. decreasing ACh breakdown.

An increased blood pressure is detected by the carotid sinus baroreceptor and results in stimulation of the vagus nerve to decrease the heart rate. At which of the following levels of the nervous system does this reflex adjustment occur? a. Spinal cord b. Cerebral cortex c. Brain stem (medulla and pons) d. Hypothalumus

c. Brain stem (medulla and pons)

The nurse measures a blood glucose level of 40 mg/dL for a client with diabetes type I. Why would it be important for the nurse to institute an intervention to elevate the glucose level in this client? a. The nurse should administer a food source of protein in order to increase the glucose level for improved cardiac function. b. Small amounts of glucose may be stored in the brain for a short period of time but are rapidly metabolized. c. Glucose is not stored in the brain and is a major fuel source for brain function. d. It is not necessary for glucose to be replaced immediately because the client will have enough stores to function for a while.

c. Glucose is not stored in the brain and is a major fuel source for brain function.

A client arrives in the clinic after having a tongue piercing performed and is unable to control the movement of the tongue. The nurse is aware that which nerve may have been damaged from the piercing? a. Trigeminal b. Abducens c. Hypoglossal d. Vagus

c. Hypoglossal

The health care provider is performing a spinal tap on a client with suspected infection. The provider would perform the procedure at: a. C3 or C4 b. T3 or T4 c. L3 or L4 d. S3 or S4

c. L3 or L4

A 21 year old male is brought to the ED following a night of partying in his fraternity. His friends found him "asleep" and couldn't get him to respond. They cannot recall how many alcoholic beverages he drank the night before. While educating a student nurse and the roommates in the fraternity, the nurse begins by explaining that alcohol is: a. Water-soluble compound that is easily absorbed by the gastric lining of the stomach. b. Able to reverse the transport of some substances to remove them from the brain. c. Very lipid soluble and rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier. d. Very likely to cause sedation and therefore the patient just needs to sleep it off.

c. Very lipid soluble and rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Ion channels in nervous system cells generate action potentials in the cells. What are the ion channels guarded by? a. Schwann cells b. Ligand gates c. Voltage-dependent gates d. Leyte cells

c. Voltage-dependent gates

Which of the following types of reflex is stimulated by a nociceptive stimulus? a. Stretch reflex b. Carotid sinus baroreflex c. Withdrawal reflex d. Myotatic reflex

c. Withdrawal reflex

A client has just begun to experience an ischemic stroke. The blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is being blocked by a large blood clot. How long before brain cells begin to die due to lack of ATP? a. 30 to 40 minutes b. 10 seconds c. 20 minutes d. 4 to 6 minutes

d. 4 to 6 minutes

Which drug, administered by the nurse to a client with a heart rate of 40 and syncope, is a muscarinic blocking drug that will increase the heart rate? a. Lidocaine b. Epinephrine c. Dopamine d. Atropine

d. Atropine

A practitioner is preparing to do a lumbar puncture on a patient with suspected meningitis. Which of the following areas on the spine does the practitioner choose to obtain a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample? a. Between T1 and T2 b. Between C7 and C8 c. Between T12 and L1 d. Between L3 and L4

d. Between L3 and L4

A client has developed shock and the physician has instructed the nurse to begin the administration of intravenous dopamine. The nurse anticipates that the medication will: a. Cause vasoconstriction of the splanchnic vessels b. Cause alteration in the level of consciousness c. Cause vasoconstriction of the renal system d. Cause vasodilatation of the coronary blood vessels

d. Cause vasodilatation of the coronary blood vessels

The thick area of myelinated axons that connects the two sides of the cerebral cortex is known as which of the following components? a. Globus pallidus b. Caudate nucleus c. Striatum d. Corpus callosum

d. Corpus callosum

The thalamus is located in which of the following parts of the brain? a. Occipital lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Temporal lobe d. Diencephalon

d. Diencephalon

The nurse is aware that the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is: a. Suppression of responses during threatened periods b. Maintenance of organ function during periods of minimal activity c. Conservation of energy and resource replenishment d. Maintenance of vital functions and responding when there is a critical threat to the integrity of the individual

d. Maintenance of vital functions and responding when there is a critical threat to the integrity of the individual

Which of the following is the primary component of white matter? a. Demyelinated lesions b. Dendrites c. Cell bodies d. Myelinated fibers

d. Myelinated fibers

Neurotransmitters exert their actions through specific proteins that are known as: a. Transformers b. Autoantigens c. Antibodies d. Receptors

d. Receptors

Which of the following is the lobe of the brain with functions of perception, long-term memory, and recognition of auditory stimuli? a. Occipital lobe b. Frontal lobe c. Parietal lobe d. Temporal lobe

d. Temporal lobe