Period 2 (1607-1754)

2.6 Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions and how enslaved people responded to slavery.

- All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, but the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers. The great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. - Chattel slavery dominated labor system in many southern colonies, creating new laws under a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined descendants of African American mothers black and enslaved in perpetuity. - Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion. (ex. practice cultural customs from home in secret, Stono Rebellion)

2.4 Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.

- European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor to fulfill mercantilist policies. (ex. tobacco) - Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of Native communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes (ex. wealth of merchants, investors, plantation owners, seaports became urban centers) and spreading diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. - The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in pursuit of mercantilism, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies. (ex. Navigation Acts)

2.1 Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754.

- Europeans (Spanish, French, Dutch, English) developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. - The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. - Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

2.7 Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time.

- Intellectual exchange of the Great Awakening (George Whitefield) and Enlightenment (natural rights & social contract) spurred change in colonial attitudes to colonial authority and, for the first time, binded colonists under a common experience - Colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

2.5 Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and Native Americans changed over time.

- Interactions between European rivals and Native American populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed Native groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Native groups. - British conflicts with Natives over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations (ex. Metacom's War in New England) - Native resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of Native culture in the Southwest - Native Americans largely adapted to European encroachment by allying with European nations or migrating to new land Europeans have not settled.

2.2 Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

- Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society (ex. mission system, encomienda system, casta system) (focused on CONQUEST and SUBJUGATION) - French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with Natives to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. (focused on TRADE and PARTNERSHIP) - English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately (focused on NEW LIFE and EXPULSION)

2.3 Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

- The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. - The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. - The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. (ex. Quaker Pennsylvania and religious freedom) - The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops (ex. sugar). They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, dominated the population in these areas and encouraged harsh regulation of slaves (ex. slave codes and chattel). - Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. (ex. House of Burgesses, Mayflower Compact)

2.7 Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their relationship with Britain.

- The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade. - Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.

NOW TRY: Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

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