Pathology Chapter 3 & AP ch 6

What is a common feature in Spondylosis?

Bone Spurs

Muscles named by location:

Brachialis Tibularis Anterior

Aponeurosis

Broad, flat sheet of tendon (think abdominal muscles)

What are common symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder?

Bruxism, popping sensation, ear pain

What is the perimysium?

CT that surrounds groups of 10-100 individual muscle fibers separating them into bundles called fascicles.

Sliding filament mechanism only occurs when ___________ is released into the sarcomere.

Calcium

What is Hiatial Hernia?

Chronic heartburn

Every part of the body is supported by a three dimensional matrix of ___________________.

Connective Tissue

What are the components of the Skeletal Muscle System?

Connective Tissue Muscle cells Tendons - cords Aponeurosis - sheets (attach to bone) Sensory cells

What is Hammertoe?

Contracture of toe muscles leading to permanent deformity

Muscles named by shape:

Deltoid Rhomboid

Functions of the Skeletal Muscle system

Excitability - can be stimulated by nerves Contractile - shortens p excitability Extensible - it lengthens Elastic - it rebounds

True or False: The force of muscle contraction always pulls on the origin.

False; pulls on insertion point

What is the toughest yet pliable sheet of CT that covers, divides, and supports all structures of the body?

Fascia

Muscles named by function:

Flexor Carpi Radialis Extensor Carpi Radialis

Adhesive Capsulitis is also known as ___________________.

Frozen shoulder

muscular dystrophy (MD)

Genetic condition causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles

Muscles names by size:

Gluteus Maximus Fibularis Brevis

The amount of force a muscle can exert is called a __________________.

Graded Response

Widow's Hump is another term for ______________.

Hyperkyphosis

Swayback is another term for _________________.

Hyperlordosis

Which protein is used when a muscle relaxes?

I-band protein (Myosin)

De Quervain's Tenosynovitis

Inflammation affecting tendons in the thumb

What is attached to the bone and moved by force of contraction? a) fulcrum b) parallel muscles c) origin d) insertion

Insertion

A _________ __________ carries signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement.

Motor Neuron

What condition is associated with the accumulation of Trigger Points (TPs)?

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

What is plantar fasciitis?

Pain on the bottom of the foot, typically distal to the calcaneous

Muscles named for # of origins:

Triceps Brachii Biceps Brachii

True or False? A muscle must originate and insert on different bones and will create movement in joints it crosses.

True

Osteoarthritis (OA):

Type of inflammation typically affecting synovial joints.

In order for movement to occur, the __________ muscle must release when the _________ is signaled to contract. This muscle reflex is called?

antagonist agonist reciprocal inhibition

What are myofibrils?

bundles of myofilaments that run the length of a fiber

in what type of isotonic contraction does a muscle as a whole shorten as the attachment points move closer together?

concentric

What is the epimysium?

covers the entire skeletal muscle

in what type of isotonic contraction does a muscle as a whole lengthen as the attachment points move farther away from each other?

eccentric

In Anaerobic cellular metabolism after muscle uses up creatine phosphate and ATP stored, it must begin to utilize glucose for energy through a process called ______________________________.

glycolysis

What keeps cells and fibers widely spaced?

ground substance

What is Hypertrophy?

increase in muscle size

Morton's Neuroma

inflammation of the nerve typically between the 3rd and 4th metatarsals

Osgood-Schlatter

inflammation of where the patellar ligament attaches at the tibial tuberosity

What type of contractions generate force but (do NOT produce movement? a) isotonic b) isometric c) concentric

isometric (example:pushing on a cement wall)

What type of contraction does create movement? a) isotonic b) isometric c) concentric d) Tonic

isotonic (example: lifting dumbells)

Without the presence of oxygen , pyruvic acid is converted into ____________ _________.

lactic acid

In an eccentric isotonic contraction, the muscle generates force as it _______________. a) shortens b) lengthens c) contracts

lengthens

A __________ __________ and all of the muscle fibers it innervates (stimulates motor contraction)

motor neuron

Located within the knobby ends of the neuron are vesicles that specialized "communicating" chemicals called _____________________.

neurotransmitters

A muscles ________ is the fixed non moving attachment. a) fulcrum b) parallel muscles c) origin d) insertion

origin

What is the sarcolemma?

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Baker's Cyst

popliteal cyst, a fluid filled sac behind the knee

Describe carpal tunnel syndrome

repetitive wrist and finger flexion resulting in pain and weakness in the hand.

The 3 key components to Lever Systems are... a) levers, fulcrums, attachments b) origin, insertion, joint c) resistance, force, effort d) isometric, isotonic, tetanic

resistance, force, effort

In a concentric isotonic contraction, the muscle generates force as it _______________. a)) shortens b) lengthens c) contracts

shortens

What is spondylolysis?

stress fracture and instability of the lower back

3 types of parallel muscle are....

1. Fusiform 2. Triangular 3. Circular

4 skeletal muscle functions

1. movement 2. posture 3. Stabilize joints 4. Generate heat

Dupuytren's contracture

A gradual thickening and tightening of tissue under the skin in the hand.

What is a Ganglion Cyst?

A painless bump, usually on the hand or foot

What is sponylolisthesis?

A spinal disorder in which a bone (vertebra) slips forward onto the bone below it.

What is Patellarfemoral pain?

A wearing down of the cartilage around the patella

Which protein is used when a muscle contracts?

A-band protein (Actin)

Energy for muscle contraction requires a breakdown of ________.

ADP

A contraction occurs when a chemical bond is formed between ___________ and ___________ myofilaments that pulls them together and increases the overlap between them.

Actin and Myosin

_________ ____________ is used when effort is sustained and there is sufficient oxygen supply.

Aerobic metabolism

What is Compartment Syndrome?

Pressure inside a tight fascial compartment that can lead to tissue damage.

Muscles named for direction:

Rectus Abdonimis External Oblique

What are the types of muscle tissue in the body?

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Pysiologic events involving calcium, myosin, ATP and Actin that create the shortening of the sarcomeres during muslce contraction is called _____________.

Sliding Filament Mechanism

What kind of muscle spasm serves an important function in healing?

Splinting

Muscles named for O/I:

Sternocleidomastoid Coracobrachialis

What is a myofibril?

These are long ribbonlike organelles. They are bundles of myofilaments. They are aligned to give distinct bands. I-band and A-band proteins (they give the muscle cell as a whole a striped appearance)

All or none response

Threshold stimulus

What is the endomysium?

a thin layer of CT surrounding each muscle fiber

In which situation is massage likely to have the best results: a) Strain b) Subluxation c) Rupture d) Dislocation

a) Strains