Pathology ch 1 and 2 test

To enhance the nuclear medicine image, researchers applied the use of _____ to increase accuracy. A. computers and movement B. multiple gamma cameras and movement C. multiple digital cameras D. A and B

A and B

To best increase the exam specificity in MRI, the technologist must A. use contrast enhancement B. change relaxation time C. change pulse sequences Both A and C

A and C

What made CT angiography more precise and prevalent? *The development of 16-slice (and greater) scanners. *Multiplanar images produced by multifrequency transducers. *Three-dimensional images. * A and C.

A and C.

Profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity resulting in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections is characteristic of

AIDS

When weakened antigens are injected as a vaccine to provide immunity, it is considered:

Active immunity

Match the following terms related to edema.

Anasarca: Pronounced swelling in subcutaneous tissue throughout the body. Elephantiasis: localized edema resulting from a lymphatic obstruction Filariasis: a parasitic worm causing a lymphatic obstruction Pericardial effusion: extravascular fluid collection surrounding the heart. Peritoneal ascites: accumulation of fluid in a serous cavity

The attenuation of a specific tissue relative to water is the

CT number

Lytic disease processes normally require the technologists to _______ technical factors when imaging.

Decrease

Which term is used to describe an increase in the size of an organ or tissue in response to an increase in function? Neoplastic. Hypotrophy. Hyperplasia. Hypertrophy.

Hypertrophy: refers to an increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function.

What term is used to denote a disease in which the underlying cause is unknown?

Idiopathic.

Which imaging technique analyzes the chemical composition of tissues in vivo?

MR spectroscopy

The modality of choice to image the central nervous system is

MRI

Window level in CT controls:

Midrange of densities

Epileptic foci and Alzheimer's disease are best demonstrated by

PET can be used to evaluate for stroke and to identify epileptic foci for surgical intervention. Brain disorders that can be demonstrated by PET imaging include Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

Chronic inflammation in a localized area, which often has centralized necrosis, is called

a granuloma

Using a narrow x-ray beam and scanning from multiple angles, the amount of radiation absorbed in tissue is represented by 1. a relative linear attenuation coefficient 2. data for computer reconstruction 3. a gray scale on the computer monitor 4. All of the above

all of the above

Hypotension and vascular collapse with urticaria, bronchiolar spasm, and laryngeal edema are characteristics of: anaphylactic reactions cytotoxic reactions histamine release delayed reactions

anaphylactic reactions

If a neoplastic growth proliferates without form, it is considered

anaplastic

Fluid-filled structures transmitting sound waves easily and appearing as a dark region on the image are _____ tissue.

anechoic

Symptoms suggestive of esophageal or stomach cancer are

anorexia and dysphagia

When a reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ occurs, this results in

atrophy

The above image is one that demonstartes a neoplasm which is probably:

benign

Tumors closely resembling their cells of origin in structure and function are called

benign

When tumor cells flourish, causing the patient to become weak and emaciated, this condition is referred to as

cachexia

The greatest difference in PET and SPECT is the type of

ionizing radiation emitted by radiopharmaceuticals

The major metastatic route of carcinomas is

lymphatic spread

With the integration of strong magnets and radio frequencies, high resolution soft-tissue imaging in multiple planes became available with

magnetic resonance imaging

New growths that invade and destroy adjacent structures and have the ability to spread are considered

malignant

Exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses may result in alterations in the DNA called

mutations

Alterations of cell growth, specifically an abnormal proliferation of cells, is called

neoplasia

The Latin word for "new growth" is

neoplasia

The major advantage of ultrasound is

no adverse effects on human tissue

To best demonstrate a physiologic map, the modality of choice is

nuclear medicine

The study of neoplasms or tumors is called

oncology

All of the following are additive diseases in terms of x-ray attenuation, except

osteolytic metastasis

The volume of blood loss, the rate of blood loss, and the site of blood loss will determine the patient status clinical significance treatment required all of the above

patient status clinical significance treatment required ***** all of the above

A polyp is a

projecting mass from an inner mucous membrane

Diffusion imaging relies on _____ aiding in diagnosis of early stroke.

random movement of water

Diffuse spread of malignant neoplasms by invasion into a natural body cavity is called

seeding

All of the following are personal protective equipment (PPE), except gown gloves mask sharps container

sharps container

Tumor cells of stratified squamous epithelium, which invade and destroy adjacent structures, make up

squamous cell carcinomas

Some bacterial organisms produce substances that cause damage to the tissue and incite the inflammatory process known as

toxins

The low-protein fluid associated with the inflammatory process as seen in pulmonary edema is called

transudate (The protein-rich exudate of inflammation must be differentiated from a transudate, a low-protein fluid, such as that seen in the pulmonary edema that develops in congestive heart failure.)

The first modality capable of producing images without the use of ionizing radiation was

ultrasound

The midpoint or center of the number of densities being viewed in a selected window on CT is the

window level

The proliferation of granulation tissue to repair an injury is an example of

hyperplasia

A disease process caused by physicians or their treatment is

iatrogenic

A basic reaction of the body to some form of injury is a

disease process

A gene always producing an effect regardless of whether the person is homozygous or heterozygous is named

dominant

A subcutaneous hematoma greater than 1 to 2 cm is called a(n)

ecchymosis

Localized _____ is produced in an inflammatory reaction as a result of a fluid accumulation.

edema

In ultrasound the high-frequency sound waves are produced by

electrical stimulation of a specialized crystal

The most common hereditary abnormality is

enzyme deficiency

Single-photon emission computed tomography took nuclear medicine imaging concepts and added the use of

gamma camera movement

The progression of a loss of oxygen and nutrients resulting in tissue necrosis, especially in the diabetic's foot, is called

gangrene

Assessing the aggressiveness or degree of malignancy is referred to as

grading

Window width in CT controls

gray scale

By selecting different pulses, sequences, and frequencies, the MR T1-weighted image produces images with a

high signal intensity (bright) fat, subacute hemorrhage, and contrast material

The retrovirus known to contribute to AIDS is

human immunodeficiency virus

Heat and redness associated with inflammation is produced by

hyperemia