Patho NAT 503 Module 8

As of 2014, _____ individuals worldwide have been infected with HIV infection. A. 100,000 B. 1 million C. slightly less than 16 million D. nearly 35 million

D. nearly 35 million

The clinical latency period after HIV infection is a time when no A. viral replication occurs. B. decline in CD4 lymphocytes occurs. C. virus is detectable in the blood. D. significant symptoms of immunodeficiency occur.

D. significant symptoms of immunodeficiency occur.

Which drugs are used for the management of HIV? (Select all that apply.) A. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors B. DNA polymerase inhibitors C. Protease inhibitors D. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors E. CD4 analogs

A. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors C. Protease inhibitors D. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Which of the following cells produce antibodies? A. T cells B. Mast cells C. Plasma cells D. Macrophages

C. Plasma cells

Which of the following immune cells develop specificity for one antigen? A. Natural killer cells B. Macrophages and neutrophils C. T and B lymphocytes D. Dendritic cells

C. T and B lymphocytes

The immune system disorder associated with HIV is A. an overactive B-cell system. B. proliferation of immature WBCs (blasts). C. deficiency of T-helper lymphocytes. D. Cancerous growth of lymph tissue.

C. deficiency of T-helper lymphocytes.

A nurse who works in an assisted living facility is preparing to teach the residents about safe sex practices. What resident criteria should the nurse take into consideration when creating a teaching plan? (Select all that apply.) A. Age B. Ethnicity C. Culture D. Sexual preference E. Mobility status

NOT "E"

Opportunistic infections are a hallmark of HIV and AIDS. Which infections are considered opportunistic? (Select all that apply.) A. Acinetobacter B. Cytomegalovirus C. Candida albicans D. Pneumocystis carinii E. Clostridium difficile

B. Cytomegalovirus C. Candida albicans D. Pneumocystis carinii E. Clostridium difficile

What are CD8+ T cells? A. T helper cells B. Cytotoxic T cells C. Regulatory T cells D. All T cells

B. Cytotoxic T cells

Which answer describes adaptive immunity? A. Each immune cell can respond to many different antigens. B. Each immune cell can respond to only one antigen. C. Effectiveness of immune response changes with the age of the person. D. Immune cells atrophy or hypertrophy, depending on how much they are needed.

B. Each immune cell can respond to only one antigen.

A patient receiving zidovudine and a protease inhibitor to manage HIV infection is found to have an undetectable viral load. This means that the A. dosage of both agents should be reduced. B. zidovudine can be discontinued. C. therapy is effective. D. HIV virus has been eliminated.

C. therapy is effective.

How do viruses replicate themselves? A. Split in two by binary fission and replicate themselves rapidly B. Form spores that reactivate in a favorable environment and divide C. Attach to host cell membranes and replicate by mitosis D. Enter host cells and use host cell chemical processes for replication

D. Enter host cells and use host cell chemical processes for replication

Which statement about HIV testing is correct? A. Any patient can be tested for HIV with or without their informed consent. B. A negative HIV test ensures absence of infection. C. The false-negative rate for HIV testing is zero. D. Significant exposure to infected blood or body fluids requires HIV testing.

D. Significant exposure to infected blood or body fluids requires HIV testing.

Which HIV-positive patient should be given a diagnosis of AIDS? A. One who has a CD4 count of 300/µL B. One who has neuropathy C. One who has Mycobacterium tuberculosis D. One who has genital herpes

C. One who has Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What type of a cell is a T cell? A. Monocyte Think again. B. Phagocyte C. Granulocyte D. Lymphocyte

D. Lymphocyte

Which statement best describes the etiologic development and transmission of AIDS? A. AIDS is caused by a retrovirus and transmitted through body fluids. B. The mechanism of AIDS transmission is unknown; therefore, AIDS is considered to be highly contagious. C. AIDS is an autoimmune disease triggered by a homosexual lifestyle. D. AIDS is caused by a virus that can be transmitted only by sexual contact.

A. AIDS is caused by a retrovirus and transmitted through body fluids.

Which type of HIV virus causes most infections in the United States and Europe? A. HIV type 1 B. HIV type 2 C. HIV type A D. HIV type B

A. HIV type 1

The CDC defines three CD4+ T-cell categories of T cell ranges. Which values are correct? (Select all that apply.) A. In category 1, the CD4+ T-cell count is greater than or equal to 500/mL. B. In category 1, the CD4+ T-cell counts range from 200 to 499/mL. C. In category 2, the CD4+ T-cell counts range from 200 to 499/mL. D. In category 3, the CD4+ T-cell count is less than 200/mL. E. In category 3, the CD4+ T-cell count is less than 300/mL.

A. In category 1, the CD4+ T-cell count is greater than or equal to 500/mL. C. In category 2, the CD4+ T-cell counts range from 200 to 499/mL. D. In category 3, the CD4+ T-cell count is less than 200/mL.

Which modes of transmission occur with HIV infection? (Select all that apply.) A. Sexual transmission B. Parenteral transmission C. Fomite transmission to intact skin D. Perinatal transmission to fetus E. Inhalant transmission

A. Sexual transmission B. Parenteral transmission D. Perinatal transmission to fetus

What are CD4+ T cells? A. T helper cells B. Cytotoxic T cells C. Regulatory T cells D. All T cells

A. T helper cells

An HIV-positive patient is hospitalized for evaluation of symptoms of progressive weakness, dyspnea, weight loss, and low-grade fever. A biopsy of lung tissue reveals Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. This diagnosis means that the patient A. has AIDS. B. has less than 2 years to live. C. cannot be treated. D. was an intravenous drug abuser.

A. has AIDS.

A patient presents to the clinic with flulike symptoms and a rash. The nurse knows that the type of rash associated with HIV may include (Select all that apply.) A. maculopapular. B. vesicular. C. impetigo. D. urticarial. E. psoriasis.

A. maculopapular. B. vesicular. D. urticarial.

What is the major function of TH2 cells? A. The major function of TH2 cells is phagocytosis. B. The major function of TH2 cells is to secrete cytokines that stimulate antibody production and activate eosinophils. C. The major function of TH2 cells is to secrete cytokines that stimulate cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages. D. The major function of TH2 cells is presentation of antigens to naive T cells in lymph nodes.

B. The major function of TH2 cells is to secrete cytokines that stimulate antibody production and activate eosinophils.

HIV infection causes immunodeficiency because it A. directly inhibits antibody production by B cells. B. causes the destruction of T-helper cells. C. causes excessive production of cytotoxic T cells. D. blocks the ability of macrophages to present antigens.

B. causes the destruction of T-helper cells.

The HIV nurse educator teaches a newly diagnosed patient about HIV. The nurse educator tells the patient that in the United States, those at greatest risk of HIV infection include (Select all that apply.) A. infants born to infected fathers. B. heterosexual women. C. homosexual men. D. restaurant workers. E. men over age 50.

B. heterosexual women. C. homosexual men.

HIV infection of T-helper cells is facilitated by attachment of the viral envelope protein gp120 to A. CD8 proteins on suppressor cells. B. reverse transcriptase. C. CD4 proteins on helper cells. D. the macrophage lipid bilayer.

C. CD4 proteins on helper cells.

What are cytokines? A. Regulatory chemicals secreted by endocrine glands B. Inflammatory chemicals that are released from necrotic cells C. Chemical messengers secreted by immune cells and other cells D. Destructive enzymes contained in lysosomes

C. Chemical messengers secreted by immune cells and other cells

HIV replicates very quickly from the onset of infection. What is the major site of HIV replication? A. Vaginal mucosa B. Anal mucosa C. GI tract D. Respiratory tract

C. GI tract

An effective HIV vaccine is difficult to produce, primarily because A. HIV is not immunogenic. B. B cells are unable to produce antibodies against HIV. C. HIV mutates frequently. D. reverse transcriptase cleaves to the vaccine.

C. HIV mutates frequently.

What is the major function of TH1 cells? A. Phagocytosis B. Secrete cytokines that stimulate antibody production and activate eosinophils C. Secrete cytokines that stimulate cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages D. Presentation of antigens to naive T cells in lymph nodes

C. Secrete cytokines that stimulate cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and macrophages

The immune system disorder associated with HIV is A. an overactive B-cell system. B. proliferation of immature WBCs (blasts). C. deficiency of T-helper lymphocytes. D. cancerous growth of lymph tissue.

C. deficiency of T-helper lymphocytes.

A patient is infected with the retrovirus HIV. The patient may have contracted HIV as it was transmitted via (Select all that apply.) A. saliva. B. tears. C. semen. D. cervical secretions. E. cerebrospinal fluid.

C. semen. D. cervical secretions.

Cleaning dirty needles prior to use helps prevent the spread of HIV. When using bleach, the user must rinse out all the blood first and then fill the needle and syringe with full-strength bleach three times for 10 to 20 seconds. True False

False

In which type of cells is the CD4 found? (Select all that apply.) A. T cells B. Microglial cells C. Retinal cells D. Cervical cells E. Pacemaker cells

NOT "E"