Penny Ch. 25, 26, and 27

A co-existing pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of: a. Tetralogy of Fallot b. Pentalogy of Cantrell c. Fetal hydrops d. Potter syndrome

C

Macroglossia is most commonly found with: a. Anencephaly b. Holoprosencephaly c. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome d. Cystic hygroma

C

Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with: a. Patau syndrome b. Hydranencephaly c. Down syndrome d. Cebocephaly

C

Sirenomelia is commonly referred to as: a. Radial ray defect b. Rhizomelia c. Mermaid syndrome d. Rockerbottom feet

C

The sonographic "bat wing" sign is indicative of: a. Pericardial effusion b. Pulmonary atresia c. Pleural effusion d. Endocardial cushion defects

C

The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarged with Arnold-Chiari II malformation is: a. Corpus callosum b. Cerebellar vermis c. Cavum septum pellucidum d. Massa intermedia

D

Upon sonographic interrogation of a 28-week pregnancy, you note that when pressure is applied to the fetal skull, the skull can be easily distorted. This is sonographic evidence of: a. Arnold-Chiari II malformation b. Achondroplasia c. Thanatophoric dysplasia d. Osteogenesis imperfecta

D

The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is: a. Autosomal recessive b. Autosomal dominant c. Inherited dominant d. Inherited recessive

B

The measurement obtained between the lateral walls of the orbits is referred to as the: a. Interocular diameter b. Binocular diameter c. Ocular diameter d. Biparietal diameter

B

The most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the: a. Axilla b. Neck c. Chest d. Groin

B

The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed: a. 3 mm b. 6 mm c. 10 mm d. 12 mm

B

All of the following are signs of Arnold-Chiari II syndrome except: a. S-shaped spine b. Banana sign c. Lemon sign d. Colpocephaly

A

An echogenic intracardiac focus is often seen in cases of: a. Trisomy 21 b. Trisomy 13 c. Trisomy 8 d. Turner syndrome

A

Close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed: a. Cebocephaly b. Cyclopia c. Ethmocephaly d. Epignathus

A

Eventration of the diaphragm is best described as: a. A lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm b. A defect in the anterior lateral wall of the diaphragm c. A defect in the posterolateral wall of the diaphragm d. Congenital absence of the diaphragm

A

Facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of: a. Holoprosencephaly b. Dandy-Walker malformation c. Schizencephaly d. Hydranencephaly

A

Fetal lung maturity can be assessed using the: a. Lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio b. Systolic to diastolic ratios c. Estriol to alpha-fetoprotein ratio d. Lung size formula

A

A cystic hygroma is found in all the following conditions except: a. Edwards syndrome b. Hydranencephaly c. Turner syndrome d. All of the above

B

A large, mostly cystic mass is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a: a. Sacrococcygeal teratoma b. Cystic hygroma c. Cephalocele d. Anophthalmia

B

All of the following are associated with spina bifida except: a. Splaying of the laminae b. Enlarged posterior fossa c. Lemon sign d. Hydrocephalus

B

All of the following are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with limb-body wall complex except: a. Ventral wall defects b. Decreased MSAFP c. Marked scoliosis d. Shortened umbilical cord

B

All of the following are sonographic features of pentalogy of Cantrell except: a. Omphalocele b. Gastroschisis c. Cleft sternum d. Diaphragmatic defect

B

An oral teratoma is referred to as: a. Macroglossia b. Epignathus c. Micrognathia d. Ethmocephaly

B

Fetal rhabdomyomas are associated with which of the following? a. Tracheoesophageal fistulas b. Tuberous sclerosis c. Eventration of the diaphragm d. Tuberculosis

B

The fetal lip typically closes by: a. 18 weeks b. 8 weeks c. 13 weeks d. 6 weeks

B

Which statement is true concerning fetal outflow tracts? a. The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned posterior to the aorta and should be visualized passing under it. b. The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it c. The right ventricular outflow tract leads to the aorta d. The left ventricular outflow tract leads to the pulmonary artery

B

The group of fetal head and brain abnormalities that often coexists with spina bifida is referred to as: a. Dandy-Walker malformation b. Budd-Chiari syndrome c. Arnold-Chiari II malformation d. Amniotic band syndrome

C

The most common cause of hypertelorism is: a. Dandy-Walker malformation b. Anencephaly c. Anterior cephalocele d. Holoprosencephaly

C

The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is a/an: a. Dilated pulmonary artery and hypoechoic chest mass b. Pleural effusion and ipsilateral iatal hernia c. Triangular, echogenic mass within the chest d. Anechoic mass within the chest

C

The optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is: a. Transverse b. Axial c. Sagittal d. Coronal

C

What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, and fusion of the lower extremities? a. Sacrococcygeal teratoma b. Caudal displacement syndrome c. Sirenomelia d. Osteogenesis imperfecta

C

A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of: a. Thanatophoric dysplasia b. Caudal regression syndrome c. Achondrogenesis d. Osteogenesis imperfecta

D

A cystic hygroma is the result of: a. Alcohol consumption in the first trimester b. An abnormal development of the roof of the fourth ventricle c. Occlusion of the internal carotid arteries d. An abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

D

A protein produced by the yolk sac and fetal liver is found in excess in the maternal circulation in the presence of a neural tube defect is: a. PAPP-A b. hCG c. Estriol d. AFP

D

A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as: a. Anophthalmia b. Micrognathia c. Hypertelorism d. Hypotelorism

D

All of the following are characteristics of spina bifida cystica except: a. Banana sign b. Lemon sign c. Enlarged massa intermedia d. Normal MSAFP

D

An echogenic intracardiac focus is most often seen within the: a. Right atrium b. Left atrium c. Right ventricle d. Left ventricle

D

An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed: a. Epignathus b. Macrognathia c. Pharyngoglossia d. Macroglossia

D

Cleft lip and cleft palate may exist with: a. Amniotic band syndrome b. Holoprosencephaly c. Trisomy 13 d. All of the above

D

Micrognathia is a condition found in: a. Trisomy 21 b. Hydranencephaly c. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome d. Trisomy 18

D

Tetralogy of Fallot consists of all of the following except: a. Overriding aortic rood b. Ventricular septal defect c. Pulmonary stenosis d. Left ventricular hypertrophy

D

The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is: a. Triploidy b. Trisomy 21 c. Trisomy 18 d. Trisomy 13

D

Which of the following is not a true statement about the normal fetal heart? a. The ventricular septum should be uninterrupted and of equal thickness to the left ventricular wall. b. There is a normal opening within the atrial septum. c. Between the right ventricle and right atrium, one should visualize the tricuspid valve. d. The mitral valve is positioned closer to the cardiac apex than the tricuspid valve.

D

All of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly except: a. Cystic hydroma b. Proboscis with cyclopia c. Fused thalamus d. Monoventricle

A

The condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits is: a. Ethmocephaly b. Epignathus c. Micrognathia d. Cebocephaly

A

All of the following are characteristics of spina bifida occulta except: a. Closed defect b. Elevated MSAFP c. Sacral dimple d. Hemangioma

B (Spina bifida occulta is a closed defect. Occult means closed. There is no herniation of spinal contents outside of the spinal column, and only in open neural tube defects will the MSAFP, or maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, be increased)

All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis except: a. Micromelia b. Absent mineralization of the pelvis c. Multiple dislocated joints d. Polyhydramnios

C

All of the following are sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly except: a. Enlarged right atrium b. Fetal hydrops c. Narrowing of the aortic arch d. Malpositioned tricuspid valve

C

Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except: a. Frontal bossing b. Flattened nasal bridge c. Trident hand d. Absent mineralization of the skull

D

All of the following are associated with amniotic band syndrome except: a. Amputation of fetal parts b. Anencephaly c. Facial clefting d. Synechiae

D

The fetal heart is fully formed by: a. 2 weeks b. 4 weeks c. 8 weeks d. 10 weeks

D

Which of the following is considered to be the most common cardiac defect? a. Hypoplastic right heart syndrome b. Transposition of the great vessels c. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome d. Ventricular septal defect

D

The embryonic heart begins as: a. Two tubes b. Four tubes c. Eight folds d. One tube

A

The most common cause of cardiac malposition is: a. Diaphragmatic hernia b. Omphalocele c. Gastroschisis d. Pulmonary hypoplasia

A

The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the: a. Rhabdomyoma b. Chordae tendineae c. Cardiomyoma d. Cystic adenomatoid malformation

A