Pathophysiology: Ch. 4- Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

____________Cell death that involves orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles

Apoptosis

________A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests some of its own components

Autophagy

Choose the characteristic(s) of apoptosis. You may select more than one answer. Choose all that apply. 43. Write the letters of your choice(s) here:_______ A. Cell is damaged by its own lysosomal enzymes. B. Cell shrinks when its cytoskeleton is dismantled. C. Cell injury is reversible if nutrients are restored in time. D. Process causes inflammation. E. Sections of the cell bud off into vesicles. F. Cell swells when osmosis occurs. G. Process occurs when caspases are inactivated.

B and E

Write the letters here in the correct order of the steps: _________ A. ATP supply decreases within the cell. B. Acute obstruction of coronary artery cuts off arterial blood supply to myocardium. C. Cell runs on anaerobic metabolism because of lack of oxygen. D. Cell bursts and spills its contents into the interstitial fluid. E. Active transport of ions across the cell membrane slows. F. Lysosomal enzymes destroy components of their own cell. G. Osmosis causes cell swelling, and calcium accumulates in the cell. H. Organelles, including lysosomes, swell and rupture.

B,C,A,E,G,H,F,D

_________Area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes

Caseous necrosis

_________Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque

Coagulative necrosis

1. Which of the following is the most common cause of cellular injury? A. Hypoxia B. Chemical injury from drugs C. Free radical-induced injury D. Chemical injury from pollutants

Correct Answer: A

3. Which statement is TRUE with regard to cellular change due to aging? A. The cellular changes are reversible. B. DNA becomes less susceptible to injurious stimuli. C. The cellular changes proceed slowly and in small increments. D. Lipid, calcium, and plasma proteins are less likely to be deposited in vessel walls.

Correct Answer: C

2. Which type of necrosis best describes death of a cell from hypoxia, generally as a result of ischemia in the lower extremities? A. Fat B. Coagulative C. Liquefactive D. Gangrenous

Correct Answer: D

__________An atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron

Free radical

_______Area of cell death in which cells are digested by their own enzymes, becoming soft and runny

Liquefactive necrosis

___________Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death

Livor mortis

Melanin is synthesized by epidermal cells called _________ and accumulates in other epidermal cells called_________ .

Melanocytes; keratinocytes

______Stiffening of skeletal muscles after death

Rigor mortis

Liver enzymes metabolize most blood ethanol to_________ , which damages tissues.

acetaldehyde

During apoptosis, cell contents are contained in vesicles called_____ , which are removed by__________ .

apoptotic bodies; phagocytosis

Dysplasia also is called (normal, atypical) hyperplasia.

atypical

Release of (potassium, calcium) ions from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell.

calcium

Active tuberculosis is characterized by_____ necrosis, whereas death of brain cells is characterized by____ necrosis.

caseous; liquefactive

Active enzymes that dismantle the cellular components during apoptosis are called_______ .

caspases

Postmortem changes (involve, do not involve) the inflammatory response.

do not involve

Gangrene occurs when cells die of (hypoxia, trauma) and (poisoning, bacterial invasion).

hypoxia, bacterial invasion

Compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anaerobic metabolism produce (more, less) ATP and (more, less) lactic acid.

less, more

Cell death by (necrosis, apoptosis) causes inflammation, but cell death by (necrosis, apoptosis) does not.

necrosis, apoptosis

When excessive reactive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems,______ occurs.

oxidative stress

Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if______ is supplied quickly.

oxygen

Death of the entire person is called ______ death.

somatic

The most important way to prevent medication-related poisoning deaths in children is safe (storage, prescribing) of medications.

storage

Reactive oxygen species, such as (superoxide radicals, superoxide dismutase) damage cells by attacking their (potassium, membranes).

superoxide radicals; membranes