PEDS Chapter 13
The nurse will be administering a medication to a child that is primarily excreted by the kidney. The nurse is aware that this action is especially dangerous until the child reaches what age? Record your answer in years.
Ans:2 The immaturity of the kidneys until the age of 1 to 2 years affects renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and active tubular secretion. This results in a longer half-life and increases the potential for toxicity of drugs primarily excreted by the kidneys.
The nurse is preparing to administer insulin to a diabetic child. Which would be the recommended route for this administration? A)Subcutaneous B)Intradermal C)Intramuscular D)Oral
Ans:A Subcutaneous (SQ) administration distributes medication into the fatty layers of the body. It is used primarily for insulin administration, heparin, and certain immunizations, such as MMR. Intradermal administration is used primarily for tuberculosis screening and allergy testing. Intramuscular administration is used to administer certain medications, such as many immunizations. Insulin is not administered orally.
The nurse is providing teaching on how to administer nasal drops. Which response by the parents indicates a need for further teaching? A)"We need to be careful not to stimulate a sneeze." B)"She needs to remain still for at least 10 minutes after administration." C)"Our daughter should lie on her back with her head hyperextended." D)"We must not let the dropper make contact with the nasal membranes."
Ans:B Once the drops are instilled, the child should remain in hyperextension for at least 1 minute to ensure the drops have come in contact with the nasal membranes. Ten minutes would be excessive. The other statements are correct.
The nurse is explaining to the student nurse the therapeutic effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). What accurately describes the use of TPN? A)It is used short term to supply additional calories and nutrients as needed. B)It is delivered via the peripheral vein to allow rapid dilution of hypertonic solution. C)It is a highly concentrated solution of carbohydrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals. D)It is usually used when the child's nutritional status is within acceptable parameters.
Ans:C TPN is a highly concentrated solution of carbohydrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals. TPN provides all nutrients to meet a child's needs. It is delivered via central venous access to allow rapid dilution of hypertonic solution. It is usually used in a child with a nonfunctioning gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as a congenital or acquired GI disorder; a child with severe failure to thrive or multisystem trauma or organ involvement; and preterm newborns.
A physician orders a medication dosage that is above the normal dosage. The nurse administers the medication without questioning the dosage. What error did the nurse make? A)The nurse violated one of the "rights" of medication administration. B)The nurse performed an act outside the scope of practice for nursing. C)The nurse has not made an error, but the physician did by ordering the wrong dosage of medication. D)The nurse has committed an act of maleficence by administering the medication.
Ans:A The nurse violated one of the "rights" of medication administration, the right dosage, because the nurse is responsible for being aware and questioning an incorrect dosage of medication. Medication administration is within the scope of nursing practice. Maleficence is performing a harmful act intentionally.
The nurse is preparing to administer medication to a child with a gastrostomy tube in place. What is a recommended guideline for this procedure? Select all that apply. A)Verify proper tube placement prior to instilling medication. B)Mix liquid medications with a small amount of water and add directly into the tube. C)Mix powdered medications well with cold water first. D)Crush tablets and mix with warm water to prevent tube occlusion. E)Open up capsules and mix the contents with warm water. F)Flush the tube with water after administering medications.
Ans:A, D, E, F The correct procedure includes checking proper tube placement prior to instilling medication, crushing tablets and mixing with warm water to prevent tube occlusion, opening up capsules and mixing the contents with warm water, and flushing the tube with water after administering medications. The nurse should give liquid medications directly into the tube and mix powdered medications well with warm water first.
The nurse is caring for children who are receiving IV therapy in the hospital setting. For which children would a central venous device be indicated? A)A child who is receiving an IV push B)A child who is receiving chemotherapy for leukemia C)A child who is receiving IV fluids for dehydration D)A child who is receiving a one-time dose of a medication
Ans:B Although central venous access devices can be used short term, the majority are used for moderate- to long-term therapy, such as chemotherapy. Central venous access devices are indicated when the child lacks suitable peripheral access, requires IV fluid or medication for more than 3 to 5 days, or is to receive specific treatments, such as the administration of highly concentrated solutions or irritating drugs that require rapid dilution. Peripheral IV devices are used for most other IV therapies.
The nurse is caring for an 8-year-old girl who requires medication that is only available in an enteric tablet form. The nurse is teaching the mother how to help the girl swallow the medication. Which statement indicates a need for further teaching? A)"I can encourage her to place it on the back of her tongue." B)"I can pinch her nose to make it easier to swallow." C)"We cannot crush this type of pill as it will affect the delivery of the medication." D)"We can place the tablet in a spoonful of applesauce."
Ans:B The mother should be advised to never pinch the child's nose as it increases the risk for aspiration. The other statements are correct.
The nurse is providing teaching for the mother of an infant who receives all of his nutrition through a tube. The nurse is reviewing interventions to promote growth and development. Which response from the mother indicates a need for further teaching? A)"I will give him a pacifier during feeding time." B)"We need to keep feeding time very quiet." C)"We need to make sure he doesn't lose the desire to eat by mouth." D)"Sucking produces saliva, which aids in digestion."
Ans:B The nurse needs to emphasize that it is important to talk, play music, cuddle, and rock the infant to promote a normalized feeding time. The other statements are correct.
The nurse is preparing to administer a medication to a 5-year-old who weighs 35 pounds. The prescribed single dose is 1 to 2 mg/kg/day. Which is the appropriate dose range for this child? A)8 to 16 mg B)16 to 32 mg C)35 to 70 mg D)70 to 140 mg
Ans:B The nurse should convert the child's weight in pounds to kilograms by dividing the child's weight in pounds by 2.2. (35 pounds divided by 2.2 = 16 kg). The nurse would then multiply the child's weight in kilograms by 1 mg for the low end (16 kg × 1 mg = 16 mg) and then by 2 mg for the high end (16 kg × 2 mg = 32 mg).
The nurse is preparing to administer an intramuscular injection to an 8-month-old infant. Which site would the nurse select? A)Rectus femoris B)Vastus lateralis C)Dorsogluteal muscle D)Deltoid
Ans:B The preferred injection site in infants is the vastus lateralis muscle. An alternative site is the rectus femoris. The dorsogluteal site is not used in children until the child has been walking for at least 1 year. The deltoid muscle is used as a site in children after the age of 4 or 5 years.
When describing the differences affecting the pharmacokinetics of drugs administered to children, which would the nurse include? A)Oral drugs are absorbed more quickly in children than adults. B)Absorption of intramuscularly administered drugs is fairly constant. C)Topical drugs are absorbed more quickly in young children than adults. D)Absorption of drugs administered by subcutaneous injection is increased.
Ans:C Topical absorption of drugs is increased in infants and young children because the stratum corneum is thinner and well hydrated. The absorption of oral drugs is slowed by slower gastric emptying, increased intestinal motility, a proportionately larger small intestine surface area, high gastric pH, and decreased lipase and amylase secretion. The absorption of drugs given intramuscularly or subcutaneously is erratic and may be decreased.
The nurse is monitoring the output for a 10-year-old child. The medical record indicates the child weighs 78 pounds. How much urine can be anticipated for this child for a 12-hour period? 1. 78 pounds = 35kg 2. 1 mL X 35kg = 35 mL/hr and 2 mL X 35 = 70 mL/hr 3. 35 mL X 12 hours = 420 mL 4. 70 mL X 12 hours = 840 mL A)300 to 1200 mL B)360 to 900 mL C)420 to 840 mL D)600 to 1200 mL
Ans:C Urinary output for a child will vary. As a general rule, output anticipated will be approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mL/kg/hour for children and adolescents. In a child who weighs 78 pounds, this will calculate as follows: (the rest of this was not available)
The nurse is teaching the student nurse the factors that affect the pharmacodynamics of the drugs they are administering. What is a factor affecting this property of drugs? A)Immature body systems B)Weight C)Body surface D)Body composition
Ans:A Although a drug's mechanism of action is the same in any individual, the physiologic immaturity of some body systems in a child can affect a drug's pharmacodynamics (behavior of the medication at the cellular level). The child's age, weight, body surface area, and body composition also can affect the drug's pharmacokinetics (movement of drugs throughout the body via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion).
The nurse is administering a crushed tablet to an 18-month-old infant. What is a recommended guideline for this intervention? A)Mix the crushed tablet with a small amount of applesauce. B)Place the crushed tablet in the infant's formula. C)Mix the crushed tablet with the infant's cereal. D)Crushed tablets should only be mixed with water.
Ans:A If a tablet or capsule is the only oral form available for children younger than 6 years, it needs to be crushed or opened and mixed with a pleasant-tasting liquid or a small amount (generally no more than a tablespoon) of a nonessential food such as applesauce. The crushed tablet or inside of a capsule may taste bitter, so it should never be mixed with formula or other essential foods. Otherwise, the child may associate the bitter taste with the food and later refuse to eat it.
The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old child who has multisystem trauma due to a motor vehicle accident. The child is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). What is a recommended nursing intervention for children on TPN? A)Initially, check blood glucose levels frequently, such as every 4 to 6 hours, to evaluate for hyperglycemia. B)Be vigilant in monitoring the infusion rate, change the rate as necessary, and report any changes to the physician or nurse practitioner. C)If for any reason the TPN infusion is interrupted or stops, begin an infusion of a 10% saline at the same infusion rate as the TPN. D)Administer TPN continuously over an 8-hour period, or after initiation it may be given on a cyclic basis, such as over a 12-hour period during the night.
Ans:A Initially, the nurse should check blood glucose levels frequently, such as every 4 to 6 hours, to evaluate for hyperglycemia. Throughout TPN therapy, the nurse should be vigilant in monitoring the infusion rate, and report any changes in the infusion rate to the physician or nurse practitioner immediately. Adjustments may be made to the rate, but only as ordered by the physician or nurse practitioner. If for any reason the TPN infusion is interrupted or stops, the nurse should begin an infusion of a 10% dextrose solution at the same infusion rate as the TPN. TPN can be administered continuously over a 24-hour period, or after initiation it may be given on a cyclic basis, such as over a 12-hour period during the night.
The parents of a child receiving total parenteral nutrition ask the nurse why their child must have their blood glucose monitored so frequently since they are not diabetic. What is the best response by the nurse? A)"We like to keep a close check on the blood glucose for all children receiving total parenteral nutrition." B)"It is important to monitor the blood glucose level because the solution has a high concentration of carbohydrates that convert to glucose." C)"This is a good time for us to monitor your child in case they start developing signs of diabetes related to receiving total parenteral nutrition." D)"I would suggest you ask the physician why blood glucose checks have been ordered so frequently."
Ans:B Total parenteral nutrition has a high concentration of carbohydrates, which convert to glucose. Informing the parents that this is the reason for frequent monitoring of the blood glucose adequately addresses their question. It is routine for any patient receiving total parenteral nutrition to have frequent monitoring of blood glucose, but this does not answer the parent's question. There is no need to monitor a child for diabetes without reason. There is no reason to suggest asking the physician when this question can be answered by the nurse.
The nurse notes that a child with swallowing difficulty is receiving a continuous tube feeding. The child is very active and the feeding frequently gets interrupted because the tube becomes disconnected. What should the nurse discuss with the physician about the tube feeding? A)The nurse should ask the physician if the patient could receive total parenteral nutrition. B)The nurse should ask the physician if the patient could receive bolus rather than continuous tube feedings. C)The nurse should ask the physician if the patient could receive the tube feedings during the night rather than continuously during all hours. D)The nurse should ask the physician if the patient could be given oral rather than tube feedings. E)The nurse should ask the physician if the patient could be given a sedative in order to prevent disruption of the tube feedings.
Ans:B, C A bolus feeding is a specified amount of feeding solution that is given at specific intervals, usually over a short period of time such as 15 to 30 minutes, and is given via a syringe, feeding bag, or infusion pump. Continuous feedings are given at a slower rate over a longer period of time. In some cases, the feeding may be given during the night so that the child can be free to move about and participate in activities during the day. Either of these methods could help in the disruption of the feedings. Total parenteral nutrition is intravenous feeding and cannot be given for extended periods of time, nor would it help the active child. The child has a swallowing difficulty so oral feedings are not possible at this time. Sedatives would be considered a chemical restraint if given for this purpose.
The student nurse is preparing to administer eye drops to a 2-year-old child. Which actions indicate the need for additional instruction? Select all that apply. A)The student nurse explains the medication regimen to the child's parents. B)The nurse holds the medication bottle 3 inches from the child's nurse during administration. C)The child is instructed to look down during the instillation of the medication in the eyes. D)The student nurse seeks assistance to hold the child during the medication administration. E)The child is turned so the medication flows toward the outer corner of the eye.
Ans:B, C, E When preparing to administer medications to a child teaching to the parents and the child (based upon the child's ability to comprehend) about the medication and the procedure that will be used. When a child is under the age of 3, assistance should be obtained from another health care provider. The bottle should be held one inch from the child's nose. The child should be instructed to look up and to the side for the administration. The medication should flow toward the nose.
A nurse has just administered medication via an orogastric tube. What is the priority nursing action following administration? A)Check tube placement. B)Retape the tube. C)Flush the tube. D)Remove the tube.
Ans:C After administration, the nurse should flush the tube to maintain patency and ensure that the entire amount of medication has been given. The tube should be checked prior to administering the medication. It is not necessary to retape the tube following administration. It is not appropriate to remove the tube unless it has been specifically ordered.
The nurse if checking placement on a child's feeding tube. When the pH is checked, it is 5.3. What action by the nurse is indicated? A)Remove the tube. B)Document the findings as normal. C)Contact the health care provider. D)Re-evaluate the pH again in 2 hours.
Ans:C Gastric pH may be used to evaluate feeding tube placement. Normal gastric pH is less than 5.0. Findings greater than 5.0 indicate the need for further action. The nurse cannot remove the tube. The findings cannot be documented as normal. Evaluating the gastric pH again in 2 hours is not appropriate as the matter warrents more immediate action.
The nurse is administering immunizations to children in a neighborhood clinic. What is the most frequent route of administration? A)Oral B)Intradermal C)Intramuscular D)Topical
Ans:C Intramuscular (IM) administration delivers medication to the muscle. In children, this method of medication administration is used infrequently because it is painful and children often lack adequate muscle mass for medication absorption. However, IM administration is used to administer certain medications, such as many immunizations.
After administering eye drops to a child, the nurse applies gentle pressure to the inside corner of the eye at the nose for which reason? A)To promote dispersion over the cornea B)To enhance systemic absorption C)To ensure the medication stays in the eye D)To stabilize the eyelid
Ans:C Punctal occlusion, or gentle pressure to the inside corner of the eye at the nose, helps to slow systemic absorption and ensure that the medication stays in the eye. Having the head lower than the body aids in dispersing the medication over the cornea. Placing the heel of the hand on the child's forehead and then retracting the lower lid helps to stabilize it.
The nurse is preparing to administer oral ampicillin to a child who weighs 40 kg. The safe dose for children is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day divided in doses administered every 6 hours. What would be the low single safe dose and high single safe dose per day for this child? A)50 to 100 mg per dose B)100 to 500 mg per dose C)500 to 1,000 mg per dose D)1,000 to 5,000 mg per dose
Ans:C To calculate the dosage, the nurse would set up a proportion to calculate the low dose as follows: 50 mg/1 kg = x mg/40 kg; solve for x by cross-multiplying: 1 × x = 50 × 40; x = 2,000 mg divided by 4 doses per day = 500 mg. Then calculate the high safe dose range using the following proportion: 100 mg/1 kg = x mg/40 kg; solve for x by cross-multiplying: 1 × x = 100 × 40; x = 4,000 mg divided by 4 doses per day = 1,000 mg.
The nurse is administering acetaminophen PRN to a 9-year-old child on the pediatric ward of the hospital. Which answers reflect nursing actions that follow the rules of the 'eight rights' of pediatric medication administration? Select all that apply. A)The nurse identifies the child by checking the name on the child's chart. B)The nurse makes sure the medication is given within the hour of the ordered time. C)The nurse checks the documented time of the last dosage administered. D)The nurse calculates the dosage according to the child's weight. E)The nurse explains the therapeutic effects of the medication to the child and parents. F)The nurse administers the medication even though the child is adamant about not taking it.
Ans:C, D, E Following the 'right patient' rule, the nurse checks the documented time of the last dosage administered. For the 'right dose,' the nurse calculates the dosage according to the child's weight. For the 'right to be educated,' the nurse explains the therapeutic effects of the medication to the child and parents. To ensure the 'right patient,' the nurse confirms the child's identity and then checks with the caregivers for further identification. To administer at the 'right time,' the nurse gives the medication within 20 to 30 minutes of the ordered time, and to protect the child's 'right to refuse,' the nurse respects the child's or parents' option to refuse.
The nurse is administering a liquid medication to a 3-year-old using an oral syringe. Which action would be most appropriate? A)Direct the liquid toward the anterior side of the mouth. B)Keep the child's hand away from the oral syringe when squirting the medication. C)Give all of the drug in the syringe at one time with one squirt. D)Allow the child time to swallow the medication in between amounts.
Ans:D When using an oral syringe to administer liquid medications, give the drug slowly in small amounts and allow the child to swallow before placing more medication in the mouth. The syringe is directed toward the posterior side of the mouth. The toddler or young preschooler may enjoy helping by squirting the medication into his or her mouth.
A nurse is caring for a 14-year-old with a gastrostomy tube. The girl has skin breakdown and irritation at the insertion site. Which would be the most appropriate method to clean and secure the gastrostomy tube? A)Make sure the tube cannot be moved in and out of the child's stomach. B)Use adhesive tape to tape the tube in place and prevent movement. C)Place a transparent dressing over the site whether there is drainage or not. D)If any drainage is present, use a presplit 2 × 2 and place it loosely around the site.
Ans:D Skin around the gastrostomy or jejunostomy insertion site may become irritated from movement of the tube, moisture, leakage of stomach or intestinal contents, or the adhesive device holding the tube in place. Keeping the skin clean and dry is important and will help prevent most of these problems. If any drainage is present, a presplit 2 × 2 can be placed loosely around the site and changed when soiled. If no drainage is present, the nurse should not place a dressing as it can cause undue pressure and trap moisture, leading to skin irritation. Preventing movement of the tube helps reduce skin irritation; however, the tube should be able to move slightly in and out of the child's stomach.
The nurse caring for a 6-year-old patient enters the room to administer an oral medication in the form of a pill. The dad at the bedside looks at the pill and tells the nurse that his daughter has a hard time swallowing pills. Which of the following is the best response by the nurse? A)Ask the child to try swallowing the pill and offer a choice of drinks to take with it. B)Crush the pill and add it to applesauce. C)Request that the physician prescribe the medication in liquid form. D)Call the pharmacy and ask if the pill can be crushed.
Ans:D The father is the best source of knowledge on medication administration for the child. The pharmacy should be called to determine if the pill might be crushed. Asking the child to try swallowing the pill disregards the information the father has just given. Requesting that the physician order the medication in liquid form is not necessary at this point.
The nurse is caring for a child who is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for failure to thrive. Which nursing action might the nurse take to prevent complications from this therapy? A)Adhere to clean technique when caring for the catheter and administering TPN. B)Ensure that the system remains an open system at all times. C)Secure all connections and open the catheter during tubing and cap changes. D)Use occlusive dressings and chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressings.
Ans:D The nurse should use occlusive dressings and chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressings to help prevent infection. The nurse should always follow agency or institution policy and procedures, adhere to strict aseptic technique when caring for the catheter and administering TPN, ensure that the system remains a closed system at all times, and secure all connections and clamp the catheter or have the child perform the Valsalva maneuver during tubing and cap changes.
The nurse is determining the amount of IV fluids to administer in a 24-hour period to a child who weighs 40 kg. How many milliliters should the nurse administer? A)1,000 mL B)1,500 mL C)1,750 mL D)1,900 mL
Ans:D Typically, the amount of fluid to be administered in a day (24 hours) is determined by the child's weight (in kg) using the following formula: 100 mL per kg of body weight for the first 10 kg (1,000) 50 mL per kg of body weight for the next 10 kg (500) 20 mL per kg of body weight for the remainder of body weight in kg (400).