Period 4 Terms and #11-16 APUSH

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

steam engines

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

participatory democracy

A system of democracy in which all members of a group or community participate collectively in making major decisions.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

free African Americans

African Americans that lived in a free area or were released by their masters, they had more rights but not many and were heavily discriminated.

the American System

An economic program promoted by Henry Clay; it included a strong banking system that could provide easy credit, protective tariff to allow eastern manufacturing to grow, and a network of federally financed canals and highways to knit the country together economically and politically.

market revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

canals

Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.

national bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

international slave trade

Permitted to be banned in the US in 1808. Still could buy slave in US but could not import ( bring them into the US)

Democratic-Republicans

Political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalists Party

Democrats

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

internal improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

constituencies

Voters in a political district, or supporters of an elected official; or interest groups or client groups that are either directly regulated by the bureaucracy or vitally affected by its decisions.

agricultural inventions

allowed farmers to produce more crops

secular reforms

asylums, care for physically and mentally afflicted (Dorothea Dix), prisons, and education (Horace Mann) were reformed during the Age of Reform

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

semi-subsistence agriculture

farming that focuses on producing enough for just the farming family rather than farming for profit

xenophobia

fear of foreigners

textile machinery

helped to make cloth production more efficient and also brought standard clothing into the market

arable land

land suitable for growing crops

urban entrepreneurs

people, especially women in factories and low-skilled male workers, who no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture but made their livelihoods producing goods for distant markets

human perfectibility (perfectibility of man)

promoted the divinity of the individual and sought to perfect human society. A number of experimental communal "utopias" were formed to further this effort