Pathophysiology_Evolve_Ch. 30 & 36

A nurse is teaching about the causes of chronic kidney disease. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Chronic pyelonephritis

A nurse is using the R-I-F-L-E acronym as classification criteria for which client?

A client with acute kidney injury

A client presents with midepigastric pain and vomiting. The client is hyperglycemic and tachycardic. The client reports, "I admit that I'm a heavy drinker, but I've never had problems like this before." The nurse is caring for which client?

A client with acute pancreatitis

A client has glomerulonephritis that resulted from a primary glomerular injury. The nurse is caring for which client?

A client with an infection

A nurse is caring for a client with postrenal acute kidney injury. The nurse is caring for which client?

A client with an obstruction

Which client is most predisposed to postrenal acute kidney injury?

A client with bilateral kidney stones

A client has a disorder with an accessory organ of digestion. Which client is most at risk for significant systemic, life-threatening complications?

A client with chronic liver disease

A client is admitted with suspected acute pancreatitis. Which elevated laboratory result is most diagnostic for acute pancreatitis?

Lipase

Which pathophysiologic mechanism should the nurse consider when a laboratory result indicates a client with nephrotic syndrome has hyperlipidemia?

Liver synthesizes lipoproteins.

Which assessment question demonstrates an understanding of a possible cause of achalasia?

"Have you been under a lot of stress lately?"

Which information from a coworker would indicate teaching by the nurse was successful for identifying a major risk factor for the development of acute pyelonephritis?

Vesicoureteral reflux

Which statement by the client about the modifiable risk factors for pancreatitis requires follow-up by the nurse?

"I can only drink beer now."

What would the nurse expect a client with anorexia to say?

"I really don't feel like eating as I am nauseous.

Which client should the nurse monitor for possible upper urinary tract obstruction?

A client with a kidney stone

A nurse is teaching the client about urinary stones. Which areas (see diagram) should the nurse choose to illustrate common locations of urinary stones? Select all that apply. Note** A kidney Diagram

1, 2, 3

Which measurement will alert the nurse that the client has developed portal hypertension? Record the answer as a whole number: At least _______________ mm Hg.

10

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with end-stage renal failure. The nurse understands that this client's kidneys are functioning at about what percentage of normal?

5

Which client is predisposed to a paralytic ileus?

A client after abdominal surgery

A nurse is caring for a client with dysphagia. The nurse is caring for which client?

A client having difficulty swallowing

Which assessment finding should a nurse report most urgently to a primary healthcare provider?

A client previously diagnosed with duodenal ulcer developed hematemesis this morning

Which client will most likely need emergency surgery?

A client who has a strangulated hernia

A client with which disease should be assessed for ascites because it is common with the disease?

A client who has cirrhosis

Which client is most predisposed to acute fulminating hepatitis?

A client with Hepatitis B

Which client is predisposed to developing colon cancer?

A client with Ulcerative Colitis

Which client would be considered obese?

A client with a body mass index of 35

A client has jaundice due to increased unconjugated bilirubin. The nurse is caring for which client?

A client with hemolytic anemia

Which clients have increased serum calcium and therefore an increased risk of renal stone formation? Select all that apply.

A client with hyperparathyroidism A client with prolonged immobilization A client with increased intestinal absorption of calcium

Which client is most at risk for developing chronic kidney disease?

A client with hypertension

A client has the most common form of acute glomerulonephritis. The nurse is caring for which client?

A client with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy

Which male client is most predisposed to an obstruction of the lower urinary tract?

A client with prostate enlargement

A client has renal insufficiency. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

A decline in renal function, to about 25% of normal, has occurred.

Which information indicates the nurse needs more instruction about the classifications of acute kidney injury?

A type of classification is ultrarenal acute kidney injury

Which information from the client indicates teaching by the nurse was successful about glomerular disorders?

A type of glomerular disorder is nephrotic syndrome.

Which client is at highest risk of pyelonephritis and therefore needs close monitoring for signs of its occurrence?

A woman who has cystitis

A nurse is presenting information about risk factors for colon and rectal cancer to an adult group at a community health clinic. Which factors should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Aging Inactivity, High-fat diet, Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Which clinical manifestations and complications will the nurse closely monitor for in a client with chronic gastritis? Select all that apply

Achlorhydria, Gastric cancer Pernicious anemia Gastrointestinal bleeding

A nurse is teaching the staff about physiologic mechanisms that protect against urinary tract infections. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply.

Acidic Urine Tamm-Horsfall protein Uroepithelial secretions

A client has diverticulosis. Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse consider when planning care?

Acquired herniations of the colon wall mucosa and submucosa

A nurse is reviewing the pathology report on a client's colon polyp. Which finding will most likely cause the nurse to monitor the client for colorectal cancer?

Adenomatous polyp

Which information from a client indicates teaching was successful by the nurse for risk factors of peptic ulcers? Select all that apply.

Advanced age History of alcohol abuse Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the duodenum Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Which factors are required before a client forms a kidney stone? Select all that apply.

Aggregation Absence of Tamm-Horsfall protein Supersaturation of one of the salts Precipitation from a liquid to a solid

A client has nephrotic syndrome. Which substance is the client losing?

Albumin

The nurse is preparing to administer medications to a client with a history of renal insufficiency. The nurse understands which category of drugs is most likely to cause a nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in this client?

Antibiotics

Which information indicates the nurse has an accurate understanding of the primary pathophysiologic process involved in a client with glomerulonephritis?

Antigen-antibody complexes

Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to find in a client with cirrhosis of the liver?

Ascites

A nurse is teaching the client about overactive bladder syndrome. Which information from the client indicates teaching was successful? Select all that apply.

Associated with urgency and frequency Results in urinary retention with overflow Most common treatment is antimuscarinic agents

A client has acute pancreatitis. When the nurse is planning care, which pathophysiologic process should the nurse remember?

Autodigestion of the pancreas

The nurse admits a client with severe nausea, vomiting, and 10/10 pain radiating from the right upper abdominal quadrant to the back. A cholecystectomy was performed four years ago. The laboratory tests reveal elevated amylase and lipase levels. What does this information indicate?

Autodigestion of the pancreas

Which information should the nurse consider when planning care for a client with ulcerative colitis?

Autoimmune disorders may accompany ulcerative colitis

Which information should the nurse consider when planning care for a client with a hiatal hernia? Select all that apply

Avoiding the recumbent position after eating can help. Paraesophageal hernia may lead to gastritis and ulcer formation. Paraesophageal hernia is herniation of the greater curvature of the stomach

A nurse is assessing a client with acute kidney injury with oliguria. What are the possible mechanisms that could account for the decreased urine output? Select all that apply.

Back leak Tubular obstruction Alterations in renal blood flow

A client has cholangiocellular carcinoma. The cancer is located in which area?

Bile ducts

A nurse is teaching a health class about the most common site for cystitis. Which site should the nurse include in the teaching session?

Bladder

A nurse is caring for a client with severe head trauma. Which initial assessment finding will alert the nurse that the client may be experiencing a Cushing ulcer?

Bleeding

A client is diagnosed with hematochezia. Which assessment finding confirms this diagnosis?

Bright Red Stools

A client is diagnosed with hepatitis B. How is this disease transmitted?

By sexual Contact

A client has pancreatitis with pain and is nauseated and vomiting. Which action by the nursing assistant will cause the nurse to intervene?

Carrying a food tray into the room

A nurse is performing a postvoid urine test on a client with urinary retention. Which piece of equipment should the nurse obtain?

Catheterization kit

A nurse is teaching a senior citizens' group about risk factors that predispose elderly persons to urinary tract infections. Which factors should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Prostatitis Decreased estrogen in women Chronic illness such as diabetes

A client has nephrotic syndrome. When the nurse checks the 24-hour urine laboratory report, which substance will the nurse observe being lost in large amounts?

Protein

A client has renal calculi that are composed of the most common substance found in such calculi. Which substance will the nurse observe on the diagnostic reports?

Calcium

While planning care for a client in chronic renal failure, what should the nurse consider about the client's calcium level?

Calcium will be abnormally low in the blood serum.

A nurse is reviewing the chart of a client with bladder cancer and finds the following: T1, N1, and M0. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

Cancer has invaded the connective tissue.

A nurse is teaching about the possible causes of acute kidney injury. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Cardiac failure Neurogenic bladder Renal artery occlusion Childbirth complications

A client has gallstones that were removed and tested for composition. A nurse is reviewing the client's results and determines that these gallstones contain the most common substance found in such stones. Which result did the nurse observe?

Cholesterol

A nurse is teaching the client about cholelithiasis. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply

Cholesterol stones are the most common Cholelithiasis is more prevalent in developed countries

A client has a recurrent infection of the kidney that results in progressive inflammation, leading to tubule destruction. The nurse monitors the client for possible chronic kidney failure based on which medical diagnosis?

Chronic pyelonephritis

Which information from the client indicates teaching by the nurse was successful for identifying one major modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer?

Cigarette Smoking

A client asks what causes portal hypertension. What is the nurse's best response?

Cirrhosis of the liver

A nurse is caring for a client that has retching and vomiting. Which assessment finding will the nurse observe when the parasympathetic system is activated during the vomiting?

Copious salivation

A client has prerenal acute kidney injury. Which information from the history is most consistent with this disorder?

Client had severe hypotension

A client has cholelithiasis. The nurse should prepare the client for which diagnostic test to help diagnose cholelithiasis?

Computed tomography (CT)

A client has dumping syndrome. Which findings will the nurse typically observe upon assessment of the client?

Cramping pain and osmotic diarrhea

A client has cirrhosis. Which assessment findings will the nurse expect to observe? Select all that apply.

Dark urine Spider angiomas Light-colored stools Bleeding tendency

A nurse is assessing a client with acute kidney injury. Which assessment findings are characteristic of this condition? Select all that apply.

Decreased glomerular filtration Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

The nurse admits a client with severe nausea, vomiting, and 10/10 pain radiating from the right upper abdominal quadrant to the back. A cholecystectomy was performed four years ago. Based upon clinical signs and laboratory results, a diagnosis of pancreatitis was made. The client has now developed tetany. What are the pathophysiologic mechanisms occurring in this client to produce tetany? Select all that apply.

Decreased response to parathormone Calcium is deposited in areas of fat necrosis

A nurse monitors a client with end-stage chronic renal disease for anemia. What is the best rationale for the nurse's action?

Decreased secretion of erythropoietin

A nurse is assessing a client with suspected nephrotic syndrome. Which finding is consistent with nephrotic syndrome?

Decreased serum albumin

A client has end-stage chronic renal disease. The nurse monitors the client for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures. What is the rationale for the nurse's actions?

Deficiency of active vitamin D occurs

A nurse is teaching about risk factors for urinary stones. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Diet Occupation Fluid intake Geographic location

A nurse is caring for a client with chronic pyelonephritis. Which pathophysiologic mechanism should the nurse consider when planning care?

Diffuse scarring of one or both kidneys

Which dietary instructions will the nurse teach a client with dysphagia?

Drink fluid with meals

A client experiences chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area when the stomach is empty and in the middle of the night. Which diagnosis will the nurse most likely see documented on the chart?

Duodenal ulcer

A client has obstructive uropathy. Which factors should the nurse consider to help determine the severity of the obstruction? Select all that apply.

Duration of the Blockage Location of the blockage Degree of completeness of the blockage

Which conditions should the nurse assess for in a client with upper motor neuron lesions? Select all that apply.

Dysenergia Overactive Bladder

A nurse is caring for a client with cystitis and a client with pyelonephritis. Which assessment finding will be typical of both clients?

Dysuria

A nurse is assessing a client with acute cystitis. Which assessment findings are typical for this client? Select all that apply.

Dysuria Urinary urgency Urinary frequency Pain in the suprapubic area

The nurse is evaluating a client with nephrotic syndrome. The nurse assesses for which clinical manifestation of protein loss related to nephrotic syndrome?

Edema

A client has severe glomerulonephritis. Which findings are common when the nurse performs an assessment? Select all that apply.

Edema Hematuria Proteinuria Smoky brown-tinged urine

"The amylase is sky-high," says a nurse in morning report. "Better go see this client first to check the pain level." Pain management is likely an issue for this client because of which pathophysiologic process?

Elevated amylase indicates pancreatic enzymes are autodigesting the pancreas.

Which clinical manifestation will the nurse expect to find in a client with prolonged upper urinary tract obstruction?

Elevated serum potassium level

A client with chronic kidney disease has anemia. While planning care, the nurse should consider whether there is a deficiency of which hormone?

Erythropoietin

A nurse is checking a client's laboratory results for the microorganism that causes most urinary tract infections. Which microorganism is the nurse checking for in this client?

Escherichia coli

A nurse is talking about the bacteria that resist flushing during normal micturition because of type 1 fimbriae. Which organisms is the nurse describing?

Escherichia coli

Which finding will alert the nurse that the client with diverticulosis has developed diverticulitis?

Fever

A client has suspected appendicitis. Which assessment findings would help confirm the diagnosis? Select all that apply

Fever Nausea Diarrhea Rebound tenderness present Elevated white blood cell count

A client has acute pancreatitis. Which findings will the nurse typically observe? Select all that apply.

Fever, Tetany Jaundice Bowel hypomotility

A client with hepatic encephalopathy has asterixis. What will the nurse observe upon assessment?

Flapping hand tremors

A client has severe osteoarthritis and is unable to walk without assistance. As a nurse enters the room in response to the call light, the client says, "Oh, how embarrassing! I just wet the bed. I know you are busy, so I held it as long as I could, but then it just came." What is the technical term that the nurse should use with another health professional to describe the client's incontinence?

Functional Incontinence

A nurse is preparing a presentation on disorders commonly associated with damage from alcohol overuse. What disorders should be included? Select all that apply.

Gastritis , Cirrhosis, Pancreatitis, Esophageal cancer

A nurse is teaching a group of adults about risk factors for ulcerative colitis. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Genetics, White ethnicity, Immunologic disorders

A young client has nephrotic syndrome. "Tell me what causes the urine to be so full of protein," says the parent. Which pathophysiologic mechanism should be the basis for the nurse's response?

Glomerular basement membrane disturbances have increased permeability to protein.

A client is in end-stage chronic renal disease. Which life-threatening assessment finding will cause the nurse to notify the primary healthcare provider immediately?

Hyperkalemia

Which assessment findings are common in a client with erosive reflux esophagitis? Select all that apply.

Heartburn Dysphagia Chronic cough

A client is diagnosed with portal hypertension due to liver disease. Which is the most common assessment finding to support this diagnosis?

Hematemesis

A client has portal hypertension with ascites. Which pathophysiologic process for ascites should the nurse remember when planning care for this client?

Hepatic capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeds hepatic capillary osmotic pressure

A nurse is teaching about the types of hepatitis that can be acquired sexually and cause chronic hepatitis. Which types should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Hepatitis B, C, D

Which term should the nurse use to describe the consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in one of a client's ureters?

Hydronephrosis

A nurse is asked what could cause chronic glomerulonephritis. How should the nurse reply?

Hypercholesterolemia

A nurse is teaching about the most common causes of cirrhosis. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Idiopathy, Alcoholism, Hepatitis C

Which information indicates the nurse has an accurate understanding of the major pathophysiologic process of glomerulonephritis?

Immune system damage to glomeruli

A client has renal colic originating from the proximal ureters. What type of pain will the nurse find upon assessment?

In the flank and radiates to the groin

Which information indicates the nurse has an accurate understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that cause blood ammonia levels to increase in a client with hepatic encephalopathy?

Inability of liver to convert digested proteins to urea

Which information indicates the nurse has a correct understanding of the pathophysiologic process or processes that cause tissue damage in a client with acute pancreatitis?

Inappropriate activation of pancreatic enzymes

A client with a kidney obstruction developed compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfunction. What physiologic process occurred?

Increase in glomerular and tubular size to increase filtration of the unaffected kidney

What clinical findings in a client suggest to the nurse a diagnosis of nephritic syndrome? Select all that apply.

Proteinuria Hypertension Microscopic Hematouria

Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect to observe in a client with ascites?

Increased abdominoal girth

A client with hepatic encephalopathy is exhibiting confusion and asterixis. Which laboratory finding is most indicative of this disorder?

Increased ammonia

A client experiences a large hematoma from a motor vehicle accident. The client develops jaundice due to increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis). Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse remember when planning care for this client?

Increased amounts of unconjugated bilirubin occur

A client has ascites from cirrhosis of the liver. Which factor contributes to ascites in this client?

Increased arterial vasodilation

A client has an intestinal obstruction. The nurse closely monitors the client for a perforated bowel. What is the rationale for the nurse's actions?

Increased intraluminal pressure causes tissue hypoxia, ischemia, and loss of bowel wall integrity

Which laboratory value should the nurse expect to see in a client with cirrhosis?

Increased prothrombin time

A client has end-stage chronic renal disease. Which laboratory result will the nurse expect to see on the chart?

Increased serum creatinine

What pathophysiologic changes does the nurse expect in a client that has upper urinary tract obstruction within 7 days? Select all that apply.

Increased urinary stasis Tubulointerstitial fibrosis Dilation of the upper urinary tract

The nurse is caring for a client who recently underwent a release of a unilateral complete ureteral obstruction, resulting in postobstructive diuresis. The nurse anticipates which clinical manifestation?

Increased urine output

"I wish these doctors could make up their minds," says a client. "Yesterday I was told I have ulcerative colitis. Today someone said I have inflammatory bowel disease. Which one should I believe?" What is the nurse's best response?

Inflammatory bowel disease is a general term that includes ulcerative colitis, so the doctors actually are in agreement.

A client has cholecystitis. Which physiologic process should the nurse consider as the cause of the client's condition?

Inflammatory reactions

A nurse is caring for a client with reflux esophagitis. Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse consider when planning care for this client?

Inflammatory response to gastric contents in the esophagus

Which prescriptions from the primary healthcare provider should the nurse expect to receive for a client with chronic pancreatitis? Select all that apply.

Insulin Oral enzyme replacements

Which information will cause the nurse to notify the primary healthcare provider for a client with gastrointestinal bleeding?

Intake and output at 1050

A client is experiencing parietal pain. How will the client typically describe this type of pain upon assessment? Select all that apply

Intense Localized

Which type of glomerular lesion will the nurse expect in the patient whose diagnostic report shows scarring between the glomerulus and tubules?

Interstitial fibrosis

A client has renal stones. While planning care for this client, the nurse should remember which most common physiologic abnormality for hypercalciuria?

Intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium

A client has acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency. The findings in the chart will alert the nurse that the client is experiencing which condition?

Intestinal infarction

Which information should the nurse consider when planning care for a client with chronic gastritis?

It causes atrophy of the gastric mucosa

A coworker asks a nurse what the most common cause of chronic antral gastritis is. What is the nurse's best response?

It is a bacterial infection.

A nurse is asked by a coworker what causes overactive bladder syndrome. How should the nurse respond?

It is a result of involuntary detrusor muscle contractions

When a nurse is teaching about renal cell carcinoma, which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply.

It may cause flank pain. Symptoms include hematuria.

A client has cholelithiasis. Which findings will the nurse typically find upon assessment? Select all that apply.

Jaundice Biliary colic Fatty Meals Causing Pain

Which medication would be given to decrease a client's confusion associated with hepatic encephalopathy?

Lactulose (Cephulac)

A client has diverticulosis. When the nurse takes the history, which dietary situation may be expected?

Low Residue

Which information indicates a nurse has a correct understanding about prevention of a urinary tract infection in a normal male bladder environment? Select all that apply.

Low pH of urine High osmolarity of urea Flushing effects of voiding Presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein

Lower urinary tract symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence are indicative of a renal stone in which part of the client's ureter?

Lower

A nurse is teaching an adult community group about the risk factors for esophageal cancer. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Male gender Chronic alcohol intake Tobacco use

A client has chronic kidney failure and develops Kussmaul respirations. The nurse suspects the client is experiencing which condition?

Metabolic Acidosis

A nurse is preparing educational pamphlets about the differences between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Which characteristics should be placed in a section that is specific to ulcerative colitis? Select all that apply.

Mucosal layer involved Lesions usually continuous

A client has severe acute pancreatitis. Which complication should the nurse closely monitor for in this client?

Multisystem organ dysfunction

A client has colorectal cancer of the descending colon. Which assessment findings will the nurse typically observe?

Narrow and pencil-shaped stools

The nurse admits a client with severe nausea, vomiting, and 10/10 pain radiating from the right upper abdominal quadrant to the back. A cholecystectomy was performed four years ago. What medical order does the nurse anticipate for the suspected acute pancreatitis?

Nasogastric suctioning

Which client is most at risk for cholelithiasis?

Native American

A diabetic child with 4.0 grams of protein in the urine each day is experiencing edema and vitamin D deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe written on the chart?

Nephrotic syndrome

A client has a disorder characterized by a neurologic lesion that affects bladder control. The nurse will report to the oncoming shift that the client has which disorder?

Neurogenic bladder

A client has poor vitamin A absorption. What should the nurse monitor for in this client?

Night Blindness

A client has a lower urinary tract obstruction. Which findings will the nurse typically observe upon assessment? Select all that apply.

Nocturia Urinary urgency Intermittent urinary stream Increased voiding frequency

A nurse is teaching an adult community health group about risk factors for renal cell carcinoma. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Obesity Cigarette smoking Uncontrolled Hypertension

Which information from a client indicates teaching by a nurse was successful about risk factors for liver cancer? Select all that apply

Obesity Cirrhosis Alcohol abuse Exposure to mycotoxins

A nurse is teaching a health class about the risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Select all that apply.

Obesity Metabolic Syndrome High Levels of Triglycerides

A client has chronic pancreatitis. Which actions will the nurse take? Select all that apply.

Offer pain relief Encourage cessation of alcohol intake Administer oral enzyme replacements

A client has chronic constipation. What possible findings may the nurse find upon taking a history? Select all that apply.

Older age Opiate use Low-residue diet Sedentary lifestyle

A client has just developed acute kidney injury. Which assessment finding is common in the early stages?

Oliguria

Which assessment finding should indicate to the nurse that the client is experiencing severe glomerulonephritis?

Oliguria

A nurse is teaching about a common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session?

One cause is inadequate cardiac output

A client has schistosomiasis. The nurse is caring for which client?

One with a parasitic infection

Which clients should the nurse monitor for severe postobstructive diuresis after relief of a complete obstruction of one kidney? Select all that apply.

One with hypertension One with edema and weight gain One with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A nurse is caring for a client that has the most common classification of acute kidney injury. The nurse is caring for which client?

One with prerenal injury

A nurse is caring for clients that have obstructed urine flow. The nurse is caring for which clients? Select all that apply.

One with prostate enlargement One with a urethral stricture One with severe pelvic organ prolapse

A client has dyssynergia. The nurse is caring for which client?

One with upper motor neuron lesions

Which type of diarrhea does the nurse expect from a client who cannot digest lactose?

Osmotic

A nurse is providing information about anorexia as a clinical symptom to a group of nursing students. Which statement would indicate that the nursing students have an accurate understanding of this clinical symptom?

Other comorbid conditions such as renal disease may present with accompanying anorexia

A nurse is asked by a client to describe diverticula. What is the nurse's best response?

Outpouchings of the colon mucosa

A client has incontinence manifested by an involuntary loss of urine with overdistention of the bladder. Which type of incontinence will the nurse observe written on the chart?

Overflow Incontinence

A nurse is planning care for a client with ischemic acute tubular necrosis. Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse remember?

Oxygen free radicals cause tubular cell damage

A client has a duodenal ulcer. What should a nurse expect to find in an assessment?

Pain At Night

A nurse is assessing a client with suspected appendicitis. Which assessment finding would support the diagnosis?

Pain starting in the periumbilical area and then recurring in the right lower quadrant

A nurse is caring for a client with a disorder that is characterized by poor digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The nurse will use which term to describe this condition?

Pancreatic insufficiency

Which prescriptions from the primary healthcare provider should the nurse expect for a client recently admitted with acute pancreatitis? Select all that apply.

Parenteral fluids Narcotic medications Continuous gastric suction

Which complications should the nurse monitor for in a client with appendicitis? Select all that apply.

Peritonitis Perforation Abscess Formation

A client has esophageal varices. While planning care, the nurse should focus interventions on which cause of esophageal villustarices?

Portal hypertension

Which information should the nurse include when teaching a client about cirrhosis? Select all that apply.

Portal hypertension can develop. The pathology is not clearly understood. Severity is determined by the amount of toxin. Removal of the toxin slows the progression of liver damage

A client presents with several hours of anuria with flank pain, followed by polyuria. Which diagnosis is the nurse most likely to find documented in the chart?

Postrenal acute kidney injury

A client with viral hepatitis presents with fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. The nurse will report that the client is in which phase?

Prodromal phase

A nurse is caring for clients with various gastrointestinal symptoms. Which assessment finding will the nurse expect to observe?

Projectile vomiting in a client with pyloric stenosis

A client has an infection of the renal pelvis, ureter, and interstitium. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe written on the chart?

Pyelonephritis

A client who reports abdominal and flank pain has been diagnosed with bacteria in the urine. What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper urinary tract that is likely to cause such symptoms?

Pyelonephritis

A client has a locally invasive malignant bladder tumor. Which treatment options should the nurse consider while planning care for this client? Select all that apply.

Radical cystectomy Adjuvant chemotherapy

The nurse is caring for a client experiencing acute kidney injury (AKI). The chart notes that the client's urine output is increasing significantly and that the serum creatinine level has decreased and normalized. The client is in which phase of AKI?

Recovery

A client with an inflamed gallbladder (cholecystitis) presents with pain in the right scapula. What type of pain will the nurse report the client is experiencing?

Referred

Which information from the staff indicates teaching by the nurse was successful for possible causes of upper urinary tract obstruction? Select all that apply.

Renal Calculi Ureteral blockage Retroperitoneal fibrosis

A nurse is assessing a client with suspected kidney stone obstruction of the ureter. Which assessment finding will support this diagnosis?

Renal Colic

A client's glomerular filtration rate decreases by 28%. The nurse will report that the client is in which category for acute kidney dysfunction?

Risk

A nurse is describing the classification criteria for the severity of renal dysfunction in acute kidney injury. Which order from least severe to most severe indicates the nurse has a correct understanding?

Risk Injury Failure Loss End Stage Kidney Disease

A client missed two dialysis sessions. Which assessment findings will the nurse most likely observe when the client attends the next dialysis session? Select all that apply.

Sallow skin color from retained urochrome Possible cardiac dysrhythmias due to hyperkalemia Deep rapid breathing due to a compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis Fatigue due to progressive accumulation of uremic toxins and low red blood cells

Which diet would the nurse suggest for a client with nephrotic syndrome? Select all that apply.

Salt Restricted Low Fat

A client has an infection from a virus (rotavirus). A nurse expects which type of diarrhea from this client?

Secretory

A nurse is caring for a client who has acute cholecystitis. Which information in the current medical record does the nurse recognize as most likely indicating an additional problem and should be brought to the attention of a primary health care provider?

Serum amylase and lipase elevated

A nurse is teaching about the causes of acute tubular necrosis. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Severe burns Antibiotics that are nephrotoxic Disseminated intravascular coagulation Contrast dyes used for radiologic studies

A client is diagnosed with a Cushing ulcer. Which assessment information related to this client's current medical condition supports this diagnosis?

Severe head trauma resulting from an auto accident

A nurse is teaching an adult class about the major risk factor for developing bladder cancer. Which information should the nurse include?

Smoking

A client is diagnosed with colorectal cancer and is told that it is limited to the bowel wall. This is characteristic of which stage of cancer?

Stage 1

Which stage of renal cell carcinoma involves metastasis to one lymph node?

Stage 3

A nurse is caring for a severely malnourished client. Which action will best prevent refeeding syndrome?

Start enteral nutritional therapy at 20 kcal/kg/day

A client has pancreatic insufficiency. Which assessment finding is typical for this client?

Steatorrhea

What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe in a client with chronic pancreatitis? Select all that apply.

Steatorrhea Abdominal pain Hyperglycemia

A nurse is caring for a client with acute pancreatitis. Which is the primary treatment goal?

Stop the process of autodigestion

A client has acute glomerulonephritis. When the nurse reviews the laboratory report, which organism will the nurse most likely see?

Streptococcus

A client has urinary incontinence that occurs with coughing, sneezing, or laughing. The client has which type of urinary incontinence?

Stress

A nurse is teaching the staff about incontinence. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Stress incontinence can affect men after prostate surgery Functional incontinence is often the result of dementia or immobility Urge incontinence can be a result of involuntary detrusor contractions Stress incontinence is caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure.

Which information should the nurse consider to help distinguish between stress incontinence and urge incontinence in clients?

Stress incontinence is caused by increased abdominal pressure, whereas urge incontinence is caused by a problem with the detrusor muscle.

A client is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?

Struvite

A nurse is monitoring a client with chronic kidney failure for neurologic effects. Which effects should the nurse assess for in this client? Select all that apply.

Stupor Fatigue Twitching Loss of Vibration Sense

What term should the nurse use to describe the presence of a higher concentration of a salt within a fluid than the volume is able to dissolve to maintain equilibrium?

Supersaturation

A client is having detrusor hyperreflexia with vesicosphincter dyssynergia. What physiologic process is the client experiencing?

The bladder and the external sphincter contract simultaneously

A client has cirrhosis of the liver and has bleeding tendencies. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

The client has decreased vitamin K.

A client has a hydroureter. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

The client has dilation of one of the ureters due to obstruction and urine backup.

A client with bile duct obstruction has jaundice. How should the nurse interpret this assessment finding

The client has increased conjugated bilirubin

A client with glomerulonephritis has presence of blood with red cell casts, white cell casts, and very mild degrees of protein in the urine. How should the nurse describe this finding?

The client has nephritic sediment.

A client has ascites but no signs of liver disease. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

The client may have low albumin.

The nurse admits a client with severe nausea, vomiting, and 10/10 pain radiating from the right upper abdominal quadrant to the back. A cholecystectomy was performed four years ago. The client developed chronic pancreatitis and cysts in the pancreas. When the family asks what is in the cysts, how should the nurse respond? Select all that apply.

The cysts can be filled with blood. The cysts can be filled with necrotic debris The cysts can be filled with pancreatic juice.

A nurse is teaching a client about intestinal obstructions. Which diagram should the nurse choose to illustrate a volvulus?

The image of the twisted intestine

A client has acute tubular necrosis. A coworker says, "I've been taking care of this client for over 2 weeks. After my days off, I come back and find that the client has mild diuresis. I'm really worried by this change, but no one else is. What's going on?" How should the nurse respond?

The renal tubules are recovering, so the client is making more urine, but the kidney is not able to concentrate urine well because it is not fully recovered.

A client with glomerulonephritis has hematuria. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

There is blood in the urine

A client was severely injured in a motor vehicle accident and lost a lot of blood. When the emergency personnel extracted the client from the wreckage, the blood pressure was 40/undetectable. Now the client is in the hospital with acute kidney injury as well as multiple broken bones and lacerations. "What is this 'prerenal' business that I keep hearing about?" says the client's spouse. What is the nurse's best response?

This injury did not start in the kidney itself, but rather in the blood flow to the kidney.

A nurse is assessing a client at an annual examination. Which assessment finding does the nurse recognize as a reason to teach the client to drink enough water every day to produce dilute urine?

Two episodes of kidney stones in past 2 years

While planning care for a client with glomerulonephritis, the nurse considers that which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most responsible for the immune mechanisms associated with glomerulonephritis?

Type III hypersensitivity

Which term should the nurse use to describe the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in a client with chronic kidney disease?

Uremia

A nurse is caring for a client who has end-stage kidney disease and needs dialysis. Which assessment finding does the nurse recognize as indicative of frost? Note** Oral Intake = 1000ml, Urine = 50ml/24hrs

Uremic skin residues

During the planning of care for a pregnant woman with acute pyelonephritis, which pathologic mechanisms will the nurse expect to occur?

Ureteral relaxation caused by higher progesterone levels

A client has gouty arthritis and develops kidney stones. Which type of kidney stones did this client most likely develop?

Uric Acid

A client is admitted to the emergency room with pain in the costovertebral angle. What does the nurse suspect as the most likely cause, based on the location of the pain?

Urinary Tract Infection

Which information from the client indicates teaching by the nurse was successful about renal calculi?

Urinary stasis increases the likelihood of renal stone formation

A client has urinary calculi. While planning care, the nurse considers which most important factor in the formation of renal calculi?

Urine PH

The nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a 25-year-old woman experiencing urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria. The nurse is concerned the client has interstitial cystitis based on which laboratory result?

Urine culture demonstrating no bacteria

A nurse is teaching an adult community group about the risk factors of gastric cancer. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Use of tobacco and alcohol Infection with Helicobacter pylori Low intake of fruits and vegetables Consumption of heavily salted foods

A client has portal hypertension. Which is the most common clinical manifestation the nurse will find upon assessment?

Vomiting blood from esophageal varices

A nurse is teaching about Crohn disease. Which information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.

Weight loss Increased cancer risk Presence of "skip" lesions Cobblestone appearance of the gastrointestinal tract

A client with cholelithiasis asks the nurse what cholelithiasis means. Which information is best for the nurse to share with the client?

You have gallstones

A client with stage IV colon cancer is receiving chemotherapy today and asks the nurse to explain what stage IV means. What is the nurse's best response?

Your cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes and is growing in other locations that are far from where it began

A client has acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and asks the nurse why the urine is pink. How should the nurse respond?

Your immune system was activated and has caused some damage in the urinary tract that allows red blood cells to leak into the fluid that becomes urine, making it pink.

Which information indicates the nurse has a correct understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to peptic ulcer formation from chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori )?

pylori produces toxins and enzymes that promote inflammation and ulceration

A urinary tract obstruction may affect which anatomic structures of a client's urinary tract? Select all that apply.

urethra bladder ureter renal pelvis.