Patho unit 1 chapt 1-3

GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) function to activate receptors on the extracellular surface. degrade second-messenger molecules. activate intracellular enzyme systems. synthesize ATP.

activate intracellular enzyme systems.

In general, with aging, organ size and function increase. decrease. remain the same. are unknown.

decrease

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is because of activation of the Na+-K+ pump. influx of calcium. efflux of potassium. influx of sodium.

efflux of potassium.

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. epidemic. b. endemic. c. pandemic. d. ethnographic.

endemic

Cell-to-cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called signaling. a. synaptic b. paracrine c. endocrine d. autocrine

endocrine

The effects of excessive cortisol production include immune suppression. hypoglycemia. anorexia. inflammatory reactions.

immune suppression.

remission

improvement or absence of signs of disease

exacerbation

increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms

The cardiac drug digitalis enhances myocardial contraction because it increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells. inhibits sodium from entering cardiac cells. enhances the sodium-potassium pump. increases the sodium gradient across the cell membrane.

increases intracellular calcium level in cardiac cells.

Covalescence

period of recovery

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in stress reduction. permanent damage and death. movement into the resistance stage. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system.

permanent damage and death.

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of primary prevention. secondary prevention. tertiary prevention. disease treatment.

primary prevention

iatrogenic

produced by a physician (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician)

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except tachycardia. diaphoresis. increased peripheral resistance. pupil constriction.

pupil constriction.

The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies ATP to meet energy needs of the body. pyruvate to the citric acid cycle. energy for oxidative phosphorylation. lactate during anaerobic conditions.

pyruvate to the citric acid cycle.

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of primary prevention. secondary prevention. tertiary prevention. disease treatment.

secondary prevention.

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of primary prevention. secondary prevention. tertiary prevention. disease treatment.

secondary prevention.

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of primary prevention. secondary prevention. tertiary prevention. disease treatment.

tertiary prevention.

sequela

the aftermath of a particular disease

Allostasis is best defined as a steady state. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. the process by which the body heals following disease. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by extracellular sodium ion concentration. the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions. activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps.

the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions.

idiopathic

unknown cause

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have receptors for neurotransmitters. tight junctions. ligand-gated channels. voltage-gated channels.

voltage-gated channels.

Gap junctions are connecting channels that allow passage of small molecules from one cell to the next and are especially important for distance signaling. tissues requiring synchronized function. communication within a cell. passage of large molecules.

tissues requiring synchronized function.

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form CO2 and H2O. 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate. 30 ATP. oxygen.

2 ATP and 2 pyruvate.

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except a. aldosterone. b. cortisol. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine.

aldosterone.

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except a. allostasis. b. resistance. c. alarm. d. exhaustion.

allostasis

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers because they are a. polar. b. charged. c. insoluble. d. amphipathic.

amphipathic.

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would a. hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential. b. make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential. c. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential. d. alter the threshold potential.

c. hypopolarize the resting membrane potential.

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is energy and repair. invoke resting state. produce exhaustion. set a new baseline steady-state.

energy and repair.

latent period

incubation

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a. Norepinephrine b. Cortisol c. Epinephrine d. Insulin

insulin

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the stage. a. prodromalb. latent c. sequelad. convalescence

latent

The effect of stress on the immune system is unknown. has been demonstrated to be nonexistent in studies. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the a. mitochondria. b. ribosome.c. lysosome.d. nucleus.

mitochondria

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by a. norepinephrine. b. cortisol. c. glucagon. d. ACTH.

norepinephrine.

prodromal period

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is a sore throat. streptococcal infection. genetic susceptibility. pharyngitis.

streptococcal infection.

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as a. latent .b. subclinical. c. prodromal. d. convalescence.

subclinical

Ion channels open and close in response to all the following except mechanical pressure. ligand binding. voltage changes. temperature changes.

temperature changes.