Patho Chapter 9 Q's

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) You are walking to class, pondering the intricacies of physiology, when you trip over an uneven place in the sidewalk, and fall. Unhurt but embarrassed and angry, you jump up and glance around to see if anyone is watching. From your knowledge of neuroanatomy and function, explain how the following areas of the brain might be involved in this scenario: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. limbic system

: A. The cerebrum is involved in conscious perception and voluntary motor control. Various sensory areas of the cortex will detect the mis-step, falling, and landing on the ground. Motor areas will initiate standing up and brushing yourself off. B. The cerebellum receives a copy of the motor output from the cerebrum that controls spinal motor neurons, and also sensory input. The cerebellum compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement. Obviously the cerebellum was unable to prevent you from falling; however, your return to an upright position may be executed smoothly thanks to this brain area. C. The limbic system is involved in emotion. This is where your fear, anger, or embarrassment at falling will arise. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) There are three divisions of the brain. Make a table and place each of the six regions of the brain in one of the three divisions.

: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrum Midbrain Cerebellum Diencephalon Pons Medulla Oblongata Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) Trace the language pathway of signals from the eye (written words) or the ear (spoken words) to the motor cortex. Discuss the two regions of the cortex involved in this pathway. Describe their location and the communication problems that can occur if there is damage to either area.

: eye → visual cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex ear → auditory cortex → Wernicke's area → Broca's area → motor cortex Wernicke's area is located in the temporal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person cannot understand sensory input (spoken or visual). The resulting condition is receptive aphasia, nonsensical speech that the speaker is unaware of. Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe. If damage occurs here, the person is unable to respond using normal syntax. The resulting condition, expressive aphasia, is difficult to deal with because people who have it understand sensory input and can respond, but their statements contain the right words in random order and they are unable to correct it. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.18

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood, but it also protects the brain from potentially therapeutic chemicals that may reduce the size of brain tumors by killing cancer cells, alleviate depression, and aid in patient recovery from stroke or spinal cord injury. Two methods are currently being rigorously researched to get these helpful chemicals past the blood-brain barrier. The two methods are termed "molecular Trojan Horse" and osmotic "blood-brain barrier disruption." Based on their names, hypothesize how these methods might allow chemicals to pass through the blood-brain barrier.

: (Note to instructor: You may have to explain enough of the legend of the Trojan Horse for this to be a fair question.) The molecular Trojan Horse method delivers specific substances to the brain by attaching them to a protein that is normally able to cross the barrier. The therapeutic chemicals are ferried across by piggybacking a substance that can cross the barrier. Once across the barrier, these substances can reach almost every neuron through the blood vessels that nourish the brain. The blood-brain barrier disruption method is a technique that uses a concentrated mannitol (sugar) solution. Because this solution is more concentrated than the endothelial cells of the capillaries that make up the blood-brain barrier, these cells will experience shrinkage (Chapter 5, hypertonicity). When these cells decrease in volume the tight junctions that exist between them are temporarily opened and chemicals in that area can pass through the blood-brain barrier. In actual patients who experimentally undergo this therapy, an infusion of this solution, via a catheter, temporarily opens the tight junction by osmotically disrupting the endothelial cells that make up the blood-brain barrier. Immediately after the mannitol solution, the patients receive the chemotherapy treatment intra-arterially through the same catheter. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 41) unmyelinated, consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the A) choroid plexus. B) arachnoid villi. C) frontal sinuses. D) pia mater. E) ventricles.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is partly attributed to a difference in A) lipid solubility. B) the type of receptor involved. C) ATP-dependence of drug transport. D) whether or not the drug mimics the hormone melatonin.

: A Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) pituitary gland. C) choroid plexus. D) pons. E) brain stem.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.14

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 75) When a puppy is scolded "No!" each time he chews on your ficus tree, eventually he learns to leave the tree alone. This type of learning is called A) associative. B) nonassociative. C) habituation. D) sensitization.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 54) parietal lobe

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) suprachiamatic nucleus. D) hypothalamus. E) corpus callosum.

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain of right-handed people. A) concentrated on the left B) concentrated on the right C) equally distributed between the left and right D) randomly located with respect to the left or right

: A Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.9

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 9 The Central Nervous System 1) The first multicellular animals to develop neurons were A) jellyfish and sea anemones. B) flatworms and sea urchins. C) segmented worms and sea horses. D) mollusks and sea stars. E) fish and sea monkeys.

: A Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction include all of these EXCEPT A) hunger. B) pounding heart. C) sweating palms. D) increased blood pressure. E) pupillary dilation.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) For the structures listed below, choose one of the following: A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter 80) cerebral cortex

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) basal ganglia A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) limbic system A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the A) limbic system. B) basal nuclei. C) corpus callosum. D) reticular system. E) pons.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pituitary gland D) brain stem E) medulla

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) The brain area acknowledged as the center for emotions is the A) amygdala. B) hypothalamus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) pons. E) cerebellum.

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 50) receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 76) contains corticospinal tracts, the pyramids, and control centers for breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure

: A Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 48) sensory fibers enter this part of the "H"

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) ventral horn A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter

: A Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 89) Describe a lumbar puncture and explain its purpose.

: A lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, samples the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space at the lower end of the spinal cord. This procedure is performed to sample the chemical environment of the brain and test for infection. An infection is indicated by proteins or blood cells found in the sample. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Explain neural plasticity in the brain, in the context of recovery from injury.

: Areas of the brain involved in a body part that is removed, such as following a limb amputation, are taken over by ingrowth of synaptic connections from nearby areas, rather than the areas disappearing along with the limb.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 43) myelinated axons with very few cell bodies

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) Which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood? A) K+ B) H+ C) Ca2+ D) HCO3- E) Na+

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. A) oxygen B) glucose C) sodium D) potassium E) fatty acids

: B Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called A) proprioception. B) perception. C) cognition. D) lateralization. E) emotion.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) The inability to remember newly acquired information is called A) discombobulation. B) anterograde amnesia. C) short-term amnesia. D) implicit amnesia. E) retrograde amnesia.

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 56) occipital lobe

: B Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The most primitive nervous systems consist of structures known as nerve A) tracts. B) nets. C) webs. D) cords. E) mazes.

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which of these have the most advanced nervous system? A) flatworms B) segmented worms C) jellyfish D) sea anemones

: B Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) corpus callosum A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 52) playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous systems

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 79) relay station for transfer of information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; coordinates breathing control with other areas

: B Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 45) tracts of axons that transfer information to and from the brain

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) corticospinal tracts A. structure is composed of gray matter B. structure is composed of white matter

: B Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) Describe the physical protection afforded by the cerebrospinal fluid.

: Because the brain floats on CSF there is less weight and, therefore, less pressure on the blood vessels and nerves attached to the CNS. The fluid also pads the brain so it is less likely to hit the cranium and risk bruising when there is a blow to the head. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) Define implicit and explicit memory.

: Both are a type of long-term memory. Implicit or reflexive memory is automatic and does not require conscious effort. Examples are tasks that primarily involve motor skills such as writing or throwing a ball and the memory tasks typically stored at in large part in the cerebellum and the amygdala. Explicit or declarative memory requires conscious attention, using higher-level thinking skills. These memories can be communicated. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) The earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the A) ventricle. B) neural tube. C) neural plate. D) ependyma. E) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 7) The peripheral nervous system develops from the A) neural plate. B) neural tube. C) neural crest.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The pons develops from the A) forebrain. B) midbrain. C) hindbrain.

: C Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Declarative memories are stored in cortical areas of the ________ lobes. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) amygdala E) cerebellar

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) An enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts for a period of time from hours to weeks is called A) training. B) consolidation. C) long-term potentiation. D) synchronicity. E) synaptic plasticity.

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 55) temporal lobe

: C Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain, because A) worms do not have brains. B) worms do not have a nervous system. C) worms have a ganglion at each segment. D) worms have a neural network within each segment.

: C Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) Which is a system that influences motor output, according to Larry Swanson? A) emotional state B) reflexive C) behavioral state D) emergent E) diffuse modulatory

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) Which functions in the control of movement? A) hippocampus only B) amygdala only C) basal nuclei only D) hippocampus and amygdala E) All of the above function in the control of movement.

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE? A) Hypothalamic trophic factors control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. B) It receives input from multiple sources. C) It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord. D) The hypothalamus contains various centers for behavioral drives such as hunger and thirst.

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Which is NOT housed in the medulla oblongata? A) centers for blood pressure control B) centers for control of vomiting C) centers for control of eye movement D) centers for control of breathing E) the pyramids, where tracts cross to the opposite side of the body

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 49) composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) There is a legend about an autopsy having been performed on a space alien in New Mexico, many decades ago. Assuming that this alien was as well-educated and trained on its planet as NASA educates and trains astronauts on Earth, what feature would be expected in the alien's brain? A) a system of fluid-filled cavities deep in the brain B) a thick band of fibers connecting right and left hemispheres C) an enlarged area with surface grooves and folds D) at least 12 pairs of cranial nerves E) glandular structures resembling the pineal and pituitary

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 78) small area that relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes as well as eye movement

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the A) basal nuclei. B) suprachiasmatic nucleus. C) corpus callosum. D) hippocampus. E) gray "H."

: C Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.8

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 42) projections that carry sensory information to the brain

: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 46) motor fibers leave the spinal cord's gray matter via this

: C Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) ________ is a naturally occurring stimulant in food, which acts upon ________ receptors.

: Caffeine (or other xanthines: theophylline, theobromine), adenosine Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) Describe cerebrospinal fluid flow from secretion to absorption.

: Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexus. It flows into the subarachnoid space (between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane) to surround the brain and spinal cord. CSF is absorbed back into the blood at arachnoid villi (located in the cranium). Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The brain area(s) that has/have a cortex is/are the A) cerebrum only. B) cerebellum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebrum and cerebellum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) Reasoning arises in the outer layer of neurons of which of the following? A) amygdala B) basal nuclei C) hippocampus D) cerebral cortex E) amygdala and hippocampus

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The brain region that is identifiable by its folds and grooves is the A) cerebellum only. B) cerebrum only. C) medulla oblongata only. D) cerebellum and cerebrum. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The brain has a ________ (high or low?) demand for oxygen, and receives about ________% of the total blood volume in circulation. A) high; 35 B) low; 35 C) low; 15 D) high; 15 E) high; 50

: D Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) General anesthetics keep surgical patients unconscious by reducing activity in the A) hippocampus. B) corpus callosum. C) lateral ventricles. D) reticular formation. E) medullary pyramids.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) Caffeine and related stimulants exert their effects by A) mimicking a specific neurotransmitter. B) inhibiting a specific neurotransmitter. C) mimicking a specific neuromodulator. D) inhibiting a specific neuromodulator.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.12

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a repeated stimulus is called A) training. B) learning. C) reflexation. D) facilitation. E) consolidation.

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) You used to love to drink milk when you were a child. Lately, you notice that your stomach hurts and you experience bloating and discomfort when you drink it. It is no longer inviting when you see someone else drinking it. What kind of learning has occurred? A) associative B) anterograde C) habituation D) sensitization

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their locations. A. primary somatic sensory cortex B. visual cortex C. auditory cortex D. association areas 53) all lobes

: D Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight reaction is A) thyroid hormone. B) prolactin. C) oxytocin. D) epinephrine. E) antidiuretic hormone.

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.11

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) An important structure in both learning and memory is the A) cerebellum. B) pons. C) medulla. D) hippocampus. E) hypothalamus.

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these brain areas with their descriptions. A. cerebellum B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum 51) composed of distinct regions of gray and white matter, a section of the brain that develops with sulci and gyri

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these functions with the correct brain area. A. medulla oblongata B. pons C. midbrain D. reticular formation 77) network to coordinate arousal and sleep, but also involved in blood pressure regulation and pain modulation

: D Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 39) carry primarily efferent signals from the brain

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve. A) trochlear B) spinal accessory C) trigeminal D) vagus E) glossopharyngeal

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 44) swellings containing sensory cell bodies

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) A complete spinal cord transection injury results in paralysis, which is the inability to do which of the following? A) move voluntarily B) move at all C) feel D) move voluntarily and feel E) move at all and feel

: D Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 106) Parkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. The specific population of neurons involved degenerates and thus fails to produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. An obvious treatment option to try is to administer dopamine, yet this is completely ineffective at alleviating the symptoms. Propose a reason why this treatment fails, and a related alternative to address the dopamine deficit. (Hint: Think about how the brain protects itself from chemicals in the blood.)

: Dopamine administered to a Parkinson's patient fails to cross the blood-brain barrier. Treatment with the dopamine precursor L-dopa, however, is effective, as this molecule can cross the barrier. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Which of these does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain? A) cranium B) subarachnoid space C) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) D) dura mater E) cerebral space

: E Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.

: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ________ system. A) urinary B) respiratory C) reproductive D) integumentary E) immune

: E Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation? A) arousal and sleep B) muscle tone and stretch reflexes C) pain modulation D) blood pressure regulation E) regulation of the menstrual cycle

: E Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in A) propriospinal tracts. B) ventral root ganglia. C) ventral horns. D) dorsal horns. E) dorsal root ganglia.

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. gray matter B. white matter C. ascending tracts D. descending tracts E. propriospinal tracts 40) projections of white matter that remain in the spinal cord

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match these terms with their descriptions. A. dorsal horns B. columns C. ventral root D. dorsal root ganglia E. nuclei 47) cluster of gray matter in the brain

: E Section Title: The Spinal Cord Learning Outcome: 9.3

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 105) Ginger was a happy, healthy 17-year-old girl. One day while sitting at the kitchen table with her family, she looked up with an odd expression, complained that her head hurt, dropped her fork, and fell off her chair as she lost consciousness. Her father caught her before her head hit the floor. Ginger regained consciousness at the hospital, where it was determined that she had suffered from a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker, and can ultimately rupture, depriving of blood the areas it normally supplies. Sometimes permanent brain damage results. Ginger seems to have all of her normal functions and cognitive abilities, except she cannot see. What areas did the ruptured blood vessel possibly supply with blood? If instead of blindness she could see normally but control of eye movement was abnormal, what areas may have been damaged by loss of blood?

: For blindness, damaged areas may include the optic nerves or the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. For loss of normal eye movement, damage to the midbrain or the oculomotor or trochlear nerves may be responsible. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) If sensitization is the opposite of habituation, and sensitization is adaptive, would habituation be considered maladaptive? Why or why not?

: Habituation is not maladaptive. During habituation, an animal shows a decrease in response to a given stimulus. This stimulus has been processed and determined to be nonthreatening or insignificant. Because the animal has been habituated to ignore this stimulus, it can fade into the background so the animal can focus on other more important stimuli. Habituation is adaptive especially in conjunction with sensitization because the animal can differentiate and ignore certain irrelevant stimuli (through habituation) and focus more intently on potentially dangerous stimuli (sensitization). Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.16

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) How are moods similar to or different from emotions?

: Moods last longer, and are relatively stable subjective feelings related to sense of well-being. Mood disorders such as depression are thought to be related to abnormal neurotransmitter action. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.15

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Give a brief synopsis of CNS control of movement.

: Motor output consists of somatic control of skeletal muscle. Simple somatic reflexes are controlled by centers in the brain and spinal cord. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle involves primary motor cortex and motor association areas, sensory areas, basal nuclei, and cerebellum. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.10

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) Angela is a student who listens attentively in class and recopies and elaborates on her notes from several textbooks the minute she gets home from school. She studies with a group that explains concepts to each other, and they write on a big blackboard while they work. She makes flashcards out of the few vocabulary terms she has a hard time keeping straight, and goes through those between classes and in spare moments. What kind(s) of memory are being developed by Angela, and by which methods?

: Recopying notes and asking questions about what she has learned helps consolidate the information into long-term memory. Flashcards help to develop associative learning skills, but probably in short-term memory; putting those words to use contributes to long-term storage. Explicit or declarative memory is created with the study group. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.17

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) Describe the phases of a normal sleep cycle.

: Sleep is composed of four different stages and during sleep one repeatedly cycles from one stage to another. Stage 4 is slow-wave in deep sleep that can be identified by low-frequency high-amplitude EEG delta waves. This stage occurs more during the beginning of sleep. Stage 3 is characterized by a lower amplitude but higher frequency EEG wave pattern. Stage 2 is characterized by an even lower amplitude and even higher frequency EEG wave pattern. This cycle lasts for longer durations as a typical 8 hour sleep progresses. Stage 1 is REM: Rapid eye movement is characterized by dreaming and low amplitude high frequency EEG waves. Most motor neurons (e.g., except eye and breathing motor neurons) are inhibited while dreaming is occurring. REM occurs for longer time periods during later parts of the sleep cycle. The EEG pattern is most similar to the alpha pattern found when one is awake. Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: 9.13

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) What function(s) is/are associated with the basal ganglia? Huntington's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, causing neural degeneration, and resulting in abnormal muscle movements and cognitive decline. What may cause the cognitive decline? Effective treatment for Huntington's has been elusive, but recently it was shown that a cause of neuron degeneration may be calcium overload. What potential type of treatment does this suggest?

: The basal ganglia are involved in motor control. It is possible that basal ganglia play a role in cognition as well as in motor control, or that the cerebral cortex is also affected by Huntington's. Calcium channel blockers may be developed as treatments for this disease. Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 93) Describe the embryonic development of the nervous system.

: The earliest neural structure is the neural plate, a flat sheet of tissue located on the dorsal surface of the embryo, clearly visible at day 20 post-fertilization. The edges of the plate fold and cells of the neural crest migrate toward the midline, until a hollow neural tube is formed from the plate by about day 23. The lumen will become the fluid-filled central cavities of the CNS. The lumen is lined with ependymal cells and neural stem cells. Cells of the neural crest will continue to migrate, forming the structures of the PNS. The rest of the tube will become the CNS. By 4 weeks, three discrete swellings will form in the anterior end of the tube: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The remainder of the tube becomes the spinal cord. By 6 weeks, the cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata are distinct. By 11 weeks the cerebrum is noticeably enlarged. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) In 1848, a railroad foreman named Phineas Gage was injured in an explosion, when a tamping iron penetrated his skull and caused brain damage; surprisingly, he survived. The rod was 1.25" in diameter and 3.5' long. After the accident he was able to speak, get himself up and down from a cart, and climb a flight of stairs to see the local physicians. Years later, the doctors reported that he physically recovered, but the balance between his intellectual facilities and animal propensities was destroyed. He was no longer mild-mannered, kind, and respectful; he grew obstinate, ill-tempered, and showed little self-restraint. Based on this story, what area(s) of the brain (and/or systems) do you think he injured and why?

: The regions damaged by the iron rod were the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. Based on what we have learned, we can hypothesize that the limbic system was most likely injured since it acts as the link between higher cognitive functions and primitive emotional responses. The limbic system contains the cingulate gyrus, which plays a role in emotions, and the amygdala, which is involved in emotion and memory. Since we can tell from the story that he definitely exhibited different emotions, we can hypothesize that these areas were injured. Based on the fact that he physically recovered, we can assume that the somatosensory cortex, mid- and hindbrain areas were unaffected. Section Title: The Brain Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Do the terms vertebral column and spinal cord mean the same thing? Explain.

: The vertebral column, thus it is bone. The spinal cord is neural tissue, protected by the spine or vertebral column. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) Discuss the functions of the blood-brain barrier. What cellular characteristics contribute to its effectiveness?

: This is discussed in the "Anatomy of the Central Nervous System" section of the chapter. Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 104) Your best friend, Fred, was injured when he fell several meters from a cliff, but his vital signs are stable and all lacerations have been repaired. His physician is in the process of determining what neural damage he has sustained. What may be damaged if Fred is unable to walk normally? (Hint: Consider various types of factors that influence motor output, as well as the structures immediately responsible for movement.)

: Walking normally will depend upon sensory as well as motor control structures. Damage to leg nerves and muscles could impair walking, as could damage to spinal cord areas that control the muscles, and spinal cord areas that mediate relevant sensation from legs and feet. Damage to the spinal tract to and from the brain could interfere with brain influences on walking. Motor control areas in the brain that could be damaged include the cerebellum, pons, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Also, damage to any area containing tracts to and from motor control areas could prevent normal signals from influencing motor output. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) If a diabetes mellitus patient continually has high blood glucose, what is likely to happen to the nervous system, and what are the possible outcomes?

: With too much glucose present, the blood-brain barrier cells may remove glucose transporters from the patient's membranes. If blood glucose drops due to insulin therapy, the brain neurons may be unable to obtain sufficient glucose to function or remain alive. This can lead to a comatose state or even death. Section Title: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The ________ is a salty fluid continuously secreted into hollow cavities known as ________. This fluid is secreted into these cavities by the ________, a specialized tissue consisting of capillaries and transport epithelium.

: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ventricles; choroid plexus Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.5

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Extracellular fluid is a protective component of the CNS. The ________ fluid, found inside the pia mater, and the ________ fluid, found in ventricles between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane, make up the extracellular environment for neurons. They communicate across leaky junctions of the ________ membrane and the ________ cell layer that lines the ventricles.

: cerebrospinal, interstitial; pial, ependymal Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.4

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) The measurement of brain activity is recorded by a procedure known as the ________.

: electroencephalogram (EEG) Section Title: Brain Function Learning Outcome: N/A

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) In annelids, simple reflexes occurring within a segment (i.e., without brain input) are possible because of ________; in vertebrates these reflexes are called ________.

: ganglia, spinal reflexes Section Title: Evolution of Nervous Systems Learning Outcome: 9.1

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) Under normal circumstances, the only fuel source for the neurons of the brain is ________.

: glucose Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) The only fuel source for neurons under normal circumstances is ________. Low blood levels of this is termed ________, which can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, and eventually death. In order to synthesize enough ATP to continually transport ions, the neurons also exhibit high rates of ________ consumption. To supply these needs about ________% of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain.

: glucose; hypoglycemia; oxygen; 15 Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The three sections of the brain stem are ________, ________, and ________.

: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.7

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) Two areas of the brain missing the blood-brain barrier are the ________ and ________.

: posterior pituitary, the (vomiting center of the) medulla Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.6

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) In vertebrates, the CNS is protected by bony cases, the brain inside the ________, while the spinal cord runs through a canal inside the ________.

: skull, vertebrae (spine) Section Title: Anatomy of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 9.2