pbh 317 unit 4 study review

One Health Initiative

- Developed by the veterinary medicine community - "The collaborative effort of multiple health science professions, together with their related disciplines and institutions - working locally, nationally, and globally - to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environment."

Local Health Departments

- Immunizations for uninsured - Communicable disease surveillance - Communicable disease control (TB and syphilis at minimum) - Inspection and licensing of restaurants - Environmental health surveillance - Coordinating PH screenings (newborn) - Tobacco control - Disaster preparedness

top 10 emerging RNA viruses

-AIDS/HIV -Chikungunya -Dengue -Ebola -Hantavirus -Influenza A -Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome -SARS -West Nile Virus -Zika

Outpatient facilities

-Provide clinical services by one or more clinicians -Provide diagnostic testing or treatment -Clinical facilities, diagnostic testing or therapeutic facilities

State Health Departments

-Collecting vital statistics -Running a public health laboratory -Licensing health professionals -Administering nutrition programs -Regulating health facilities -Drinking water regulation -Administration of the state Medicaid program -Office of the medical examiner

Policy Development (pbh services)

-Communicate effectively to inform and educate -Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships -Create, champaign, and implement policies, plans, and laws -Utilize legal and regulatory actions

Clinician-patient relationship (type of coordination)

-Continuity as a mechanism for ensuring coordination -Development of one-to-one relationships built on knowledge and trust over extended periods of time

Long term care facilities

-Custodial care with limited healthcare services -Nursing homes, assisted-living facilities

Hospitals

-Designed for short term stays -General and specialty hospitals -Nonprofit, for-profit, or investor-owned

Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) GLOBAL

-Develops food standards, guidelines, and codes of practice -Form the basis for the rules of global trade

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

-Federal grants to states for supplemental foods -For low-income pregnant women, and infants and children up to age 5

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

-Formerly called "food stamps" -Makes relatively expensive items, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, accessible to those with low incomes

FDA approval

-Implies the drug may be advertised and marketed for a particular indication, the one for which it was studied and approves -It may be prescribed by clinicians for any patient ------ Off-label prescribing: the prescribing clinician has the authority to use the treatment for indications or at dosages not specifically approved by the FDA

One Health Framework

-Microbiological influences on health and disease -Ecosystem health/physical environment -Human-animal interaction

negative feedback loop

-One factor reinforces another factor, which dampens yet another factor -Product of the signs is (-)

positive feedback loop

-One factor reinforces another to magnify its impact -Product of the signs is (+)

inpatient facilities

-Patients remain in the facility for at least 24 hours -Hospitals, skilled nursing and rehabilitation facilities, nursing homes, and institutional hospices

Assessment (pbh services)

-assess and monitor population health -investigate, diagnose, and address health hazards and root causes

assurance (pbh services)

-enable equitable access -build a diverse and skilled workforce -improve and innovate through evaluation, research, and quantity improvement -build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for pbh

Financial coordination (type of coordination)

-implies that a patient has comprehensive coverage for services provided by the full range of institutions -aims to maximize the efficiency of the care received and minimize the administrative effort required to manage the payment system

Department roles

-local health department -state health department

Steps in Foodborne Outbreak Investigation

1. Detecting a possible outbreak 2. Defining and finding cases 3. Generating hypotheses (interviews) 4. Testing hypotheses (analytic studies (case-control), lab tests) 5. Finding point of contamination 6. Controlling outbreak (recall, remove source of contamination, revise production process) 7. Deciding whether or not outbreak is over

One Health

A collaborative, multisectoral, and trans-disciplinary approach; working at the local, regional, national, and global levels, with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment -human health is dependent on animal health and the health of the ecosystem -connections among human, animal, and ecosystem health

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Aims to reduce injuries and hazardous exposures in the workplace

Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)

Community members are involved in all phases of research process, contributing their expertise while sharing ownership and responsibility

Systems Diagrams - Positive vs Negative Impacts

Does factor operate to reinforce or increase another factor/outcome (+) or operate to dampen or decrease another factor/outcome (-)

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) GLOBAL

Ensures an adequate supply of food worldwide

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Examines environmental health issues and makes recommendations

strength of response

For each factor we need to indicate the strength or magnitude of the impact with the width of the arrow used - the thicker the arrow, the greater the impact

Department of Housing and Urban Development (DHUD)

Influences the built environment and its impacts on health

World Health Organization (WHO) GLOBAL

Makes recommendations regarding the safety of the world food supply

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Overall responsibility for food safety and regulation

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Preparation and response to disasters and terrorism

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Regulation of pesticide usage and water quality standards

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Regulatory responsibilities for meat, poultry, and eggs

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Responsible for ongoing surveillance

USDA food security programs

SNAP and WIC

Department of Energy (DE)

Sets radiation safety standards for nuclear power plants and other sources of energy

3 core functions of public health

assessment, policy development, assurance

Coordination between health care and public health (type of coordination)

coordinates of services between clinical care and public health requires communication to ensure follow-up and to protect the health of others

Institutional coordination (type of coordination)

coordination of individual's information between institutions needed to inform individual clinical and administrative decision making

Policy Development

developing evidence based recommendations and other analyses of options to guide implementation

Assessment

obtaining data that defines the health of the population and specific groups within

assurance

oversight responsibility for ensuring key components of an effective health system

Measuring Healthcare Quality (STRUCTURE measures)

physical and organizational infrastructure in which care is delivered

Department of Agriculture (DA)

protects the nation's food supply

Measuring Healthcare Quality (PROCESS measures)

the procedure and formal processes that go into delivering care

Measuring Healthcare Quality (OUTCOME measures)

the result of care