Patho final
The mother asks the nurse why her child's hemoglobin was normal at birth but now the child has S hemoglobin. Which of the following responses by the nurse is most appropriate? "The red bone marrow does not begin to produce hemoglobin S until several months after birth" "The newborn has a high concentration of fetal hemoglobin in the blood for some time after birth." "Antibodies transmitted from you to the fetus provide the newborn with temporary immunity." "The placenta bars passage of the hemoglobin S from the mother to the fetus."
"The newborn has a high concentration of fetal hemoglobin S until several months after birth"
When monitoring the daily weight of a patient with fluid volume deficit, the nurse is aware that fluid loss may be considered when weight loss begins to exceed: a. 1 kg b. 0.5 lbs c. 1 lbs d. 0.25 lbs
0.5 lbs
The nurse is monitoring the laboratory test results for a client receiving anticoagulation therapy. The nurse is aware that the international normalized ratio (INR) for most clinical conditions requiring anticoagulation is: 5-6 2-3.5 1-2 less than 1
2-3.5
Exceeding which of the following serum cholesterol levels significantly increases the risk of coronary artery disease? 150mg/dl 175 mg/dl 200 mg/dl 100mg/dl
200 mg/dl
The normal range for potassium (K+) is: 2.8-3.4 3.5-5.0 6.0-8.9 5.1-5.8
3.5-5.0
Normal range of RBC for males is: 1.7 -3.2 X106/mm3 4.2-5.4 X106/mm3 4.6-6.3 X106/mm3 3.8-4.0 X106/mm3
4.6-6.3 X106/mm3
The normal range for urine osmolality is: 1300-2100 mOsm/kg 50-1200 mOsm/kg 0-49 mOsm/kg 2500-4100 mOsm/kg
50-1200 mOsm/kg
The normal range for BUN is: 5-6 mg/dl 19-32 mg/dl 0-4 mg/dl 7-18 mg/dl
7-18 mg/dl
The normal range for Cloride (Cl-) is: 110-118 137-148 98-106 122-135
98-106
Which of the following best defines Turner syndrome? a. a male born with only one X chromosome b. a female born with only one x chromosome c. point deletion d. none of these are correct
A female born with only one X chromosome.
Which of the following statements is correct? a. Angiogenesis is not an important component of metastasis. b. A malignant tumor does not need a new blood supply. c. A tumor can only invade lymph vessels but not blood vessels. d. A tumor may outgrow its own blood supply leading to its partial death.
A tumor may outgrow its own blood supply leading to its partial death.
Acute MI, tachycardic dysrhythmias, pulmonary emboli, thyrotoxicosis, HTN crisis, ventricular septal defect, and rupture of the papillary muscle of heart valves are signs of which type of CHF? Acute CHF Chronic CHF Diastolic Heart Failure Cor Pulmonale
Acute CHF
Which statement made by the nurse describes the inheritance pattern of autosmal recessive disorders? a. An affected newborn has only one affected parent. b. Affected parents have unaffected children who are carries. c. An affected newborn has unaffected parents. d. Affected parents have a one in four chance of passing on the defective gene.
Affected parents have a one in four chance of passing down the defective gene.
A patient asks about heart disease and atherosclerosis because she is concerned about her family history. Which of the following does a nurse share as risk factors for atherosclerosis? Select all that apply: age lower than normal blood lipid levels diet high in saturated fats diabetes mellitus moderately active lifestyle
Age Diet high in saturated fats diabetes mellitus
Which of the following best describes the inheritance of a sex-linked trait? a. a dominant allele carried by females that affects only males b. a recessive allele carried by females that affects only males c. an allele carried on the Y chromosome that can affect both males and females. d. an allele carried on an X chromosome that can affect males or females
An allele carried on an X chromosome that can affect males or females.
A male client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recovering from a myocardial infarction. Because the client is extremely weak and can't produce an effective cough, the nurse should monitor closely for: Oxygen toxicity Atelectasis Pulmonary edema Pleural effusion
Atelectasis
Which genes are associated with the increased risk of developing breast cancer? a. CA-125 and CDKN2A b. APC and PSA c. RET and P54 d. BRAC1 and BRAC2
BRAC1 and BRAC2
A tumor that is non-progressive, slow-growing, and often encapsulated is: a. differentiated b. malignant c. carcinoma d. Benign
Benign
interpret the following ABG's pH: 7.22 PaCO2: 54 mmHg HCO3-: 21 mEq/L metabolic acidosis both metabolic and respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis
Both metabolic and respiratory acidosis
____ States that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume: Henry's Law Boyle's Law LaPlace's Law Dalton's Law
Boyle's Law
Scientific studies have indicated that there is a higher percentage of allergies in babies fed formula containing cow's milk than in breast-fed babies. Which statement represents a valid inference made from these studies? a. Breast feeding prevents allergies from occurring. b. there is no relationship between drinking cow's milk and having allergies c. Milk from cows causes allergic reactions in infants. d. Breast milk most likely contains fewer substances that trigger allergies.
Breast milk most likely contains fewer substances that trigger allergies.
The tumor marker associated with breast cancer is: a. BRAC1 b. CEA c. CA-125 d. HER2
CEA
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen (H+) ions result from a reaction of _______ with water. Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Which of the following assessments in a child with hemophilia would lead the nurse to suspect early hemarthrosis? Instability of a long bone in a passive movement Ecchymosis formation around a joint Child's reluctance to move a body part Cool, pale, clammy extremity
Child's reluctance to move a body part
What heart condition is turner's syndrome associated with? Tricuspid atresia Patent ductus arteriosis coarctation of aorta truncus arteriosus
Coarctation of Aorta
pH: 7.35 PCO2: 47 HCO3: 29
Compensated Respiratory Acidosis
Chronic inflammation caused by chronic inflammatory bowel disease can lead to cancer by: a. inflammatory factors continue to be released that promote proliferation b. gene mutations occur from chronic inflammation processes and frequently during normal cell growth. c. compounds released that promote mutations d. Over time, chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage.
Compounds released that promote mutations. Over time, chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage.
A nurse is providing genetic counseling for an expectant couple who already have a child with trisomy 18. The nurse should: a. discuss options with the couple, including amniocentesis to determine whether the fetus is affected. b. explain that the fetus has a 50% chance of having the disorder. c. refer the couple to a psychologist for emotional support. d. Tell the couple they need to have an abortion within 2 to 3 weeks.
Discuss options with the couple, including amniocentesis to determine whether the fetus is affected.
A male adult client is suspected of having a pulmonary embolus. A nurse assesses the client, knowing that which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of pulmonary embolism? Bradypnea Bradycardia Dyspnea Decreased Respirations
Dyspnea
A client presents with less strength, high elastic skin, and joints that are hypermobile. Which condition can be diagnosed in the client based on these characteristics? a. Turner syndrome b. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome c. Down syndrome d. Klinefelter syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Neoplasm can be classified as either benign or malignant. The following are characteristics of malignant tumors apart from (EXCEPT): a, Encapsulated b. Infiltrates surrounding tissues c. Poorly differentiated cells d. metastisis
Encapsulated
Which of the following is a late sign of heart failure? Shortness of breath Orthopnea Edema Frothy-blood tinged sputum.
Frothy-blood tinged sputum
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. In a family, the father is unaffected and the mother carries only one recessive allele. Which outcome is expected for their offspring? a. Half of the female offspring will be affected. b. half of the male offspring will be affected c. All of the female offspring will be affected d. All of the offspring will be affected
Half of the male offspring will be affected.
With which of the following disorders is jugular vein distention most prominent? Pneumothorax heart failure abdominal aortic aneurysm myocardial infarction
Heart failure
The nurse reviews a client's laboratory report and notes that the client's serum phosphorus (phosphate) level is 1.8mg/dL (0.45 mmol/L). Which condition most likely caused this serum phosphorus level? a. Renal insufficiency b. Tumor Lysis syndrome c. Malnutrition d. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Septal involvement occurs in which type of cardiomyopathy? Congestive Dilated Restrictive Hypertrophic
Hypertrophic
What type of cardiomyopathy is most commonly associated with the sudden death of young athletes? Commuted cardiomyopathy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy dilated cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A client comes into the health clinic 3 years after undergoing a resection of the terminal ileum complaining of weakness, shortness of breath, and a sore tongue. Which client statement indicates a need for intervention and client teaching? "I take a vitamin B12 tablet every day" "I have 3 to 4 loose stools per day" "I have been drinking plenty of fluids." "I have been gargling with warm salt water for my sore tongue."
I have 3 to 4 loose stools per day.
Which is the predominant immunoglobulin produced after a host's re-exposure to an antigen? a. IgE b. IgG c. IgA d. IgD
IgG
Which of the following conditions cause aneurysms? low blood pressure infection smoking congenital abnormalities in media of arterial wall atherosclerotic plaque formation Trauma
Infection Congenital abnormalities in media arterial wall atherosclerotic plaque formation
Two genes for two different traits located on the same chromosome are said to be: a. recombined b. codominant c. inherited together d. inherited separately
Inherited together
Which of the following conditions is an equal decrease of extracellular fluid (ECF) solute and water volume? a. hypertonic fluid volume deficit. b. isotonic fluid volume deficit. c. Hypotonic fluid volume deficit. d. isotonic fluid volume excess.
Isotonic fluid volume deficit.
A couple has been counseled for genetic anomalies. They ask you, "What is karyotyping?" Your best response is: a. "Karyotyping will reveal if the baby's lungs are mature." b. "Karyotyping will reveal if your baby will develop normally." c. "Karyotyping will provide information about the gender of the baby and the number and structure of the chromosomes." d. "Karyotyping will detect any physical deformities the baby has."
Karyotyping will provide information about the gender of the baby, and the number and structure of the chromosomes.
What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure? hypothyroidism left-sided heart failure chronic lung disease (Cor Pulmonale) Turner's syndrome
Left sided heart failure
A male adult patient hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis? lightheadedness or paresthesia nausea or vomiting abdominal pain or diarrhea Hallucinations or tinitus
Lightheadedness or paresthesia
A 26 year old male client with Hodgkin's disease is scheduled to undergo radiation therapy. The client expresses concern about the effect of radiation on his ability to have children. What info should the nurse provide? a. all patients who receive radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease will experience sterility and not be able to have children. b. Low sperm count and loss of motility are seen in males with Hodgkin's disease before any therapy. Radiotherapy often results in permanent aspermia or sterility. c. There are no techniques to assist patient's with side effects of radiation.
Low sperm count and loss of motility are seen in males with Hodgkin's disease before any therapy. Radiotherapy often results in permanent aspermia or sterility.
Interpret the following ABG's pH: 7.50 PaCO2: 64 mmHg HCO3-: 48 mEq/L metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Interpret the following ABG's: pH: 7.41 PaCO2: 46mmHg HCO3-: 28 mEq/L Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis fully compensated Metabolic alkalosis fully compensated Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis fully compensated
During the postoperative care of a 76-year-old patient, the nurse monitors the patient's intake and output carefully, knowing that the patient is at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances primarily because: a. older adults have an impaired thirst mechanism and need reminding to drink fluids b. water accounts for a greater percentage of body weight in the older adult than in younger adults c. older adults are more likely than younger adults to lose extracellular fluid during surgical procedures d. small losses of fluid are more significant because body fluids account for about 45% to 50% of body weight in older adults
Older adults have an impaired thirst mechanism and need reminding to drink fluids.
If Jessica has light eyes (bb) and both of her parents have dark eyes (Bb) which statement is true? a. Both genes from her father b. both genes from her mother. c. one recessive form of the gene from each parent d. one dominant gene from each parent
One recessive gene from each parent
Which of the following conditions refers to a decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP on standing: Accompanied by dizziness, blurred or loss of vision, or syncope? Orthostatic Postural Hypertension Chronic Hypotension Postural Vasovagal Hypotension Idiopathic Hypotension
Orthostatic postural hypertension
During administration of a hypertonic IV solution, the mechanism involved in equalizing the fluid concentration between ECF and the cells is: a. osmosis b. diffusion c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
This tumor marker is associated with prostate cancer: a. BRAC2 b. PSA c. HER2 d. CEA
PSA
The first sign of bladder cancer is usually: a. painless hematuria b. frequency c. nocturia d. Oliguria
Painless hematuria
The physician has ordered several laboratory tests to help diagnose an infant's bleeding disorder. Which of the following tests, if abnormal, would the nurse interpret as most likely to indicated hemophilia? partial thromboplastin time (PTT) tourniquet test clot retraction test bleeding time
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
pH: 7.08 PCO2: 47 HCO3: 27
Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis
pH: 7.25 PCO2: 48 HCO3: 28
Partially compensated Respiratory Acidosis
pH: 7.48 PCO2: 29 HCO3: 18
Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis
A patient is experiencing multisystem fluid volume deficit, has the symptoms of tachycardia, pale, cool skin, & decreased urine output. The nurse realizes these findings are most likely a direct result of which of the following? a. The body's natural compensatory mechanisms. b. Pharmacological effects of a diuretic. c. Effects of rapidly infused intravenous fluids. d. Cardiac Failure
Pharmacological effects of a diuretic.
Which of the following foods would the nurse encourage the mother to offer to her child with iron deficiency anemia? pudding, green vegetables, and rice macaroni, cheese, and ham rice cereal, whole milk, and yellow vegetables potato, peas, and chicken
Potato, peas, and chicken
The nurse is preparing to care for a client with a potassium deficit. The nurse reviews the client's record and determines that the client is at risk for developing the potassium deficit because of which situation? a. Sustained tissue damage. b. Has a history of Addison's Disease. c. Requires nasogastric suction. d. Uric acid level of 9.4 mg/dL (559umol/L)
Requires nasogastric suction
pH: 7.49 PCO2: 30 HCO3: 18
Respiratory alkalosis
Which of these is an example of a heterozygous genotype? a. wrinkled b. RR c. round d. Rr
Rr
In renal regulation of water balance, the functions of angiotensin II include: a. selectively constricting portions of the arteriole in the nephron. b. catalyzing calcium-rich nutrients. c. blood clotting within the nephron. d. increasing progesterone secretion into the renal tubules.
Selectively constricting portions of the arteriole in the nephron.
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, originate from a monoblast stem cell lymphoblast pluripotent stem cell
Stem cell
On a clinic visit a client who has a relative with cancer, is asking about the warning signs that may relate to cancer. The nurse correctly identifies the warning signs of cancer by responding: a. sores that heal in a few days is a warning sign of cancer d. Sudden weight loss of unexplained etiology can be a warning sign of cancer. c. presence of dry cough is one of the warning signs of cancer d. A lump located only in the breast area may suggest the presence of cancer
Sudden weight loss of unexplained etiology can be a warning sign of cancer.
Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues: True False
TRUE
If a human boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother, in which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele? a. the baby inherits the dominant allele from his father. b. the allele is on the Y chromosome. c. The allele is on the x chromosome.
The allele is on the X chromosome
Pulmonary stenosis in tetralogy of Fallot is dangerous because it can lead to inadequate passage of blood to: the heart the extremities the brain the lungs
The extremities
The nurse is working in a blood bank facility procuring units of blood from donors. Which client would not be a candidate to donate blood? The mother with a six week old newborn The client who developed an allergy to aspirin in childhood. The nursing student who received a measles immunization two months ago. The client who had wisdom teeth removed a week ago.
The mother with a six week old newborn.
What is the primary reason for administering morphine to a client with myocardial infarction? to decrease the client's pain to sedate the client to decrease oxygen demand on the client's heart to decrease the client's anxiety
To decrease oxygen demand on the client's heart
In the fetus, blood from the left and right sides of the heart normally mix. True or false
True
A woman with type A blood has a child with type A blood, who could be the father? Type A Type O Type AB Type B
Type A Type AB
A client develops an erythematosus rash on the hands two days after working in the garden. What type of hypersensitivity reaction has the client developed? a. Type IV delayed b. Type I immediate c. Type III immune complex mediated d. Type II cytotoxic
Type IV delayed
A woman with type AB blood marries a man with Type B blood. According to the Punnett square their children could have each of these blood types except: a. Type B b. Type O c. Type A d. Type AB
Type O
pH: 7.48 PCO2: 44 HCO3: 30
Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis
A 4-year-old Caucasian male suffers from cyanosis and dyspnea relieved by squatting. Which of the following abnormalities is most likely present? Left ventricular hypertrophe Patent ductus arteriosis coarctation of the aorta Ventricular septal defect Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
What must be present for erythrocytes to be formed? Vitamin B12 Folic Acid Calcium Iodine Iron Copper
Vitamin B12 Folic Acid Iron Copper
Which statement does not describe an example of a feedback mechanism that maintains homeostasis? a. the guard cells close the openings in leaves, preventing excess water loss from a plant. b. white blood cells increase the production of antigens during an allergic reaction c. Increased physical activity increases heart rate in humans d. The pancreas releases insulin, helping humans to keep blood sugar levels stable
White blood cells increase the production of antigens during an allergic reaction.
With regard to abnormalities of chromosomes, nurses should be aware that: A. They occur in approximately 10% of newborns. B. Abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss. C. Down syndrome is a result of an abnormal chromosomal structure. D. Unbalanced translocation results in a mild abnormality that the child will outgrow.
abnormalities of number are the leading cause of pregnancy loss.
An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets the disease again. This situation is an example of a. negative feedback b. biological control c. passive immunity d. active immunity
active immunity
What is the main regulator of colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure? a. calcium b. albumin c. potassium d. sodium levels in the serum
albumin
Hyperventilation tends to cause: a substantial increase in PO2 of the blood. alkalosis a drop in blood pH. hypercapnia
alkalosis
The nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. On assessment, the nurse notes that the client is dyspneic, and crackles are audible on auscultation. What additional manifestations would the nurse expect to note in this client if excess fluid volume is present? a. flat neck and hand veins and decreased urine output. b. weakness and decreased central venous pressure c. An increase in blood pressure and increased respirations.
an increase in blood pressure and increased respirations.
Outpouching or localized dilation of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber is best known as which of the following terms? Evisceration Thrombus Aneurysm Embolism
aneurysm
Why does fluid reenter the capillary from the interstitium at the venule end of the capillary bed? a. Osmotic pressure is greater at the venule end of the capillary. b. Hydrostatic pressure is greater at the venule end of the capillary. c. Osmotic pressure is lower at the venule end of the capillary. d. Hydrostatic pressure is lower at the venule end of the capillary.
b. Hydrostatic pressure is greater at the venule end of the capillary.
When a client is diagnosed with aplastic anemia, the nurse for changes in which of the following physiological functions? Intake and output peripheral sensation bowel function bleeding tendencies
bleeding tendencies
Edema is caused by: blockage of lymphatics hyponatremia low serum protein (albumin) from severe liver disease or renal loss. heart failure
blockage of lymphatics low serum protein (albumin) from severe liver disease or renal loss heart failure
Lymphoma refers to: a. breast cancer b. liver cancer c. blood cancer d. kidney cancer
blood cancer
When assessing a patient for signs of fluid overload, the nurse would expect to observe: a. vesicular b. bounding pulse c. poor skin turgor d. flat neck veins
bounding pulse
Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the fifth leading cause of death in the United States? pneumothorax bronchitis anthracosis asthma
bronchitis
The virus HPV can predispose a person to _____________ cancer? a. liver cancer b. cervical cancer c. skin cancer d. lung cancer
cervical cancer
The nurse is alerted to a possible anaphylactic shock immediately after a patient has received intramuscular penicillin by the development of: a. chest, tightness, shortness of breath, and production of thick sputum. b. A wheal and flare reaction at the injection site c. edema and itching at the injection site d. sneezing and itching of the nose and eyes.
chest tightness, shortness of breath, and production of thick sputum.
Metabolic Alkalosis is not common but can result from: chronic vomiting hypoventilation uncontrolled diabetes mellitus hyperventilation
chronic vomiting
The ability of the lungs to stretch, is called their _______. elasticity capacitance resilience compliance
compliance
Sarcoma refers to: a. connective tissue cancer b. breast cancer c. bladder cancer d. kidney cancer
connective tissue cancer
Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle, which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance, and can lead to failure of that chamber. This syndrome is known as: COPD asthma cor pulmonale anthracosis
cor pulmonale
Right sided heart failure (Cor Pulmonale) pulmonary circulation creates backup into right ventricle causing right ventricular after load: increased right ventricular after load decreased left ventricular pre load increased right ventricular pre load none of these
decreased left ventricular pre load.
Osmotic pressure is created through the process of: a. filtration b. diffusion c. osmosis d. capillary dynamics
diffusion
An excess accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed: a. hypomagnesemia b. dehydration c. phosphatemia d. edema
edema
Mr. Miyazaki who is diagnosed of bipolar disorder has been drinking copious amounts of water and voiding frequently. The patient is experiencing muscle cramps, twitching, and is reporting dizziness. The nurse checks lab work for: a. EEG results b. electrolytes, particularly the serum sodium. c. urine analysis, particularly for the presence of white blood cells. d. complete blood count results, particularly the platelets.
electrolytes, particularly the serum sodium.
Destruction of pulmonary tissue by protein-digesting enzymes released by macrophages in people who smoke, for example, is a cause of: emphysema pneumothorax pulmonary fibrosis asthma
emphysema
Which of the following actions is the first priority care for a client exhibiting signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease? decrease anxiety administer sublingual nitroglycerin enhance myocardial oxygenation educate the client about his symptoms
enhance myocardial oxygenation
Which of the following blood components is decreased in anemia? erythrocytes platelets granulocytes leukocytes
erythrocytes
A client has severe anemia and is being treated with transfusion therapy. The nurse should be alert for a complication of transfusion, such as: hearing loss liver damage flank pain (in back near kidney area) necrosis of finger digits
flank pain (in back near kidney area)
Which statement is false? a. human genomes include both protein-coding DNA and non-coding DNA b. The human genome only contains about 20,000-25,000 genes. c. A gene is a specific set of instructions cells use to produce a specific protein. d. Genetic material of living organisms is either DNA or RNA. e. Genomics and genetics are similar concepts, but genetics has a broad scope.
genomics and genetics are similar concepts, but genetics has a broad scope.
A nurse is caring for a client with metastatic breast cancer who is extremely lethargic and very slow to respond to stimuli. The laboratory report indicates a serum calcium level of 12.0 mg/dL, a serum potassium level of 3.9 mEq/L, a serum chloride level of 101 mEq/L, and a serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L. Based on this information, the nurse determines that the client's symptoms are most likely associated with which electrolyte imbalance? a. hyperkalemia b. hypokalemia c. hypocalcemia d. hypercalcemia
hypercalcemia
Examination of a patient in a supine position reveals distended jugular veins from the base of the neck to the angle of the jaw. This finding indicates: increased central venous pressure left-sided heart failure increased pulmonary artery capillary pressure decreased venous return
increased central venous pressure
The air pressure within the alveoli is called the: intrapulmonary pressure Transpulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure subatmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
The nurse understands that the client with pernicious anemia will have which distinguishing laboratory findings? Schilling's test elevated RBCs 5.0 million Sedimentation rate, 16 mm/hour Intrinsic factor, absent
intrinsic factor, absent
Which of the following intravenous solutions would be appropriate for a patient with severe hyponatremia secondary to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a. hypotonic solution b. normotonic solution c. hypertonic solution d. isotonic solution
isotonic solution
A 33 year old patient has recently been diagnosed with sage II cervical cancer. What should the nurse understand about the patient's cancer? a. it has spread locally b. it has metastisized c. it has spread extensively d. it is in situ.
it has spread locally.
Hepatocellular carcinoma refers to: a. liver cancer b. breast cancer c. Kidney cancer d. bladder cancer
liver cancer
Blood pressure that is rapidly progressive with diastolic above 140 mmHg can cause cerebral edema/loss of function, which of the following terms best describes this type of BP? secondary hypertension isolated systolic hypertension prehypertension malignant hypertension
malignant hypertension
pH: 7.32 PCO2: 35 HCO3: 19
metabolic acidosis
Interpret the following ABG's pH: 7.21 PaCO2: 23 mmHg HCO3-: 9mEq/L Metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis.
Blood pH: 7.84 PCO2: 48 HCO3: 28
metabolic alkalosis
The nurse is assessing a client with a suspected diagnosis of hypocalcemia. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to note in the client? a. muscle cramping. b. hypoactive deep tendon reflexes. c. negative Trousseau's Sign. d. hypoactive bowel sounds.
muscle cramping
The difference in net pressure in artery and vein part of capillary causes: a. net fluid loss b. gross fluid gain c. gross fluid loss d. net fluid gain
net fluid loss
The nurse explains to the parents of a 1-year-old child admitted to the hospital in a sickle cell crisis that the local tissue damage the child has on admission is caused by which of the following? Lack of Oxygen in the red blood cells obstruction to circulation autoimmune reaction complicated by hypoxia elevated serum bilirubin concentration
obstruction to circulation
Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume (FEV), but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is referred to as a(n): chronic obstructive pulmonary disease restrictive lung disorder obstructive lung disease pulmonary fibrosis
obstructive lung disease
pH: 7.48 PCO2: 32 HCO3: 18
partially compensated respiratory alkalosis
To determine whether a fetus has inherited Downs Syndrome, a doctor would most likely: a. screen the mother's blood for abnormal cells b. examine the fetal nervous system for the accumulation of fatter material. c. perform amniocentesis and analyze cells removed by this technique. d. analyze the fetal blood for phylalanine.
perform amniocentesis and analyze cells removed by this technique.
The laboratory test result that would be most helpful to the nurse in the assessment of a client with a bleeding disorder is: platelet RBC Neutrophils WBC
platelet
A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space, a condition known as: decompression sickness intrapleural pressure respiratory distress syndrome pneumothorax
pneumothorax
Your patient with prostate cancer has a tumor marker level drawn. This level is elevated. The elevated tumor marker level indicates: a. referral to a specialist. b. a need for an ultrasound. c. A disruption in proliferation of cancer cells d. presence of cancer
presence of cancer
pH 7.24 PCO2: 47 HCO3: 30
respiratory acidosis
The virus Merkel Cell Polyomavirus can predispose a person to _____________ cancer: a. lung cancer b. cervical cancer c. skin cancer d. liver cancer
skin cancer
Vaccinations help prepare the body to fight invasions of a specific pathogen by: a. stimulating red blood cell production b. inhibiting antigen production c. inhibiting white blood cell production d. stimulating antibody production
stimulating antibody production
Which client is at risk for the development of hyperkalemia? a. the client who has sustained a traumatic burn. b. the client who has been overusing laxatives. c. the client with colitis d. the client with Cushing's syndrome.
the client who has been overusing laxatives.
With regard to the estimation and interpretation of the recurrence of risks for genetic disorders, nurses should be aware that: a. With a dominant disorder the likelihood of the second child also having the condition is 100%. b. An autosomal recessive disease carries a one in eight risk of the second child also having the disorder. c. Disorders involving maternal ingestion of drugs carry a one in four chance of being repeated in the second child. d. The risk factor remains the same no matter how many affected children are already in the family.
the risk factors remains the same no matter how many effected children are already in the family.
Vasoactive and Chemotactic factors do what? a. signal T and B cells to proliferate and differentiate b. allow immune cells to differentiate between "self" and "nonself" cells c. cause smooth muscle cells to constrict d. trigger an increase in blood flow and capillary permeability.
trigger an increase in blood flow and capillary permeability.
Substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissues of some people with cancer are called: a. DNA variants b. Genomes c. Tumor markers d. Sentinel indicators.
tumor markers
Auscultation of a patient's heart reveals the presence of a murmur. What is the assessment finding a result of? turbulent blood flow across a heart valve increased viscosity of the patient's blood a deficit in heart conductivity that impairs normal contractility friction between the heart and the myocardium
turbulent blood flow across a heart valve
A 55 year old patient who is diagnosed with an evolving myocardial infarction (MI) insists on going home. The cardiac-vascular nurse encourages the patient to be admitted because the greatest risk within the first 24 hours of sustaining an MI is: ventricular fibrillation heart failure ventricular aneurysm pulmonary embolism
ventricular fibrillation
The nurse is teaching a client with polycythemia vera about potential complications from this disease. Which manifestations would the nurse include in the clients teaching plan? visual disturbance clubbing of nailbeds hearing loss weight loss orthopnea headache
visual disturbance weight loss orthopnea headache
A restrictive lung disorder is most likely to reduce the: functional residual capacity residual volume inhibited expiratory volume vital capacity
vital capacity
An older woman was admitted to the medical unit with GI bleeding and fluid volume deficit. Clinical manifestations of this problem are (select all that apply) weight loss dry oral mucosa engorged neck veins full bounding pulse decreased central venous pressure
weight loss dry oral mucosa decreased central venous pressure
Lee Angela's lab test just revealed that her chloride level is 96 mEq/L. As a nurse, you would interpret this serum chloride level as: a. low b. high normal c. within normal range. d. High
within normal range
A 25 year old patient is inquiring about the methods or ways to detect cancer early. The nurse is likely to identify this method: a. Annual pap smear for those over 75 years old. b. Yearly physical and blood examinations c. annual digital rectal examination or persons over age 40 d. Chest x-ray every 3 years.
yearly physical and blood exams
