Pathophysiology Final

Which of the folloing is not associated with socioeconomic factors that influence disease development? a.genetics. b.environmental toxins. c.overcrowding. d.nutrition. e.hygiene.

a. genetics

Mr. Nguyen, is an 89 y.o. male with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. He presents in the emergency department with acute onset of loss of balance and left sided weakness. A STAT CT scan confirms Mr. Nguyen has a thrombosis in his cerebral vasculature causing an ischemic stroke. As the nurse, you expect orders to administer a. intravenous alteplase (tPA). b. intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH). c. subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). d. intravenous factor VII replacement.

a. intravenous alteplase (tPA).

The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called a.tophaceous gout. b.gouty arthritis. c.complicated gout. d.asymptomatic hyperuricemia.

a.tophaceous gout.

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn is most likely experiencing a.vitamin K deficiency bleeding. b.acquired vitamin K deficiency. c.von Willebrand disease. d.disseminated intravascular coagulation.

a.vitamin K deficiency bleeding.

A patient is receiving heparin intravenous therapy as part of the treatment for a pulmonary embolism. The nurse monitors the results of which laboratory test to check the drug's effectiveness? a.Platelet count b.Activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) c.Prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) d.Vitamin K levels

b.Activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the a.membrane. b.DNA. c.RNA. d.ribosomes.

b.DNA

A patient is being discharged on anticoagulant therapy. The nurse will include in the patient-education conversation that it is important to avoid herbal products that contain which substance? a.Valerian b.Ginkgo c.Soy d.Saw palmetto

b.Ginkgo

The nurse notes in a patient's medication history that the patient is taking allopurinol (Zyloprim). Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? a.Rheumatoid arthritis b.Gout c.Osteoarthritis d.Systemic lupus erythematosus

b.Gout

Hydropic swelling is a sign of cellular injury associated with a.irreversible injury. b.Na+ K+ pump dysfunction. c.aging. d.excess fat intake.

b.Na+ K+ pump dysfunction.

CASE STUDY: Mrs. Patel, a 68y old widow living at home alone, is being seen in clinic today with reports of a wound on her right foot she first noticed two weeks ago that is getting progressively larger. Her past medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, and renal insufficiency. She also suffered from a stroke last year that left her with right-sided weakness, now requiring the use of a wheelchair. Wound care options for Mrs. Patel may include all of the following, except a. non-adhesive dressing. b. antibotic therapy. c. compression therapy. d. debridement.

c. compression therapy.

A patient has been prescribed warfarin (Coumadin) in addition to a heparin infusion. The patient asks the nurse why he has to be on two medications. The nurse's response is based on which rationale? a.The oral and injection forms work synergistically. b.The combination of heparin and an oral anticoagulant results in fewer adverse effects than heparin used alone. c.Oral anticoagulants are used to reach an adequate level of anticoagulation when heparin alone is unable to do so. d.Heparin is used to start anticoagulation so as to allow time for the blood levels of warfarin to reach adequate levels.

d.Heparin is used to start anticoagulation so as to allow time for the blood levels of warfarin to reach adequate levels.

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a.Norepinephrine b.Cortisol c.Epinephrine d.Insulin

d.Insulin

As a patient is receiving thrombolytic therapy, the nurse monitors the patient for adverse effects. What is the most common undesirable effect of thrombolytic therapy? a.Dysrhythmias b.Nausea and vomiting c.Anaphylactic reactions d.Internal and superficial bleeding

d.Internal and superficial bleeding

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the adrenals and are mediated by a.norepinephrine and insuln. b.cortisol and epinephrine. c.glucagon and testosterone. d.ACTH nd ACH.

d.ACTH nd ACH.

When administering heparin subcutaneously, the nurse will follow which procedure? a.Aspirating the syringe before injecting the medication. b.Massaging the site after injection. c.Applying heat to the injection site. d.Avoiding the umbilicus, incisions, wounds, and device insertion sites.

d.Avoiding the umbilicus, incisions, wounds, and device insertion sites.

A male patient with thrombocytopenia is involved in a motor vehicle accident and is brought to the emergency department with acute flank pain. This patient could potentially exhibit any of the following signs of bleeding, except a.Hematuria b.Melena c.Hematemesis d.Menorrhagia e.Hemoptysis

d.Menorrhagia

Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes a.lesions affecting the palms of hands and the soles of feet. b.dry, scaly patches in the antecubital area and behind the knees. c.cracked, scaly areas in the webs of fingers. d.a butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose.

d.a butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose.

The nurse is caring for a patient receiving IV heparin therapy for treatment of a pulmonary embolus. The patient is being converted to warfarin (Coumadin) therapy. The following two questions relate to nursing considerations when caring for this patient: Which of the following should the nurse include when providing dietary teaching for the patient receiving warfarin (Coumadin) therapy? a.Avoid drinking large amounts of green tea. b.Cranberry juice will provide you with needed nutrients while taking Coumadin. c.You must never eat spinach. d.You can only eat broccoli once a month.

a.Avoid drinking large amounts of green tea.

What is the most common, benign form of skin cancer? a.Basal b.Squamous c.Melanoma d.Actinic keratosis

a.Basal

What type of fracture generally occurs in children? a.Greenstick b.Stress c.Nightstick d.Colles

a.Greenstick

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency? a.Liver b.Kidney c.Spleen d.Pancreas

a.Liver

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency? a.Osteomalacia b.Osteopenia c.Osteomyelitis d.Osteoporosis

a.Osteomalacia

During assessment of a patient with osteoarthritis pain, the nurse knows that which condition is a contraindication to the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? a.Renal disease b.Diabetes mellitus c.Headaches d.Rheumatoid arthritis

a.Renal disease

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except a.aldosterone. b.cortisol. c.norepinephrine. d.epinephrine.

a.aldosterone.

A fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as a.comminuted. b.open. c.greenstick. d.stress.

a.comminuted

A major difference between a vesicle and a wheal is that vesicles a.contain fluid, but wheals are edematous tissue. b.are palpable, but a wheal is not. c.are larger than wheals. d.are smaller than wheals.

a.contain fluid, but wheals are edematous tissue.

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to all of the following except a.decreased blood pressure. b.increased sodium retention. c.decreased urinary output. d.increased blood volume.

a.decreased blood pressure.

Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is a.development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum. b.leukocyte infiltration into bone tissue. c.blood vessel growth at the fracture site. d.migration of osteoblasts to the fracture site.

a.development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is a.energy and repair. b.invoke resting state. c.produce exhaustion. d.set a new baseline steady-state.

a.energy and repair.

Acute, painful inflammation with vesicles along the distribution of a spinal nerve (dermatome) is characteristic of a.herpes zoster. b.herpes simplex. c.human papillomavirus. d.tinea.

a.herpes zoster.

The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves a.immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage. b.free radicals attaching to the synovial membrane and tunneling into articular cartilage. c.excessive wear and tear and microtrauma that damage articular cartilage. d.cysts developing in subchondral bone and creating fissures in articular cartilage.

a.immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage.

It is true that scleroderma involves a.inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue. b.autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors. c.infection by beta-hemolytic streptococcus. d.inflammation caused by antigenic fragments of dead organisms.

a.inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue.

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by a.inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints. b.loss of articular cartilage in weight-bearing joints. c.excessive bone remodeling leading to soft bone. d.immune mechanisms leading to widespread joint inflammation.

a.inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints.

The organelle that contains enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP is the a.mitochondria. b.ribosome. c.lysosome. d.nucleus.

a.mitochondria

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a.necrosis. b.metaplasia. c.atrophy. d.hyperplasia.

a.necrosis

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a.primary prevention. b.secondary prevention. c.tertiary prevention. d.disease treatment.

a.primary prevention.

Psoriasis is characterized by a.silvery scale on the skin. b.itching, oozing rash. c.thickened, discolored nails. d.whitish coating on the tongue.

a.silvery scale on the skin.

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be a.systemic manifestations of inflammation. b.localized pain in weight-bearing joints. c.reduced excretion of uric acid by the kidney. d.firm, crystallized nodules or "tophi" at the affected joints.

a.systemic manifestations of inflammation.

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of a.tender point pain. b.head pain. c.contractures. d.muscle atrophy.

a.tender point pain.

Jean is a 28-year-old woman with chronic back pain subsequent to a motor vehicle collision she suffered at age 22. She is currently in the hospital in preparation for back surgery scheduled for the next day. Jean reports that she seems to have been experiencing colds more frequently since her back injury 6 years ago. Considering the physiologic effects of allostatic overload/chronic stress, you know that a.the immune system may be compromised. b.this is unrelated to her chronic stress. c.excessive secretion of endorphins increases sensitivity to viruses. d.the pain medication for her back probably has affected her coping skills.

a.the immune system may be compromised.

Metaplasia is a.the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b.the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. c.an irreversible cellular adaptation. d.the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.

a.the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to all of the following, except a. cardiovascular disease. b. improved immune function. c.impaired cognitive function. d.depression.

b. improved immune function.

Jean's preoperative laboratory tests show a slightly elevated glucose level. This may be attributed to a.her normal saline infusion. b.increased cortisol release in response to stress. c.decreased physical activity while in the hospital. d.a side effect of her medication.

b. increased cortisol release in response to stress.

Marge is a 42-year-old woman who works full time as a legal secretary and has three children, ages 6, 9, and 11 years. She was divorced 6 months ago and relocated to a new school district. Her children are adjusting to school, but Marge has not established any friendships in the neighborhood. She presents in the clinic today with a severe migraine headache that has not responded to her usual dose of ibuprofen. Marge indicates that she does not think her migraines are a result of stress because her sister is in a much worse life situation than she is and does not get migraines. Which of the following statements is the best reply? a.Perhaps your sister's situation is not as bad as you think it is. b.People respond to stressful situations in different ways. c.Migraines are always stress related. d.Perhaps your sister has better coping skills.

b.People respond to stressful situations in different ways.

A patient who has been anticoagulated with warfarin (Coumadin) has been admitted for gastrointestinal bleeding. The history and physical examination indicates that the patient may have taken too much warfarin. The nurse anticipates that the patient will receive which antidote? a.Vitamin E b.Vitamin K c.Protamine sulfate d.Potassium chloride

b.Vitamin K

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be a.caused by bacterial infection. b.an autoimmune process. c.an infective process. d.because of an enzymatic defect.

b.an autoimmune process.

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a.atrophy. b.death. c.proliferation. d.mutation.

b.death

Signs/symptoms of Lyme disease include all of the following, except a.fever and chills. b.diffuse rash. c.arthritic pain. d.headache. e.myalgia.

b.diffuse rash.

Widespread abnormal activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called a.hemophilia B. b.disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). c.liver disease. d.idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura.

b.disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic (precancerous) is a.anaplasia. b.dysplasia. c.metaplasia. d.hyperplasia.

b.dysplasia

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of a.platelet function. b.extrinsic pathway. c.intrinsic pathway. d.fibrinolysis.

b.extrinsic pathway.

The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in a.clot formation. b.fibrinolysis. c.platelet aggregation. d.activation of thrombin.

b.fibrinolysis.

An increase in organ size caused by increased workload is termed a.atrophy. b.hypertrophy. c.metaplasia d.inflammation

b.hypertrophy.

CASE STUDY: Julio is 10 years old and came to the urgent care center after falling from his bicycle. An x-ray reveals an oblique fracture of the radius. Julio is otherwise healthy, normal in his growth and development, and has no known allergies. Assessment of Julio's arm six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to a.increase the administration his pain medication. b.initiate action to have the cast split or removed. c.note the increase in pain in his chart, and recheck the extremity in 30 minutes. d.elevate the extremity to relieve swelling.

b.initiate action to have the cast split or removed.

It is true that vitiligo a.occurs as a result of a genetic lack of melanin production. b.is a depigmented patch of skin. c.occurs most commonly in light-skinned individuals. d.is a warning sign for malignant melanoma.

b.is a depigmented patch of skin.

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. a.prodromal b.latent c.sequela d.convalescence

b.latent

Somatic death refers to death a.of a body organ. b.of the entire organism. c.of nerve cells. d.secondary to brain damage.

b.of the entire organism.

The nurse is caring for a patient receiving IV heparin therapy for treatment of a pulmonary embolus. The patient is being converted to warfarin (Coumadin) therapy. The following two questions relate to nursing considerations when caring for this patient: Nursing considerations for conversion of IV heparin to oral warfarin (Coumadin) therapy will include: a.immediate discontinuation of IV heparin and administration of oral warfarin (Coumadin) therapy only. b.overlapping therapy of IV heparin and oral warfarin may take up to five days. c.monitoring the PT/INR and stopping the I.V. heparin when the INR is 1.0. d. dosage of warfarin is always 1 mg PO daily.

b.overlapping therapy of IV heparin and oral warfarin may take up to five days.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may be treated with heparin therapy to a.enhance fibrinolysis. b.reduce clotting factor consumption. c.activate platelets. d.enhance liver synthesis of clotting factors.

b.reduce clotting factor consumption.

Osteoclast activity leads to a.hardening of the bones. b.resorption of bone. c.deposition of bone. d.arthritis.

b.resorption of bone.

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is a.a sore throat. b.streptococcal infection. c.genetic susceptibility. d.pharyngitis.

b.streptococcal infection.

The structures that connect muscle to bone are referred to as a.ligaments. b.tendons. c.trabeculae. d.synovial sheaths.

b.tendons

Julio's father asks "how can you tell when the fracture has completely healed?" Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when a.no movement of the break is detectable. b.the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone. c.the fracture site and surrounding soft tissue are pain free. d.a cast is no longer required to stabilize the break.

b.the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone.

The activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is a measure of the integrity of a.the extrinsic pathway. b.the intrinsic pathway. c.factor VIII synthesis. d.plasminogen.

b.the intrinsic pathway.

CASE STUDY: Mrs. Patel, a 68y old widow living at home alone, is being seen in clinic today with reports of a wound on her right foot she first noticed two weeks ago that is getting progressively larger. Her past medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, and renal insufficiency. She also suffered from a stroke last year that left her with rigth-sided weakness, now requiring the use of a wheelchair. During assessment of Mrs. Patel, the nurse notes both lower extremities are cool to touch. On the right foot is an area with loss of epidermis, foul smelling, purulent drainage and erythematous borders. Possible contributing factors for this patient presentation include all of the following except a. diabetic neuropathy. b. arterial insufficiency. c. fungal infestation. d. bacterial infection.

c. fungal infestation.

CASE STUDY: Julio is 10 years old and came to the urgent care center after falling from his bicycle. An x-ray reveals an oblique fracture of the radius. Julio is otherwise healthy, normal in his growth and development, and has no known allergies. Julio's father asks the nurse if he should use aspirin to reduce the pain in Julio's arm. What is the best response by the nurse? a."It's best to wait to see if the pain gets worse." b."You can use the aspirin, but watch for worsening symptoms." c."Ibuprophen (Advil) should be used to reduce pain, not aspirin." d."You can use aspirin, but be sure to follow the instructions on the bottle."

c."Ibuprophen (Advil) should be used to reduce pain, not aspirin."

The nurse is reviewing the therapeutic effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which include which effect? a.Anxiolytic b.Sedative c.Antipyretic d.Antimicrobial

c.Antipyretic

A 75-year-old man fell at home and hit his head against a table. His wife reports to their daughter that he does not have cuts or scratches, but there is a small lump on his upper scalp. She does not see any blood. He is taking warfarin and an antidysrhythmic as part of his treatment for chronic atrial fibrillation. What is the main concern at this time? a.Pressure should be applied to the lump for 3 to 5 minutes b.He will need to take two doses of warfarin tonight to prevent blood clotting. c.He needs to be examined for possible internal bleeding from the fall. d.As long as there is no bleeding, there is no concern.

c.He needs to be examined for possible internal bleeding from the fall.

Which of the following is an example of a clinical symptom of disease or illness? a.Runny nose b.Fever c.Headache d.Yellow sputum

c.Headache

A patient has received an overdose of intravenous heparin, and is showing signs of excessive bleeding. Which substance is the antidote for heparin overdose? a.Vitamin E b.Vitamin K c.Protamine sulfate d.Potassium chloride

c.Protamine sulfate

The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is a.bone infection. b.fat emboli. c.air embolus. d.compartment syndrome.

c.air embolus.

Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by a.bacterial infection. b.trauma. c.autoimmune injury. d.congenital hypermobility.

c.autoimmune injury.

Impetigo is a skin infection caused by a.fungus. b.yeast. c.bacteria. d.parasite.

c.bacteria

Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes a.measles. b.mumps. c.chickenpox. d.rubella.

c.chickenpox.

Mrs. Smith a 69 y.o. female has been admitted to the Rehab unit one week after R hip replacement. The patient has an order: Heparin 5000 units Subcut BID at 0900 and 2100. Today you heard in morning report that your patient is going to be scheduled for an endoscopy at 11am. Pt has been NPO since MN. As the nurse planning for Mrs.Smith's morning medicaion administraion, you would a.prepare to give the heparin as ordered. b.ask the patient if she would like juice with her medications. c.contact the ordering provider to hold the 0900 dose of heparin. d. cancel the endoscopy procedure.

c.contact the ordering provider to hold the 0900 dose of heparin.

Treatment for hemophilia A includes a.heparin administration. b.vitamin K replacement. c.factor VIII replacement. d.platelet transfusion.

c.factor VIII replacement.

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of a.excessive production of connective tissue. b.formation of osteophytes in tissues. c.immune injury to basement membranes. d.impaired tissue oxygen transport.

c.immune injury to basement membranes.

A physiologic response to the release of catecholamines during the alarm stage of stress response would be: a.increased gastrointestinal motility b.constriction of the pupils c.increased glycogenolysis d.decreased heart rate

c.increased glycogenolysis

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. a.coagulative b.caseous c.liquefactive d.fat

c.liquefactive

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs a.conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. b.tissue factor release. c.platelet activation. d.platelet production.

c.platelet activation.

Deep pressure ulcers usually a.appear first as reddened areas that do not blanch. b.begin in the dermal and epidermal skin layers. c.result from lack of perfusion of deep vessels. d.are an unavoidable consequence of immobility.

c.result from lack of perfusion of deep vessels.

Itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists are associated with a.tick bites. b.Rocky Mountain spotted fever. c.scabies. d.contact dermatitis.

c.scabies.

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of a.primary prevention. b.secondary prevention. c.tertiary prevention. d.disease treatment.

c.tertiary prevention.

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by a.platelet factors. b.collagen exposure. c.tissue factor. d.factor VII.

c.tissue factor.

CASE STUDY: Julio is 10 years old and came to the urgent care center after falling from his bicycle. An x-ray reveals an oblique fracture of the radius. Julio is otherwise healthy, normal in his growth and development, and has no known allergies. Juilo's fractured arm is immobilized with a full length cast. With a new cast and possible continued swelling from the injury, Julio will be monitored for development of compartment syndrome. Signs or sympotoms of compartment syndrome include all of the following except a. decreased movement of the hand and/or fingers. b. the hand and fingers are cool to touch. c. decreased sensation of the hand or fingers. d. a capillary refill time of less than 2 seconds.

d. a capillary refill time of less than 2 seconds.

Mr. Nguyen, is an 89 y.o. male with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. He presents in the emergency department with acute onset of loss of balance and left sided weakness. Additional s/s of acute ischemic stroke include all of the following, except a.acute onset facial droop or asymmetry. b.acute onset of loss of vision in one or both eyes. c.acute onset of difficulty speaking or understanding speech. d.acute onset chest pain or shortness of breath.

d.acute onset chest pain or shortness of breath.

A commonly ingested over-the-counter (OTC) substance associated with delayed hemostasis is a.acetaminophen. b.tobacco. c.caffeine. d.aspirin.

d.aspirin

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for a.rhabdomyolysis. b.osteomyelitis. c.osteomalacia. d.bone fractures.

d.bone fractures.

The electrolyte that must be present in cellular cytoplasm for muscle contraction to occur is a.potassium. b.sodium. c.magnesium. d.calcium.

d.calcium

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is caused by a.parasitic infestation of the skin. b.superficial staphylococcal infection. c.superficial fungal infection. d.contact with skin irritants.

d.contact with skin irritants.

The correct sequence of bone healing following fracture is a.hematoma formation, callous formation, fibrocartilage formation, ossification, remodeling. b.hematoma formation, callous formation, fibrocartilage formation, remodeling, ossification. c.callous formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, ossification, remodeling. d.hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, callous formation, ossification, remodeling.

d.hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, callous formation, ossification, remodeling.

Marge is a 42-year-old woman who works full time as a legal secretary and has three children, ages 6, 9, and 11 years. She was divorced 6 months ago and relocated to a new school district. Her children are adjusting to school, but Marge has not established any friendships in the neighborhood. She presents in the clinic today with a severe migraine headache that has not responded to her usual dose of ibuprofen. Because stress or allostatic overload is believed to be a significant factor in the etiologic progression of a migraine headache, it may be helpful to suggest that Marge: a.avoid medicating her migraines. b.eliminate stressful situations. c.cope more effectively. d.identify precipitating stressors and initiate preventative measures.

d.identify precipitating stressors and initiate preventative measures.

Gouty arthritis is a complication of a.group A streptococcal infection. b.autoimmune destruction of joint collagen. c.excessive production of urea. d.inadequate renal excretion of uric acid.

d.inadequate renal excretion of uric acid.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is a.hydropic swelling. b.lactate production. c.metaplasia. d.intracellular accumulations.

d.intracellular accumulations.

The effect of stress on the immune system a.is unknown. b.has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. c.most often involves enhancement of the immune system. d.may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

d.may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

The cancer considered to be the most malignant is a.hyperkeratosis. b.basal cell carcinoma. c.squamous cell carcinoma. d.melanoma.

d.melanoma

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except a.tachycardia. b.diaphoresis. c.increased peripheral resistance. d.pupil constriction.

d.pupil constriction.

Corticosteroids are commonly administered for the management of skin disorders because they a.are analgesics b.prevent infection. c.enhance collagen production. d.reduce inflammation.

d.reduce inflammation.

Which of the following is not included in Primary disease prevention? a.the goal to prevent disease or injury before it occurs. b.altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors through education. c.immunization against infectious diseases. d.rehabilitation programs.

d.rehabilitation programs.

Osteomalacia (Rickets in children) is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of a.calcium. b.estrogen. c.phosphate. d.vitamin D.

d.vitamin D.