Patient Care - Infection Control & management Review Test

Normal serum creatinine levels for an adult range from:

0.6 to 1.3 mg/dl.

What does it mean to administer drugs parenterally? 1. I.V. or by injection 2. Orally 3. Rectally

1

A professional assessment of a patient's health will require which of the following? 1. Observe his physical condition 2. Note his mental state 3. Be aware of his cultural background

1, 2 & 3

The Centers of Disease Control (CDC) recommends that all health care providers: 1. wear gloves when touching blood, body fluids or broken skin of all patients. 2. wash hands immediately if they become contaminated with blood or other body fluids. 3. place syringes, needles, and sharp items in puncture-resistant containers for disposal.

1, 2 & 3

Which of the following must be followed when pouring solutions into a container on a sterile tray? 1. Hold the solution well above the tray 2. Prevent the solution from splashing 3. Prevent drips from landing on the tray

1,2 & 3

Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see if a patient was in shock? 1. Restlessness 2. Increase in pulse rate 3. Pallor (lack of color) accompanied by weakness

1,2,&3. Shock is when blood pressure is inadequate to support vital body functions. It is the most common life-threatening situation the radiographer is likely to encounter. Be able to recognize these symptoms!

For a patient with I.V. therapy, how high above the vein should the container of solution be kept?

18-20"

What is the usual rate of flow for an adult with an I.V. in use?

20 drops per minute

What can happen if a diabetic patient has taken his/her normal dose of insulin but has been NPO since midnight?

A diabetic patient who takes their normal dose of insulin but does not eat their normal amount of food will have too much insulin in their bloodstream. This situation can develop into insulin shock.

An unconscious patient whose skin is dry and has a fruity odor on his/her breath is a classic example of what?

A diabetic patient whose skin is dry and breath has a fruity odor is suffering from hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, and is in need of insulin. If left untreated, this condition will lead to diabetic coma.

Which of the following is an example of a fomite?

A fomite is an inanimate object that is able to harbor microorganisms and serve as a means for transmitting infections.

What is the definition of a fomite?

A fomite is an object or item to which microorganisms cling, serving as an agent of transmission of an infection.

An adverse reaction to contrast media that is NOT immediately life threatening but often requires treatment is considered:

A moderate reaction to contrast media, such as hypertension or dyspnea, often require treatment and must be closely monitored.

Which of the following describes a paraplegic?

A paraplegic refers to an individual who has paralysis of the lower part of the body, from the waist down.

Where should a patient's urinary bag be kept while transferring him/her from the stretcher to the x-ray table?

A patient's urinary bag should always be kept below the level of the bladder. Raising the bag above that level will allow urine to flow back into the bladder, possibly causing infection.

Which of the following types of information must be on all radiographs? 1. Patient's name 2. Date of exam 3. Right or left markers

A radiograph is part of the medicolegal record of the patient, and like all legal documents they must be identifiable. They must contain the patient's name, date of the exam and which anatomical part had been radiographed.

A written page or spoken word are examples of which of the following components of communication?

A written page or a spoken word are each a channel for the message being communicated. They are the means by which the message travels from the source to the receiver.

According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, what is the first stage of the grieving process?

According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, when faced with a life-threatening disease, the first step in the grieving process is denial, a refusal to believe that it could be happening.

Which of the following elements are currently found in all intravenous solutions of contrast media?

All intravenous solutions of contrast media used in diagnostic radiographic exams include iodine.

Which of the following would describe an ambulatory patient?

An ambulatory patient is able to get around by walking.

The establishment and growth of microorganisms on or in a host defines which of the following?

An infection may not cause clinical symptoms, but usually it will produce tissue damage and inflammation.

If you come across a sterile tray that has no expiration date on it, what should you do?

Any sterile items, such as a tray, that do not appear to have an expiration date should be treated as if they are no longer sterile.

What should be your first action if a patient is bleeding profusely from an open leg wound?

Apply direct pressure to the wound

The "threat of touching a person in a harmful manner" is the legal definition of what?

Assault is the "threat of touching a person in a harmful manner". Assault does not have to involve physically hurting someone.

What is the most common work-related problem among health care workers?

Back problems, usually in the lower back region, are the most common work-related problem among health care workers. This problem is usually due to use of improper body mechanics.

How should two people in sterile gowns pass each other?

Back to back

Staphylococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms?

Bacteria

"Touching a patient without permission" is the legal definition of what?

Battery

When transferring a patient from a wheelchair to the x-ray table which action would you do first?

Before locking the wheelchair brakes, it is important to have the wheelchair in the correct place. The wheelchair should be situated parallel to the radiographic table.

If CPR is NOT started within _______ of cardiac arrest, there will be brain damage due to lack of oxygen.

Brain damage starts when the brain receives no oxygen for as little as 4 - 6 minutes. Therefore, you want to start CPR before 4 minutes.

What is the type of shock that is caused by a failure of the heart to pump enough blood to the vital organs?

Cardiogenic shock

According to the American Heart Association's guidelines, what is the correct order for administering basic life support (CPR)?

Circulation, airway, breathing

What should be done with a plastic cassette cover after it is used to cover a cassette during an isolation patient's exam?

Contaminated materials that can be discarded are left in the patient's room in a red infectious waste bag.

Which of the following radiographic procedures would require aseptic (sterile) techniques while performing it?

Cystogram. Asepsis means freedom from disease. Because a urinary catheter can interrupt the body's defense mechanism, aseptic (sterile) techniques must be used to prevent contamination of the bladder.

Which of the following conditions would be considered "easy to penetrate"?

Degenerative arthritis involves a deterioration of the joints. This destructive process makes the bony area easier to penetrate.

A disease spread by kissing is being transmitted by which of the following methods?

Direct contact

A disease spread through contaminated water or food is being transmitted by which of the following methods?

Disease that is spread through contaminated food or water is spread by a vehicle, in these cases the food and water. They act as a reservoir for the infectious microorganism.

Chemical substances that are capable of killing all microorganisms are called what?

Disinfectants

Which of the following must be done with the cassettes after they are used for an isolation patient?

Disinfected before used again

By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?

Droplet

Which of the following is necessary when doing a portable chest radiograph on a patient on droplet precautions?

Droplet precautions is one of the CDC's transmission-based precautions. It does not require that gloves or a gown be worn. The primary requirement is that a surgical mask be used, sometimes by both the radiographer and the patient.

DEXA is an abbreviation for _______.

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry is a means of determining bone mineral density. It is known as bone densitometry.

Which of the following individuals is responsible for getting a patient's informed consent?

Even though radiographers often times get a patient to sign a consent form, it is the physician's responsibility to provide that patient with the information.

Medication reconciliation refers to:

For the imaging department, medication reconciliation involves obtaining a patient history indicating all medications currently taken and these being evaluated for possible interactions with medications that may be used during a procedure.

Which of the following is the most effective method for achieving medical asepsis?

Frequent handwashing

Which of the following is the most effective method for breaking the chain of infection?

Frequent handwashing

Which of the following classifications do yeasts and molds fit into?

Fungi

GFR stands for:

GFR stands for glomerular filtration rate. It is a blood test for creatinine and tells how well your kidneys are working.

Which of the following diseases is NOT considered communicable?

Gastritis, stomach inflammation, can not be transmitted from one person to another.

Which of the following is an example of good body mechanics?

Good body mechanics involves bending from the knees and keeping the back straight.

Which of the following is NOT a method of sterilization?

Handwashing is not a form of sterilization but it is a major part of medical asepsis.

Which of the following may cause a patient to faint?

Hunger, stress, and lack of sleep can all cause a patient to have insufficient blood flow to the brain, resulting in fainting.

What type of shock is caused by loss of blood due to a knife or gunshot wound?

Hypovolemic (hypo = under, below; volemic = relating to volume) shock is the result of severe blood or volume loss.

What is the proper procedure for turning a disabled patient on an x-ray table?

If a disabled patient on an x-ray table needs to be turned, you should turn them towards you, allowing you to maintain control over the patient's movements.

If someone needs to hold a patient during a radiographic procedure, who should be asked?

If a radiographic exam can be performed only if the patient is held, then that job should go to the patient's family member. The very last is for a health care worker to stay with the patient during the exposure.

The patient in insulin shock who is still conscious requires which of the following?

Insulin shock is the result of an overdose of insulin, resulting in the patient's blood sugar level dropping below normal. The patient needs to immediately ingest something with sugar in order to raise the blood sugar level to normal.

What should be done with the portable unit after doing an isolation patient with a respiratory disease?

It must be wiped with a disinfectant

Which of the following is the first line of defense in preventing the spread of disease?

Medical asepsis. Hand washing, patient prepping, clean-up and disposal of dirty items is the first line of defense.

According to the CDC, an infection that the patient acquires while in the hospital is known as what?

Once called a nosocomial infection, a health care associated infection is acquired by the patient while in a health care setting.

When painting a patient's skin for a special procedure, how many passes should be made with the same sponge?

Only one pass should be made with the same sponge when scrubbing a patient's skin. Using the same sponge more than once would recontaminate the area.

Which of the following conditions would be considered "hard to penetrate"?

Osteosclerosis, meaning hardening (scler) of the bones (osteo) would make the bones denser, harder for the x-ray beam to penetrate.

Which of the following terms is best defined as any disease producing microorganism?

Pathogen

What type of shock can result from a severe reaction to the contrast media used in radiographic exams?

Patients who are allergic to contrast media may develop a severe reaction, known as anaphylactic shock. Treatment may include epinephrine (adrenaline) or corticosteriods.

What is the best way to move a heavy object?

Push it

A patient with a head injury should be kept in which of the following positions?

Semi-erect

The CDC has revised the isolation precautions to clarify confusing terms such as universal precautions and body substance isolation. What is the correct terminology?

Standard precautions should be used when performing procedures that may cause the radiographer to come in contact with body fluids, blood, secretions, excretions, mucus membranes, nonintact skin and contaminated items. All patients must be regarded as potentially infectious.

Which of the following would be considered an example of negative non-verbal communication?

Standing with your arms crossed is considered a closed body posture and, non-verbally, is sending a negative message of unwillingness to communicate.

The complete removal of all microorganisms from an object is called what?

Sterilization

Sterilization in an autoclave involves which of the following?

Sterilization in an autoclave involves the use of moist heat which is produced by steam under pressure.

Which of the following terms would be synonymous with surgical asepsis?

Surgical asepsis or sterilization means treating items with heat, gas or chemicals to make them germfree.

Which of the following best describes the Fowler position?

The Fowler position, the opposite of Trendelenburg, has the patient's feet lower than their head.

While in the operating room, which of the following is NOT considered a sterile area?

The anesthetist. The safest thing to do while in the O.R. is to avoid touching anything except your x-ray equipment and accessories.

Which of the following sites would be best for I.V. therapy? A. The leg B. The arm C. The neck D. The foot

The arm is the best site for I.V. therapy because veins are easily accessible and there is the least opportunity for problems.

Which of the following procedures would require an informed consent form to be completed? A. Upper G.I. series B. Cerebral angiogram C. T-tube choleangiogram D. Barium enema

The cerebral angiogram, a highly invasive procedure, requires the patient to sign an informed consent form.

The common cold is an example of a disease process caused by which of the following? 1. Virus 2. Bacterium 3. Fungus

The common cold, or rhinitis, is a disease produced by a virus.

According to Maslow's hierarchy, which of the following is a person's most basic need?

The first and most basic rung of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is physiologic, including food, shelter and clothing.

What is the greatest hazard in the operating room?

The greatest hazard in the operating room is contamination of the sterile field.

When the body is invaded by pathogens, what is the response in the bloodstream?

The inflammatory reaction to invading pathogens includes an increase in the number of white blood cells which attack the invaders.

If you determine that a patient is in need of CPR, what should be your first response?

The initial action of a person responding to a person in need of CPR is to call out for help.

What is the most severe form of convulsive seizures?

The most severe type of convulsive seizure is the grand mal, or tonic-clonic seizure.

Which of the following is NOT a legal right of a patient in the radiology department?

The patient has no legal right to ask for and receive extra studies.

A patient in a diabetic coma needs which of the following?

The patient in diabetic coma has hyperglycemia due to an insufficient amount of insulin in the bloodstream. The correct action is for the patient to have more insulin.

When inserting an enema tip, what position is the patient in?

The patient should be in the Sim's position, lying on the left side with the right leg pulled up and forward.

A radiographer's primary responsibility is to which of the following?

The patient's needs come first when the radiographer is performing an exam.

Which of the following is necessary before entering the operating room with a portable radiographic unit? 1. The portable unit must be wiped with a disinfectant 2. The technologist must be masked, gowned and gloved 3. The portable unit must be wiped free of dust

The portable machine should be wiped down with disinfectant before being brought into the operating room.

If a patient convulses in the x-ray department, the radiographer should do which of the following?

The primary responsibility of a radiographer caring for a patient who is convulsing is to prevent the patient from suffering injury.

Which of the following parts of a sterile gown are considered sterile?

The sleeves of a sterile gown are considered sterile. Areas below the waist, both front and back, are unsterile.

Which of the following organs is sterile?

The urinary bladder is sterile and requires sterile technique when exams are done of this area.

If a patient is known to be infected with a pathogenic organism or communicable disease which of the following is applied?

Transmission-based precautions have replaced the old category-specific isolation precautions. There is now airborne precautions, droplet precautions and contact precautions. These are combined with standard precautions to serve as double protection. They are also used when an immunosuppressed patient is at risk of becoming infected.

During a myelogram, what position is the patient in when his head is put lower than his feet?

Trendelenburg

How should used needles be disposed of?

Used needles must never be recapped and must be placed in a puncture-resistant, sharps container.

When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogens on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?

When a disease is spread by way of an insect, the method of transmission is by vector, when a carrier transfers a pathogen from one host to another.

If a patient has an allergic reaction to the contrast media during an IVU, which should be done first?

When a patient has a contrast reaction, the first action by a radiographer should be to call for a physician.

While radiographing a patient with chest tube drainage, which of the following actions must be taken?

When a patient has chest tube drainage it is imperative that the tubing be kept below the level of the chest. This way the material being drained cannot reenter the chest.

If a patient's I.V. site becomes puffy and swollen, what should the radiographer do?

When a patient's IV infiltrates, the surrounding tissue becomes puffy and swollen. The radiographer should clamp off the IV so that no more fluid can escape into the tissue.

What is the first thing you should do if a patient who is standing turns pale and says he feels dizzy?

When an erect patient turns pale and complains of dizziness, your first response should be to have the patient lie down. Further assessment should then take place.

While in an operating room, what precautions can be taken to minimize the explosive hazard?

When in the operating room, the radiographer should be sure that the x-ray equipment is kept clean and that he/she wears shoe covers and a cap.

When lifting a patient, what must you remember? 1. Keep your back straight 2. Keep your arms straight 3. Keep your legs straight

When lifting a patient using good body mechanics, your arms and legs should be bent while your back is kept straight.

In opening a cloth-wrapped sterile pack, how should the first outer corner be opened?

When opening a sterile package that is wrapped in cloth, the first outer corner should be opened away from you.

How should the scrub be performed when preparing a patient's skin for a special procedure?

When preparing a patient's skin for a special procedure the scrub should be done from the center out, making sure that dirt or pathogens are not carried toward the site.

When is an I.V. considered to be infiltrated?

When solution is leaking into tissue

What stage of grieving is the terminally ill patient in when he/she begins to deal with his/her pain and illness?

When the terminally ill patient begins the process of dealing with her illness, she is in the acceptance stage. This is considered the final stage, according to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.

Which of the following would be appropriate when a sterile gown must be worn during fluoroscopy?

When wearing a sterile gown during fluoroscopy, the protective lead apron must be worn under the sterile gown.

While in a sterile gown, the sterile field is considered to end where?

When wearing a sterile gown, everything below the waist is considered unsterile.

Which of the following should be done when moving a patient with a broken arm?

Whenever a broken extremity must be moved, it is important to support the entire limb, preventing further injury.

An eGFR (estimated GFR) of _______ indicates that IV iodinated contrast is contraindicated due to poor kidney function.

less than 30 mL/min/1.73 square meters

Medical asepsis is the _______ of microorganisms in the immediate environment.

reduction without sterilization