Pathology II - Cardiac
edema
Primary symptom associated w accumulation of lymph fluid in the body.
Correct Answer: streptococcus Rheumatic heart disease is caused following an abnormal immune response occurring a few weeks after exposure to certain strains of A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. Acute rheumatic fever causes fibrosis of heart valves, leading to crippling valvular heart disease, heart failure, and potentially death.
Rheumatic heart disease often occurs following an acute infection of what type of bacteria? streptococcus influenza staphylococcus escherichia coli
Correct Answer: systolic 130 - 139 mm Hg or diastolic 80-89 mm Hg Blood pressure categorization includes normal, elevated, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. Stage 1 hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure of 130 - 139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mm Hg.
Stage 1 hypertension is characterized by which systolic and diastolic blood pressure values respectively? systolic less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg systolic 120 - 129 mm Hg and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg systolic 130 - 139 mm Hg or diastolic 80-89 mm Hg systolic at least 140 mm Hg or diastolic at least 90 mm Hg
True
T/F: A blood pressure of 135/88 mmHg is considered stage 1 hypertension.
True
T/F: Heart failure often develops after other conditions have damaged or weakened the heart.
True
T/F: Regurgitation of blood in the heart is associated w a heart murmur.
True
T/F: The term "congestive heart failure" is associated w blood backing up into the liver, abdomen, LEs, and lungs.
compression
Type of garment often used to treat lymphedema.
Correct Answer: pericardial effusion Injury to the pericardium can cause pericarditis which progresses to pericardial effusion as fluid fills the pericardial sac. This event compresses the myocardium, causing problems in pumping efficiency.
What condition can result in the compression of the heart by fluid? pericardial effusion pulmonary effusion pleuritis heart valve insufficiency
Correct Answer: heart failure A progressive decrease in cardiac output that fails to meet the body's demand for blood and oxygen is consistent with heart failure. Heart failure can affect the right side, left side, or both sides of the heart but typically begins with the left ventricle. The condition can be acute or chronic.
What condition would be most commonly associated with a progressive decrease in cardiac output that fails to meet the body's demand for blood and oxygen? heart failure myocardial infarction coronary artery disease endocarditis
Correct Answer: myocardial infarction A condition commonly associated with a severe reduction or occlusion in coronary artery blood flow is myocardial infarction. Also known as a heart attack, most occur when a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque or blood clot blocks the flow of blood through a coronary artery.
What condition would be most commonly associated with coronary artery blood flow being severely reduced or completely cut off causing irreversible necrosis to the myocardium? heart failure myocardial infarction atherosclerosis myocarditis
Correct Answer: decrease in myocardial expansion Pericarditis refers to the inflammation surrounding the pericardium. This condition compromises cardiac function and contractility (i.e., decrease in myocardial expansion) as a result of the buildup of fluid in the pericardial space.
What deficit in myocardial performance is typically associated with pericarditis? decrease in myocardial expansion increase in ejection fraction decreased heart rate increased cardiac output
Correct Answer: increased right ventricle afterload Elevated pressures in the pulmonary artery lead to increased afterload for the right ventricle and subsequently, over time, lead to right ventricular failure.
What is the method by which pulmonary hypertension may lead to congestive heart failure? increased right ventricle preload increased left ventricle preload increased right ventricle afterload increased left ventricle afterload
30 minutes
What is the recommended minimum number of minutes of aerobic exercise per day for patients w HTN? 5 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes 60 minutes
Correct Answer: elevated creatine kinase levels Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that is found in cardiac muscle. When damage occurs to cardiac muscle, this enzyme is released from the cells into the blood. Elevated CK levels in the blood indicate that a myocardial infarction has recently occurred. The elevated levels usually return to normal within two days.
Which of the following abnormal lab values indicates the presence of an acute myocardial infarction? elevated creatine kinase levels elevated myoglobin levels elevated albumin levels elevated potassium levels
Correct Answer: development of pulmonary crackles with exercise Pulmonary crackles indicate an excess of fluid in the lungs and therefore worsening cardiac pump function.
Which of the following criteria indicates modification or termination of an exercise program for a patient with congestive heart failure? ejection fraction above 40% Borg rating of perceived exertion less than 3/10 mild dyspnea with ambulation development of pulmonary crackles with exercise
Correct Answer: congenital malformation of lymph vessels Lymphedema is a condition that results from a functional overload of the lymphatic system in which the lymph volume exceeds the transport capacity of the lymphatic system. Primary lymphedema is caused by congenital malformation of the lymphatic system, while secondary lymphedema is acquired, commonly secondary to surgical removal of lymph nodes, lymphatic infection, trauma or radiation therapy for cancer.
Which of the following etiologies would result in primary lymphedema? radiation therapy for cancer surgical removal of lymph nodes congenital malformation of lymph vessels lymphatic infection
loss of sensation in the L arm
Which of the following is least commonly associated w myocardial infarction? sensation of pressure + pain in the chest nausea pain in the UEs loss of sensation in the L arm palpitations
Correct Answer: increased fluid retention Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart can no longer meet the metabolic demands of the body. The heart's inability to pump a sufficient amount of blood occurs when there is insufficient or defective cardiac filling and/or impaired contraction and emptying of the heart. Weight gain primarily results from an increase in the amount of fluid in the body.
Why would a patient with congestive heart failure tend to experience a rapid weight gain? increased blood volume increased stroke volume increased fluid retention increased blood pressure
Rheumatic
_________ fever is an inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of untreated or poorly treated strep throat from group A streptococcus bacteria.
auscultation
Method used to detect a heart murmur.
coronary
Most heart attacks occur when a ruptured atheroclerotic plaque or blood clot blocks the flow of blood through a __________ artery.
Correct Answer: 30 minutes Myocardial injury is potentially reversible for the first 30 minutes following onset with progressive loss of viable tissue occurring from 30 minutes up to 6-12 hours post onset.
Myocardial injury is potentially reversible for how long following onset? 30 minutes 1 hour 6 hours 12 hours
heart murmur
Name the condition: An abnormal swishing or whooshing sound audible during the cardiac cycle.
lymphedema
Name the condition: Edema, or swelling, due to an accumulation of lymph in the extremities.
peripheral arterial disease
Name the condition: Stenotic, occlusive, + aneurysmal diseases of the aorta + peripheral arteries.
myocarditis
Name the condition: Weakness or inflammation of cardiac muscle.
stage 2 HTN
A blood pressure reading of 145/94 mmHg would be considered: normal elevated stage 1 HTN stage 2 HTN
atherosclerosis
A cause of peripheral arterial disease.
Correct Answer: stenotic Stenosis refers to an abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body. When a heart valve does not open completely it is considered to be "stenotic," usually due to stiffness. The limited opening creates turbulent blood flow as blood is forced through the narrow opening.
A heart valve that does not open completely is considered: incompetent closed insufficient stenotic
cyanosis
A possible sign of an abnormal heart murmur.
Correct Answer: mitral valve Mitral valve prolapse is a condition where the two valve flaps of the mitral valve do not close evenly or smoothly. The prolapsed valve often allows a small amount of blood to leak backward through the valve, which may result in a heart murmur.
A prolapsed valve in the heart is most likely to affect the: aortic valve mitral valve tricuspid valve pulmonary valve
stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel.
coronary
Artery involved in a myocardial infarction.
myocardium
Cardiac muscle.
smoking
Common social habit of patients w peripheral arterial disease.
regurgitation
Damage to one or more of the heart's valves results in ________ or stenosis of blood flow.
Correct Answer: sitting When the effects of gravity are minimized, a greater volume of blood returns to the heart. This increased volume of blood places greater load or stretch on the heart causing blood to back up into the lungs and exacerbate signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Patients with congestive heart failure tolerate the upright position better since gravity slows the return of blood to the heart.
Patients with congestive heart failure would most likely tolerate which position best? Trendelenburg position sitting supine left sidelying
pericarditis
Heart condition often associated w chest trauma.
bacterial infection
Heart failure is commonly associated w all of the following except: coronary artery disease diabetes mellitus bacterial infection myocardial infarction
lubricating
Function of fluid between the layers of the myocardium.
