Pathophysiology Test 1 (1-13)

How does the body react to the injection of tattoo pigments?

Pigment is encapsulated into residual bodies.

Which client manifestation indicates signs of drug fever?

Temperature reaches 40°C (104°F) every afternoon, pulse 76 beats/minute, pruritis

A client with cancer has developed bone metastasis and is experiencing a rapid decline in bone density. What is an implication of this process?

The client is prone to calcification in the lungs, renal tubules, and blood vessels.

A client has been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease that affects the structure and function of collagen. The nurse should expect to assess this client for:

signs of connective tissue weakness.

Which cellular dysfunction is responsible for the manifestations of cystic fibrosis?

Abnormal chloride channel proteins allow increased sodium and water reabsorption.

Select the statement that best describes stem cells.

"Benign tumor-like mass"

What statement made by the student nurse demonstrates that teaching about the Kreb's cycle has been effective?

"It provides the final common pathway for the metabolism of nutrients."

A health educator is teaching a group of colleagues about the physiology of thermoregulation. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

"Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exerts a direct fever-producing effect on the hypothalamus."

As part of a first aid class, a health care instructor is teaching a group of industrial workers about how electrical injuries can cause cell damage. Which of the statements made by one of the workers indicate that further teaching is necessary?

"The greater the skin resistance, the greater the amount of deep and systemic damage a victim is likely to incur."

Many molecular mechanisms mediate cellular adaptation. Some are factors produced by other cells and some by the cells themselves. These mechanisms depend largely on signals transmitted by chemical messengers that exert their effects by altering the function of a gene. Many adaptive cellular responses alter the expression of "differentiation" genes. What can cells do because of this?

A cell is able to change size or form without compromising its normal function.

Type of energy production that occurs in the mitochondria with the Krebs cycle.

Aerobic metabolism

A caregiver is working with a client who is having poorly controlled pain due to shingles. The associate pain travels to the client's nervous system via

Afferent neurons

A client with right lower quadrant abdominal pain is suspected to have acute appendicitis. When assessing the laboratory studies, what results would the nurse know indicate that the client has an acute infection?

An increase in bands

During a review session discussing cells, a student asks, "What do you call it when a cell undergoes a process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic division?" Which response answers the question correctly?

Cell proliferation

The cell surface is surrounded by a cell coat (glycocalyx.). Select the most important function of the cell coat.

Cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion

A patient comes to the clinic complaining of severe pain in the left great toe and is diagnosed with gout. What medication does the nurse anticipate educating the patient about that stops cell mitosis in the treatment of gout?

Colchicine

A client is having surgical removal of her gallbladder laparoscopically. While dissecting the gallbladder for removal, what type of epithelial tissue will be removed?

Columnar

_____________ epithelium is the lining of intestine and gallbladder

Columnar

The nurse is caring for a child newly diagnosed with a lysosomal storage disease. What instruction should the parents receive?

Consider genetic testing if you plan to have more children.

Which statements are true about the cell nucleus?

DNA contains information used for protein synthesis. rRNA synthesizes proteins. All eukaryotic cells have at least one nucleus.

A client experiences compartment syndrome after a leg injury. Surgical intervention will focus on which type of connective tissue?

Dense connective tissue

A patient's body temperature has been documented as follows: 12 noon: 37.0°C; 6 pm: 37.5°C; 3 am: 36.0°C. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

Document the temperature

When does the body make the most lactic acid?

During cardiac arrest and during intense exercise

A nurse practitioner is preparing to perform a client's Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and is answering the client's questions about the clinical rationale for the procedure. The nurse should describe what phenomenon?

Dysplasia of the cervical epithelium is associated with a high risk of cancer.

From which embryonic tissue do nerve cells develop?

Ectoderm

Which form of signal transduction resulting from ligand-receptor binding has the potential to produce effects in the entire body system?

Endocrine

Which type of receptor binds with insulin?

Enzyme-linked

The surgeon has documented that a client is developing proud flesh at the postoperative wound site. The nurse recognizes this as:

Excessive granulation tissue

A nurse is teaching a client with a recent diagnosis of diabetes about the roles that glucose and insulin play in the disease pathology and the fact that glucose must enter the body cell in order to provide energy for the client. The nurse knows that which of the following processes allows glucose to enter body cells?

Facilitated diffusion

The student is studying the movement of substances across the cell membrane. She understands that some substances combine with special transport proteins to be carried across the cell membrane. The substances can move only from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. This process is known as which of the following?

Facilitated diffusion

Tissues are composed primarily of cells in the M phase.

False

Inflammation can be either local or systemic. What are the most prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation?

Fever, leukocytosis or leukopenia, and the acute phase response

A client with environmental allergies is experiencing respiratory inflammation. Which mediator causes vasodilation during the vascular stage of the inflammatory response?

Histamine

Metastatic calcification takes place in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia). Anything that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate places such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels. What are the major causes of hypercalcemia?

Hyperparathyroidism and immobilization

Which of the following processes can cause cells adapt to changes in threats to survival? Select all that apply

Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Atrophy

Two patterns of reversible cell injury can be seen: cellular swelling and fatty change. Cellular swelling is usually the result of which of the following?

Hypoxic cell injury

Which of the following aspects of a patient's site of inflammation would help the care provider rule out chronic inflammation?

Increased neutrophils

A nurse notes that a patient with a fever has begun to shiver. The nurse should assess for which of the following events?

Increased temperarture

Some messengers, such as thyroid hormone and steroid hormones, do not bind to membrane receptors but move directly across the lipid layer of the cell membrane and are carried to the cell nucleus. What do they do at the cell nucleus?

Influence DNA activity

Smooth muscle contractions are typically characterized as:

Involuntary

At which part of the cell is the action by the vinca alkaloid drugs directed during cancer treatment?

Microtubules in the cytoskeleton

Which statements are accurate about mitochondria? Select all that apply.

Mitochondria in active skeletal muscles increase rapidly. Mitochondria are self-replicating. Mitochondria regulate apoptosis.

A couple is scheduled to obtain familial lineage studies. The nurse is aware that an analysis will occur identifying maternally inherited:

Mitochondrial DNA

A client with pemphigus has multiple mouth sores. Which class of medication is most likely to produce disease remission?

Oral steroids

The health caregiver is explaining the rationale for administering a hypotonic intravenous solution (lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings) to a client. Which of the following mechanisms of membrane transport most likely underlies this action? Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Diffusion Active transport

Osmosis

The nurse is aware that to maintain homeostasis a client may experience a variety of physiologic processes. The process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from an area of less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, resulting in equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane, is known as:

Osmosis

Cells communicate through a process that requires a variety of first messengers including which of the following?

Protein hormones Growth factors Steroids

In which parts of the body are smooth muscles found?

Renal ureters Stomach Blood vessels

The student is studying membrane potentials. Which of the following membrane potentials is essentially a potassium equilibrium potential?

Resting membrane potential

Which type of tissue forms the architecture of liver sinusoids and lymphoid tissues such as the spleen?

Reticular connective tissue

While explaining cellular membrane potentials, the instructor states that during an action potential, the cell membrane becomes more permeable to which mineral/electrolyte?

Sodium

A nurse practitioner (NP) has been asked to speak with the local high school track team about health, wellness, and nutrition. One of the athletes asks about the differences in the physiology of the energy used in sprinting versus long-distance running. Which response is the best answer?

Sprinters utilize ATP generated via anaerobic glycolysis, and distance runners utilize ATP generated via aerobic metabolism.

A 62 year old male collapsed while unloading a truck of heavy sacks of feed for his cattle. When he arrived in the Emergency Department, blood gasses reveal a slightly acidic blood sample. The nurse caring for this patient is not surprise with this result based on which of the following pathophysiological rationales?

The skeletal muscles are producing large amounts of lactic acid and release it into the bloodstream during heavy work/exercise.

Each skeletal muscle is a discrete organ made up of hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers. Although muscle fibers predominate, substantial amounts of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers are also present. What happens during muscle contraction?

The thick myosin and thin actin filaments slide over each other, causing shortening of the muscle fiber.

The homecare nurse is making a home visit to a 51 year old female client with a longstanding diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The nurse knows that the muscle wasting and weakness associated with the disease process is ultimately manifested as a failure of what normal process in muscle tissue?

Thick myosin and thin actin filaments sliding over each other.

Which hormone messenger moves directly across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and is transported to the cell nucleus?

Thyroid hormones

Select the most important function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER):

Tubular communication system

A client with long QT syndrome has the gene that increases potassium channels. How will this affect membrane potentials? It will cause:

delayed return to resting potential.

Dense __________ connective tissues are rich in collagen fibers and form the tendons and aponeuroses that join muscles to bone or other muscles and the ligaments that join bone to bone.

regular

The nurse is explaining the workings of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to a client with a diagnosis of depression. Within the teaching the nurse mentions that in the nervous system, the transmission of information by neurotransmitters is:

synaptic signalling.

A teenager has experienced repeated bacterial infections throughout her life and has recently been diagnosed with leukocyte adhesion deficiency. The nurse explains that this is caused by the teenager's inability to:

synthesize appropriate integrin molecules.