Penny Chapter 19 The Menstrual Cycle
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
a change in menstrual bleeding patterns due to either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus
the pituitary gland is also known as the...
master gland
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
a change in menstrual bleeding patterns related to endocrine abnormalities, where hormonal imbalances result in endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding
progesterone
a hormone that prepare the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy and promotes development of the mammary glands; primarily produced by the ovary and placenta
the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle is the
corpus luteum
if fertilization does occur, the endometrial thickness is maintained by the production of progesterone by the ....
corpus luteum of pregnancy
painful and difficult menstruation is termed
dysmenorrhea
the two phases of the proliferative phase
early and late
one of the more common suspicions in AUB is the presence of ... or .... within or abutting the uterine cavity
fibroid tumors, leiomyomas
following ovulation, the ovary begins the ... phase while the endometrium enters the ... phase
luteal, secretory
the first menstrual cycle is termed
menarche
during the second half of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation, ... is produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary
progesterone
the endometrial cycle consists of what two phases?
proliferative, secretory
endometrial thickness during periovulatory (late proliferative) phase
6-10mm
endometrial thickness during the secretory phase
7-14mm
progesterone negatively inhibits the production of ... by the anterior pituitary gland, resulting in the regression of the corpus luteum
LH
what stimulates ovulation?
LH
.... induces salt and water retention within the endometrium
estrogen
the ovum is picked up by the fimbria of the fallopian tube and is propelled through the tube, either to be..., ..., or ....
fertilized, resorbed by the body, passed with menstruation
Ovulation typically occurs on day... of the menstrual cycle
14
ovulation occurs typically on day...
14
the luteal phase lasts from day... to day....
15,28
fertilization typically occurs on day ..., with the union of the egg and sperm in the fallopian tube
15
the graafian follicle can grow as large as...
2.7cm
secondary amenorrhea
characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had at least 12 months without a menstrual cycle
spiral arteries
coiled arteries that supply blood to the functional layer of the endometrium
the structure noted within the graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the
cumulus oophorus
which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?
estrogen
the corpus luteum produces small amounts of .... and large amounts of ...
estrogen, progesterone
primary amenorrhea
failure to experiencing menarche before age 16
the anterior pituitary gland releases which two hormones that influence the menstrual cycle?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)
the first phase of the ovarian cycle is the
follicular phase
following menses, the ovary is in the ... phase while the endometrium is in the ... phase
follicular, proliferative
the hypothalamus release what hormone?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
the dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the
graafian follicle
while numerous follicles manifest, only one follicle will be maintained and become the.... prior to ovulation
graafian follicle or dominant follicle
the two layers of the endometrium
inner functional layer, outer basal layer
the hormone that is responsible for ovulation is
luteinizing hormone
the arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary are the
spiral arteries
estrogen initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium by encouraging the growth and expansion of the... and... within the functional layer of the endometrium
spiral arteries, glands
the cells that surround the blastocyst
synctiotrophoblastic cells (trophoblastic cells)
anterior pituitary gland
the anterior segment of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle
menarche
the first menstrual cycle
follicular phase
the first phase of the ovarian cycle
luteinizing hormone
the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ovulation
syncytiotrophoblastic cells
the trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin
the .... produce hCG
trohphoblastic cells
should fertilization not take place, menses begins on day... of the cycle, resulting from a lack of estrogen and progesterone
1
LH surges around day... of the menstrual cycle
14
imperforate hymen
a vaginal anomaly in which the hymen has no opening, resulting in an obstruction of the vagina
endometrial carcinoma
cancer of the endometrium
the ... layer provides an appropriate location for implantation to occur
functional
the hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
the two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are
luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
what is progesterone responsible for?
maintaining the thickness of the endometrium and inducing its secretory activity as it is prepared for implantation
days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle correlate with... at which time the endometrium is shed
menses
menses
menstrual bleeding
the graafian follicle contains the developing...
oocyte (egg)
proliferative phase
the first phase of the endometrial cycle
the average menstrual cycle lasts
28 days
the average menstrual cycle lasts...
28 days
endometrial thickness during early proliferative phase
4-8mm
the measurement of the endometrium during the proliferative phase ranges from
4-8mm
three-line sign
a periovulatory endometrial sonographic appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer, which the functional layer is separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe
a change in menstrual bleeding associated with lesions within the uterus relates to
abnormal uterine bleeding
ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium of the uterus
adenomyosis
ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to abnormal uterine bleeding is termed
adenomyosis
the proliferative phase occurs.... and lasts until....
after menstruation, ovulation
endometrial hyperplasia
an increase in the number of endometrial cells
periovulatory phase
another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation
follicle-stimulating hormone is produced by the
anterior pituitary gland
gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of hormones by the ....
anterior pituitary gland
luteinizing hormone is produced by the
anterior pituitary gland
the hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones by the...
anterior pituitary gland
all other follicles undergo...
atresia
the ... layer consists of dense, cellular stroma
basal
theca internal cells
cells of the follicle that produce estrogen
after the corpus luteum has regressed, which structure remains?
corpus albicans
can be seen sonographicallly as a small echogenic scar on the ovary
corpus albicans
the remaining structure of the corpus luteum post regression is termed the...
corpus albicans
after the graafian follicle ruptures, it is temporarily turned into an endocrine gland in the form of the ....
corpus luteum
the oocyte develops in a region called the...
cumulus oophorus
atresia (ovarian follicle)
degeneration of a follicle
endocrine abnormalities that cause abnormal vaginal bleeding are related to
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
an increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed
endometrial hyperplasia
the ovary produces what two hormones during the menstrual cycle?
estrogen and progesterone
the hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is
follicle-stimulating hormone
FSH causes the development of multiple... on the ovaries
follicles
the corpus luteum is maintained during pregnancy by which hormone?
human chorionic gonadotropin
the hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta is
human chorionic gonadotropin
the area of within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus
hypothalamus
the periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the
late proliferative phase
the second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the
luteal phase
the corpus luteum primarily releases
progesterone
which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle?
progesterone
the first phase of the endometrial cycle is the
proliferative phase
the second phase of the endometrial cycle is the
secretory phase
endometrial polyps
small nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue
follicle
small, round groups of cells
hypothalamus
the area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus and controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland
adenomyosis
the benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus
corpus luteum of pregnancy
the corpus luteum that is maintained during early pregnancy for the purpose of producing esrogen and progesterone
endometrial atrophy
the degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age; most often seen in postmenopausal women
fimbria
the fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum
during which half of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium undergo thickening?
the first
the first day of the menstrual cycle is said to occur on...
the first day of bleeding
what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?
the follicular phase and the luteal phase
follicle-stimulating hormone
the hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries
human chorionic gonadotropin
the hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
the hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle
estrogen
the hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium
proliferationi
the multiplication of similar forms
cumulus oophorus
the structure that contains the developing oocyte
the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is considered to begin on day ... and lasts until day ..., ending with ovulation
1, 14
graafian follicle
the name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulation
the late proliferative phase is also known as
the periovulatory phase
ovulation
the release of the mature egg from the ovary
corpus albicans
the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration
during which half of the menstrual cycle does progesterone maintain the thickness of the endometrium in preparation for implantation?
the second
secretory phase
the second phase of the endometrial cycle
luteal phase
the second phase of the ovarian cycle
blastocyst
the stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium
corpus luteum
the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle after ovulation
estrogen is produced by
the theca internal cells of the secondary follicles
