Pathophys 7: CH 44, 45, 47, 51, 52

What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells? a. Absence b. Idiopathic c. Partial d. Epileptic

a

A risk factor for osteoporosis is a. late menopause. b. endometriosis. c. early menopause. d. ovarian cysts.

c

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include a. dysrhythmias. b. acute hypertension. c. atherosclerosis. d. sedentary lifestyle.

b

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is a. osteopenia. b. rickets. c. Paget disease. d. osteosarcoma.

b

The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the a. skull. b. lower spine. c. joints. d. pelvis.

b

The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that a. cardiovascular regulation is impaired. b. the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia. c. the brainstem is depressed. d. neurons are unable to transport glucose.

b

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to a. unknown etiologic factors. b. septic joint inflammation and necrosis. c. autoimmune mechanisms. d. wear and tear on weight-bearing joints.

c

Tophi are a. painful edematous joints. b. spots that coalesce in a malar rash. c. deposits of urate crystals in tissues. d. renal calculi composed of uric acid.

c

_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord. a. Spina bifida occulta b. Meningomyelocele c. Meningocele d. Myelomeningocele

c

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of a. muscle atrophy. b. contractures. c. head pain. d. tender point pain.

d

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by a. immune mechanisms leading to widespread joint inflammation. b. loss of articular cartilage in weight-bearing joints. c. excessive bone remodeling leading to soft bone. d. inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints.

d

Enteropathic arthritis is associated with a. chronic diarrhea. b. irritable bowel syndrome. c. chronic constipation. d. inflammatory bowel disease.

d

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on a. risk factor modification. b. neurologic rehabilitation. c. prevention of bedsores and contractures. d. stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function.

d

It is true that encephalitis is usually a. because of a bacterial infection in the CNS. b. fatal. c. asymptomatic. d. because of a viral infection in brain cells.

d

It is true that scleroderma involves a. autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors. b. inflammation caused by antigenic fragments of dead organisms. c. infection by beta-hemolytic streptococcus. d. inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue.

d

Pain in fibromyalgia involves a. autoimmune destruction of muscle tissue. b. muscle inflammation. c. nerve inflammation. d. changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord.

d

The stage of spinal shock that follows spinal cord injury is characterized by a. motor spasticity and hyperreflexia below the level of injury. b. reflex urination and defecation. c. autonomic dysreflexia. d. absent spinal reflexes below the level of injury.

d

To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should a. refrain from washing the affected areas. b. avoid excessive use of moisturizers. c. apply warm, wet compresses daily. d. avoid sun exposure.

d

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission? a. Slower rate of action potential conduction b. Increased rate of action potential conduction c. Faster rate of repolarization d. Facilitation of action potential initiation

a

Ankylosing spondylitis causes a. intervertebral joint fusion. b. instability of synovial joints. c. costal cartilage degeneration. d. temporomandibular joint degeneration.

a

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to a. initiate action to have the cast split or removed. b. note the increase in pain in his chart, and recheck the extremity in 30 minutes. c. increase the administration his pain medication. d. elevate the extremity to relieve swelling.

a

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by a. hypertension and bradycardia. b. hypotension and shock. c. extreme pain below the level of injury. d. pallor and vasoconstriction above the level of injury.

a

Bone healing may be impaired by a. nicotine use. b. excessive vitamin C. c. immobilization. d. a high-protein diet.

a

It is true that Bell palsy is a a. paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. b. painful neuropathic pain affecting the trigeminal nerve. c. herpetic outbreak in a facial dermatome. d. permanent facial paralysis after stroke.

a

Referred pain may be perceived at some distance from the area of tissue injury, but generally felt a. within the same dermatome. b. with slightly less intensity. c. within 10 to 15 cm area. d. on the same side of the body.

a

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which a. injury is localized to the site of initial impact. b. focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles. c. bleeding from venules fills the subdural space. d. widespread neuronal damage is incurred.

b

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to a. muscle necrosis. b. soft-tissue damage. c. bone infarction. d. breakdown of RBCs.

b

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with a. debilitating joint pain and stiffness. b. systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system. c. changes in activities of daily living. d. improvement in symptoms with aspirin therapy.

b

Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning? a. Eyes open to light touch on shoulder, pupils briskly reactive to light bilaterally b. Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response c. No eye opening, responds to painful stimulus by withdrawing d. Spontaneous eye opening, movement to command, oriented to self only

b

"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is a. "Yes; with increasing age, the inflammation from repeated joint use accumulates and causes the cartilage to get thin and ragged until it disappears." b. "Yes; repeated use just wears out the cartilage, until it becomes thin and denuded. That causes pain and will eventually cause joint inflammation." c. "No; autoimmune cells infiltrate the joint and collect on the cartilage in a mass called 'pannus' that eventually thins and destroys the cartilage." d. "No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."

d

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for a. malunion. b. nonunion. c. dysunion. d. delayed healing.

d

What type of fracture generally occurs in children? a. Stress b. Nightstick c. Greenstick d. Colles

c

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be a. an autoimmune process. b. because of an enzymatic defect. c. an infective process. d. caused by bacterial infection.

a

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of a. vitamin D. b. calcium. c. estrogen. d. phosphate.

a

Systemic disorders include a. rheumatoid arthritis. b. verrucae. c. osteoarthritis. d. adhesive capsulitis.

a

The initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on a. maintaining an airway. b. documenting the seizure pattern. c. administering anticonvulsant medication. d. obtaining an EEG.

a

Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease a. increased protein is found in a lumbar puncture. b. a brain biopsy demonstrating organic changes is necessary. c. other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out. d. biochemical tests for aluminum toxicity must be positive.

c

It is true that epidural bleeding is a. located between the arachnoid and the dura mater. b. usually because of venous leakage. c. characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury. d. associated with widespread vascular disruption.

c

Orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of a. multiple sclerosis. b. Alzheimer disease. c. Parkinson disease. d. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

c

Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of a. injury to the joint. b. arthritis. c. hematogenous transfer. d. defective replacement material.

c