Period 5 Multiple Choice
What was James Watts' contribution to the Industrial Revolution? A) He invented a steam engine that could be used to drive machines. B) He introduced a system of interchangeable parts to the factory system. C) He invented a spinning machine that enabled the industrialization of the textile industry. D) He built the first commercial railway system in Britain. E) He improved the quality of steel that could be produced.
A
Which of the following statements concerning the British Chartists is most accurate? A) The Chartists were primarily artisans and workers who sought universal male suffrage. B) The Chartists were organizations of craftsmen who opposed the extension of the Industrial Revolution. C) The Chartists were unions of farm laborers who attempted to have the taxes on grain production eased. D) The Chartists attempted to break machines to protest the increased discipline of the industrial workplace. E) The Chartists were members of the nobility seeking to assert their traditional rights against the lower classes.
A
In what year did the final phase of the French Revolution begin? A) 1793 B) 1799 C) 1804 D) 1812 E) 1815
B
Which of the following was a cause of the French Revolution? A) Enlightenment endorsement of absolute monarchy B) The middle-class demand for greater political representation C) The continued influence of the Protestant clergy at the French court D) French territorial additions during the French and Indian War E) The impact of revolutions in Spain and Belgium
B
One of the reforms that conservative politicians were most willing to enact in order to gain the support of both liberals and the working class was A) legalization of unions and strikes. B) the creation of extensive national police forces. C) universal manhood suffrage. D) universal conscription. E) giving all citizens the right to vote.
C
Protoindustrialization refers to A) the strictly agricultural economy that preceded the Industrial Revolution. B) the development of the rural factory system. C) the employment of laborers who worked at home, but in a capitalist system dependent on urban merchants. D) the development of systems of transportation and communication necessary for full industrialization. E) the industrialization that occurred first in England and was a model for the rest of Europe.
C
In what nation did socialism produce the strongest political party? A) Britain B) The United States C) France D) Germany E) Italy
D
The radical phase of the French Revolution led to all of the following EXCEPT A) the execution of the king. B) the introduction of the metric system of weights and measures. C) an extension of the revolution to warfare in the Low Countries, Italy, and Germany. D) a full-scale attack on private property. E) a new calendar.
D
Which of the political groups listed below would espouse the following statement: "The chief goal of any constitution should be to secure the vote for all men, regardless of class or wealth." A) Liberals B) Conservatives C) Socialists D) Radicals E) Luddites
D
Which of the following was a cause of the American Revolution? A) The British loss of territory during the French and Indian War B) The abolition of slavery in the American South C) Increasing difficulties with the Native American population D) The failure of the American colonies to develop a parliamentary experience E) Restriction on free movement into frontier areas
E
European financiers lent money to the profligate successors of Muhammad Ali because they desired access to Egypt's cheap cotton and, by the 1850s, a share in the a. Suez Canal. b. Orient Express. c. Silk Road. d. Panama Canal. e. Cairo Railway.
a.
Germany's leaders counted on what to help them overwhelm the Belgians and French? a. Their country's superb railway system b. Submarine warfare c. Use of air power d. Small, but lightning-quick armies e. Diplomacy
a.
Hawaii was effectively opened to the West through the voyages of a. Captain James Cook. b. Magellan. c. Francis Drake. d. Henry Hudson. e. Admiral Farragut.
a.
How were 18th-century land empires in Asia accumulated? a. By the initiative of overseas agents of the Dutch and British East India companies acting in the absence of instructions from the company directors b. By insubordinate military leaders c. By direct government intervention d. No 18th-century territorial acquisitions were made. e. By the policy of the directors of the Dutch and British East India companies acting under the direction of their governments
a.
Huge industrial combines put together in Japan by the 1890s were called a. zaibatsus. b. haiku. c. zemstvoes. d. terakoya. e. khitan.
a.
In the first half of the 19th century, what European nation dominated overseas trade and empire building? a. Britain b. Holland c. Germany d. Spain e. Portugal
a.
In what way was the British East India Company's intrusion into India similar to the Dutch entry into Java? a. The direct intervention of the British government b. The use of mercenaries recruited from among indigenous peoples c. The British removal of all local rulers in the 18th century d. Effective naval operations in the Bay of Bengal e. The conversion of the Indian elite to Christianity
a.
In what year did the British win the battle of Plassey? a. 1757 b. 1832 c. 1776 d. 1789 e. 1754
a.
In what year was the last emperor of China deposed in favor of a republican form of government? a. 1912 b. 1901 c. 1908 d. 1914 e. 1895
a.
On the Italian front, the primary combatants were Italy and a. Austria-Hungary. b. Germany. c. Russia. d. Ottoman Turks. e. France.
a.
On what basis did Muhammad Ahmed claim leadership of the Sudanic resistance to Egyptian rule? a. He claimed direct descent from Muhammad. b. He claimed to be a direct descendant of Murad, the last ruler of the Mamluks. c. He was the head of the Sunni ulama in the Sudan. d. He claimed to be a direct descendant of the kings of Ghana. e. He had substantial Western support.
a.
Russia's fear about Westernization in the first decades of the 19th century was rooted in a. the French Revolution. b. concern about British invasion. c. German nationalism. d. worry over loss of Poland. e. dislike of Western dress.
a.
What event set the Boer colony in South Africa on a different path than the White Dominions of Canada and Australia? a. The annexation of the colony by the British in 1815 b. The German invasion of southern Africa in 1902 c. The Boer War, 1899-1902 d. The arrival of the Bantu into those regions settled by the Boers in the 1790s e. Uprising among the Khoikhoi in 1802
a.
What nation's invasion of Egypt in 1798 signaled the beginning of European penetration of the Islamic heartland? a. France b. Britain c. Austria-Hungary d. Prussia e. Russia
a.
What war in the mid-19th century demonstrated Russia's widening gap with the West? a. Crimean War b. Russo-Turkish War c. Napoleon's invasion of Russia d. Sepoy rebellion e. Russo-Japanese War
a.
What was a critical factor in the growing tensions between the colonizers and the rising African and Asian middle classes? a. The growing size of European communities in foreign nations and the increased number of women in European settlements b. The decline in European militarism c. The growing military power of native peoples d. The decline in the size of European communities in colonial settlements e. The growing numbers of Christians among the African and Asian peoples
a.
What was the center of Egyptian administration in the Sudan? a. Khartoum b. Cairo c. Omdurman d. Aboukir e. Fashoda
a.
What was the critical battle in which the British defeated a combined force of Indians and French? a. Plassey b. Simla c. Siraj-ud-daula d. Calicut e. Nawab
a.
What was the political and social position of the Manchu rulers at the end of the 19th century? a. The Manchu rulers stubbornly resisted the far reaching reforms that were the only hope of saving the regime and Chinese civilization. b. The last decades of the dynasty were dominated by Cixi, a woman who proposed radical reforms of the social order. c. The Manchu rulers adopted a wait-and-see attitude with regard to Western-style reforms. d. The dynasty wholeheartedly embraced the ongoing Westernization of the Chinese government and economy. e. The Chinese scholar-gentry and the provincial elite allied with the emperors to introduce significant reform of landholding practices and regional administration.
a.
What was the region of Europe that produced the most diplomatic crises prior to World War I? a. The Balkans b. Italy c. Iberian peninsula d. Spain e. Scandinavia
a.
What was the result of the reforms of Sultan Selim III (1789-1807)? a. The sultan was toppled from the throne by a Janissary revolt. b. Western-style education was introduced throughout the empire. c. The empire was taken over by Muhammad Ali. d. Railways were constructed connecting the empire with Europe. e. The Janissary corps was eliminated as a political and military force.
a.
Which of the following countries granted citizenship to educated inhabitants of their colonies? a. France b. Britain c. Spain d. Holland e. Germany
a.
Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines the term "tropical dependencies?" a. Colonies in which small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of non-Western peoples b. Equatorial regions of South America under the control of Spain c. Colonies that were largely unpopulated prior to the coming of the Europeans d. Imperial possessions in which the numbers of European settlers and indigenous peoples were approximately equal e. Colonies with substantial majorities of white, European immigrants
a.
Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization prior to 1914? a. Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West. b. Both experienced significant political revolutions. c. Both engaged in territorial acquisitions in the Ottoman Empire. d. Both demonstrated remarkable political flexibility resulting in sweeping transformations of political structure. e. Both had a large industrial labor force coupled with a small agricultural base.
a.
Which of the following reforms was NOT introduced in Egypt after 1801? a. Restoration of the Mamluk armies b. Introduction of Western-style military conscription c. Rebuilt the irrigation systems d. Hiring of French military advisors e. Importation of Western arms
a.
Which of the following statements concerning the development of Russia and Japan to 1900 is NOT accurate? a. Both Russia and Japan achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position. b. Russia and Japan did launch significant industrialization by 1914. c. Both nations gained sufficient power to wield important political and military influence in the colonial scramble. d. Japan outstripped Russia's industrial gains by 1900. e. Neither Russia nor Japan rivaled the industrial might of the West by 1900.
a.
Which of the following statements concerning the internal economies of the European colonies is most accurate? a. Colonial economies were steadily reduced to dependence on the European dominated global market. b. By 1914, Asian and African colonies had won economic independence from the European colonizers. c. Much production and skilled labor moved to colonial areas from the industrial nations. d. Slowly, the industrial system of the West, including factories and the production of manufactured goods, was introduced into Africa and Asia. e. The introduction of European technology such as railways and telegraphs was intended to improve the internal economies of the colonies.
a.
Which of the following statements concerning the management of colonial enterprises by the Dutch and British East India companies in the 17th century is most accurate? a. The directors of the companies were little interested in the acquisition of colonial territories. b. The directors of the companies made precise plans for the expansion of company administrative control over the governments of indigenous peoples. c. The companies worked in partnership with indigenous industries to ship their products to China. d. The companies were mere figureheads for the active and direct intervention of European nations in the affairs of Asian peoples. e. The companies were granted monopolies by governments with the clear expectation that they would conquer new territories for their respective nations.
a.
Which of the following statements concerning the reforms of Mahmud II is most accurate? a. Mahmud patterned his reform program on Western precedents, including the creation of a diplomatic corps. b. The reforms were a blend of Islamic and east Asian economic influences with Enlightenment ideas. c. Despite subtle military and administrative reforms, Mahmud was unable to shake off the influence of the Janissaries. d. Mahmud, with the consent of the ulama and the ayan returned to a traditional Islamic form of government. e. Mahmud's program of reform was actually less ambitious than that of his predecessor, Selim III.
a.
Which of the following statements is most accurate? a. African and Asian peoples often fiercely resisted colonial rule, although without realistic chances of permanent success. b. Faced with the advanced military technology of the Europeans, indigenous people ceased resisting the imperial advance. c. Despite advances in military technology, the Europeans remained unable to overcome the Asian advantages in population. d. No African or Asian military forces won set piece battles. e. Most Africans felt that European rule was a good thing.
a.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the European strategy with respect to the government of tropical dependencies? a. The Europeans exploited longstanding ethnic and cultural divisions between indigenous peoples. b. European colonialism depended on wholesale conversions to Christianity. c. They were de facto independent nations with governments operated by the local elites. d. Colonial rulers tended to favor Muslims at the expense of other minorities in African and Asian colonies because of the level of education of Muslim peoples. e. In many cases, the Europeans utilized their military superiority to carry out genocide against African and Asian peoples.
a.
Which of the following was NOT a 19th-century Russian novelist? a. Pavlov b. Tolstoy c. Turgenev d. Gogol e. Dostoevsky
a.
Which of the following was NOT a motive for expansion in the late 19th century? a. The absence of influence of political leaders in the European countries b. The need to ensure a supply of raw materials c. The use of colonies as pressure valves to release the pressures of unemployed workers and surplus goods d. The pressure of public opinion e. The need to invest surplus capital
a.
Which of the following was NOT a result of the first contact between the Maoris and Europeans during the 1790s? a. Extensive intermarriage between the Maoris and the white settlers b. Endangerment of the native ways of living c. The introduction of European diseases such as smallpox d. The spread of alcoholism and prostitution e. The introduction of European firearms to Maori warfare
a.
Which of the following was NOT an event leading to the outbreak of World War I? a. France's invasion of Belgium b. The rise of the alliance system c. Austria's declaration of war on Serbia d. The assassination of the Austrian archduke e. The mobilization of the Russian army
a.
Which of the following was NOT included in the final set of treaties that ended World War I? a. Russia was rewarded for its service to the Allies by the grant of substantial territories in Poland and the Baltic republics. b. Austria-Hungary was divided up into a Germanic Austria as well as the independent states of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. c. A League of Nations was formed, but the United States refused to join. d. Germany was forced to accept blame for the war and to pay huge reparations to the victorious Allies. e. Poland was created from eastern German territory.
a.
Which of the following was NOT part of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire? a. Elimination of religious protection for minority religious groups b. Creation of a constitution based on European prototypes c. Addition of state-run postal and telegraph systems d. Extensive legal reforms e. Introduction of Western-style education in the universities
a.
Which of the following was present during the Russian program of industrialization? a. Rich natural resources b. A highly educated work force c. A large middle class d. Small, but efficient, factories e. Attitudinal change among workers similar to the West
a.
Who was the first Indian nationalist leader with a genuine mass following? a. B. G. Tilak b. M. A. Jinnah c. Indira Gandhi d. M. K. Gandhi e. J. Nehru
a.
Approximately how many soldiers died as a result of the carnage of World War I? a. One million b. 20 million c. Five million d. 10 million e. Two million
b.
Between 1914 and 1917, warfare on the Eastern Front a. resulted in the Serbian knockout of the Austrian forces. b. was as bloody as the Western Front. c. pitted the forces of Russia and Austria-Hungary against the invading Germans. d. featured bloody trench warfare in which almost no land changed hands. e. had reached a stalemate.
b.
By 1801 what ruler had succeeded in establishing his a. Sultan Ahmet, Egyptian nationalist b. Muhammad Ali, an Albanian officer in the Ottoman army c. Nurhaci, Almoravid military commander d. Murad, commander of the Mamluks e. Napoleon, French emperor
b.
By 1900, how successful was the Russian industrialization program? a. Russia was unable to industrialize any of its larger businesses or regions. b. By 1900, Russia had surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production. c. Despite massive programs of forced labor and extensive government subsidies, the Russian program of industrialization failed. d. Russian industrialization progressed slowly and by 1900 had reached tenth in the world in terms of steel production. e. Without access to plentiful raw materials, Russia was dependent on constant territorial acquisitions to fuel its lagging industrial program.
b.
In the later 1700s what power became the main threat to the Ottomans' survival? a. Austria-Hungary b. Russia c. Britain d. Germany e. France
b.
Jeremy Bentham and James Mill were leaders of what philosophical movement that supported social reform in the colonies? a. Pragmatism b. Utilitarianism c. Sophism d. Social Darwinism e. Scientific Positivism
b.
Peasants who responded to the reforms of 1905 by engaging in entrepreneurial activity including increasing production and buying up land were called a. Marxists. b. kulaks. c. zemstvoes. d. soviets. e. anarchists.
b.
The Duma was a. the Russian national labor union created after the Revolution of 1905. b. a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution. c. the imperial council that took over government after the abdication of the tsar in 1905. d. the confrontation between radical workers and the tsarist army in 1905. e. a system of collective farms for peasants introduced following 1905.
b.
The Khedival government of Egypt was threatened in 1882 by a rebellion of Egyptian military officers under a. Muhammad Ali. b. Ahmad Arabi. c. Muhammed Abduh. d. Khalifa Abdallahi. e. Muhammad Achmad.
b.
The Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903 responsible for much economic modernization was a. General Kuropatkin. b. Count Witte. c. Gregor Mendel. d. Piotyr Stolypin. e. Klemenz von Metternich.
b.
The later representatives of the British East India Company who went out to secure sudden wealth, often through corruption, were called a. nizards. b. nabobs. c. nawabs. d. rajahs. e. nygards.
b.
The semi-Christian rebellion that broke out in southern China in the 1850s and early 1860s was the a. Kwangxi rebellion. b. Taiping rebellion. c. Boxer rebellion. d. Shandong rebellion. e. Manchu rebellion.
b.
The series of treaties that ended World War I was negotiated at a. London. b. Versailles. c. Potsdam. d. Brest-Litovsk. e. Berlin.
b.
The successor to the Mahdi, Khalifa Abdallahi, a. relieved the restrictive social regulations imposed by the Mahdi. b. fell in the Mahdist defeat at the battle of Omdurman in 1898. c. ended slavery in the Sudan. d. immediately lost the military advantage gained by the Mahdi. e. overthrew the Ottoman sultan and captured Istanbul.
b.
Unhappy about the unfavorable terms of trade in China, British merchants hit on a possible solution to reverse the flow of bullion in the form of a. cotton textiles. b. opium from India. c. teas. d. industrial machinery. e. gold and salt.
b.
What British reform in 1909 provided educated Indians with expanded opportunities both to elect and to serve on local and all-India legislative councils? a. The Cornwallis Commission b. The Morley-Minto reforms c. The Halstead-Coleman reforms d. Rowlatt Act e. The Bentinck reforms
b.
What English religious movement was critical to the social reform movement in the British Empire by the beginning of the 19th century? a. Separatist b. Evangelical c. Baptist d. Calvinist e. Erastian
b.
What tactic led to the Dutch control of the entire island of Java? a. The Dutch appealed to the British for assistance in defeating their Javanese rivals. b. The Dutch, using mercenary forces recruited from the people of Java, intervened in succession disputes in return for grants of land. c. The Dutch used the process of conversion of masses of the Javanese people as well as the elite to gain a position of supremacy on Java. d. The Dutch won a series of naval battles over forces of the Sultan of Mataram. e. The Dutch introduced African mercenaries into Java to secure a military victory.
b.
What was the general goal of the Russian intelligentsia? a. Restriction of civil liberties, honor and deference to the emperor, retention of Russian culture b. Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture c. Political freedom, retention of the social hierarchy, and increased Westernization d. Globally competitive economy e. Radical Westernization as part of a program of increased industrialization
b.
What was the outcome of the Opium War? a. Despite technological advantages, the British forces were overwhelmed by the Chinese numerical superiority and were unable to penetrate China's isolation. b. British victory in the Opium War allowed European powers to force China to open trade and diplomatic exchanges. c. The British victory was so overwhelming that the Manchu dynasty was overthrown by 1850 and replaced by a republic. d. The British soon swept the seas of opposition, but were prevented from entering China by opposition from other European powers who feared Britain's overthrow of the Manchus. e. The Opium War led directly to the Sino-Japanese War and China lost Korea to Japan.
b.
Which of the following Russian developments was NOT adopted in other east European states? a. Emancipation of serfs b. Economic autonomy from the West c. National parliaments d. Nationalism e. Monarchic forms of government
b.
Which of the following did NOT contribute to working-class radicalism in late 19th-century Russia? a. Severe conditions of early industrialization b. Absence of unions c. Workplace reforms d. The absence of legal political outlets e. Rural unrest and adoption of peasant grievances
b.
Which of the following groups was responsible for the overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908? a. Black September b. Ottoman Society for Union and Progress c. Young Arabs d. Mamluks e. Black Hand
b.
Which of the following incentives to greater production was commonly utilized by colonizers in the later 19th century? a. Better living conditions b. The imposition of head or hut taxes payable in commodities c. Worker ownership of the means of production d. Higher wages e. The construction of European-style workers communities
b.
Which of the following nations did NOT enter the competitive race for colonial empire and industrial supremacy after 1870? a. Germany b. Spain c. The United States d. France e. Belgium
b.
Which of the following religions gained new adherents in industrialized Japan? a. Confucianism b. Shinto c. Buddhism d. Judaism e. Christianity
b.
Which of the following statements concerning Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life is most accurate? a. Japanese literature reached its zenith during the last decades of the Tokugawa Shogunate. b. Literacy in Japan reached levels higher than anywhere else outside the West. c. The Tokugawa placed little emphasis on learning and intellectual development. d. Confucianism rapidly lost ground to Buddhism as the major religious and ethical basis for Japanese society. e. Japan continued to be largely imitative of conservative Chinese intellectual currents rather than developing dynamic ethical and philosophical systems.
b.
Which of the following statements concerning the capitalization of Russian industry is most accurate? a. It was the contact with the Japanese that led to an influx of capital for Russian industrialization. b. By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists. c. Capital for Russian investment was almost entirely derived from liquidation of agricultural estates in Russia. d. United States investors were the largest owners of machinery in Russia by 1900. e. Russian industry was capitalized by a substantial middle class that had built up wealth in the grain trade with the West.
b.
Which of the following was NOT a weakness associated with the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century? a. Weak rulers b. Conversion of much of the population to Christianity c. Competition within factions of the elite d. Deteriorating conditions for artisans as a result of competition with the West e. Weak and obsolete military force
b.
Which of the following was NOT an aspect of imperialism in the period following European industrialization? a. The establishment of European colonies in the interior of Africa and Asia b. The absence of Christian missions c. The search for raw materials to feed the machines of Europe d. The search for markets for European manufactured products e. The need to find profitable investments for excess capital
b.
Which of the following was an Islamic moderate in 19th-century Egypt who urged the adoption of Western scientific knowledge and technology? a. Ibn Rochd b. Al-Afghani c. Al-Mansur d. Ibn Sina e. Ismail Pasha
b.
Who was responsible for the sweeping reforms in India in the 1790s? a. Robert Clive b. Lord Cornwallis c. General John Burgoyne d. Richard Arkwright e. William Penn
b.
All of the following signs of dynastic decline were apparent in the Qing regime by the beginning of the 19th century EXCEPT a. explosive growth of the bureaucracy. b. food shortages, mass migrations, and banditry. c. failure of foreign commerce. d. diversion of revenue from state projects to private fortunes. e. corruption of the examination system.
c.
All of the following were part of the rising tide of unrest in Russia during the second half of the 19th century EXCEPT a. ethnic minorities. b. peasants. c. the Orthodox church. d. the intelligentsia. e. the industrial workers.
c.
All of the following were reasons why India became the pivot of the great British Empire EXCEPT a. British interest in global trade. b. the residence of more white settlers than any other British colony. c. the size of the Indian land army. d. the utility of Indian ports in maintaining British sea power. e. the existence of raw materials useful to the British industries.
c.
Before their surrender, the German generals running the government a. overthrew the civilian government and established a military dictatorship. b. murdered the emperor and named Hitler chancellor. c. installed a new civilian government to shoulder the blame of defeat. d. issued a statement accepting blame for the policies that had led to World War I. e. attempted to negotiate through Lenin and the communists in Russia.
c.
During what decade did European countries reduce much of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific to colonial possessions? a. 1860s b. 1790s c. 1870s d. 1850s e. 1840s
c.
Egypt is the one country in the Afro-Asian world in which a. European countries failed to establish a colonial base until after World War I. b. both peasants and the educated elite form a secular nationalist party under Nasser. c. the emergence of nationalism preceded European conquest and domination. d. decolonization occurred in the 19th century. e. decolonization failed to occur until the 1980s.
c.
Failure in what war led to the Russian Revolution of 1905? a. Crimean b. Sino-Japanese c. Russo-Japanese d. World War I e. Russo-Turkish
c.
In 1885, regional associations of Western-educated Indians came together to form the a. Indian Socialist Workers Party. b. Revolutionary Nationalist Party. c. Indian National Congress Party. d. Liberal Party. e. Muslim League.
c.
In what region of India was the terrorist movement most concentrated before World War I? a. Punjab b. Bombay c. Bengal d. Ceylon e. Deccan plateau
c.
In what year did the German forces on the Western Front agree to end the fighting? a. 1917 b. 1916 c. 1918 d. 1920 e. 1919
c.
In which of the following areas did Sultan Abdul Hamid continue to press for increased westernization? a. Constitutional reform b. Freedom of the press c. Military reform d. Religious reform e. Civil liberties
c.
In which of the following ways was the British experience in India different than that of the Dutch in Java? a. The lack of involvement of the British East India Company b. The support of the British government c. The existence of a global imperial rivalry with the French d. The absence of intervention in local squabbles and succession disputes in India e. The failure to use indigenous peoples in recruited armies
c.
Madras, Bombay and ________ were the administrative centers of the three presidencies in India. a. Calicut b. Bhatkal c. Calcutta d. Agra e. Delhi
c.
Muhammad Ali's successors as rulers of Egypt were referred to as a. kings. b. sultans. c. khedives. d. caliphs. e. emperors.
c.
The new groups of merchants that developed in China under the more relaxed commercial system of the Manchus were called a. pescadors. b. Mandarins. c. compradors. d. Boxers. e. waiqin.
c.
The sea warfare during World War I consisted largely of a. the British attempt to destroy the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean. b. "non-battles" between the German and British naval forces. c. German submarine warfare. d. a single major battle in which the German fleet destroyed the Russian navy. e. major surface battles between the fleets of Britain and Germany.
c.
What European nation supported the Ottoman Empire in order to prevent other European powers from gaining access to the Mediterranean? a. France b. Belgium c. Britain d. Russia e. Austria-Hungary
c.
What Hawaiian prince created a united kingdom in 1810 with the aid of British weapons and advisors? a. Mahele b. Haoalele c. Kamehameha d. Liliuokalani e. Makepani
c.
What Islamic group ruled Egypt in 1798? a. Shi'a b. Almoravids c. Mamluks d. Umayyads e. Fatimids
c.
What accounted for the West's victory over Russia in the Crimean War? a. The war was fought almost entirely at sea where the Russians were unable to bring numerical superiority to bear. b. The war was fought far from Russia, necessitating lengthy lines of communication and supply. c. The Western nations won because of industrial advantages. d. Sardinian and Polish assistance to the Russians was ineffective in the long run. e. Russia was forced to fight an offensive war against entrenched positions.
c.
What group within Egypt took up the cause of national independence and decolonization? a. The peasants b. The ayan c. Sons of the effendi d. The Turco-Egyptian political elite e. The khedives
c.
What made colonial regimes particularly vulnerable to challenges from within in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? a. Efforts of communist-based movements to appeal to the peasant classes b. Their dependence on European military forces c. Colonial governments were built in collaboration with indigenous elite groups. d. The growing industrialization of colonial societies e. The dependence of plantation economies on the West
c.
What nationalist movement pioneered patterns of decolonization and European retreat? a. Vietnam b. Algeria c. India d. Kenya e. South Africa
c.
What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies together in defense of religion and the status quo in 1815? a. Britain, France, Spain b. France, Britain, Italy c. Russia, Prussia, Austria d. Austria, Japan, Russia e. Spain, Russia, Poland
c.
What tsar began the process of reform in the 19th century? a. Nicholas I b. Peter the Great c. Alexander II d. Nicholas II e. Alexander I
c.
What was a critical factor in the growing tensions between the colonizers and the rising African and Asian middle classes? a. The decline in the size of European communities in colonial settlements b. The growing military power of native peoples c. The growing size of European communities in foreign nations and the increased number of women in European settlements d. The decline in European militarism e. The growing numbers of Christians among the African and Asian peoples
c.
What was the name of the Russian revolt inspired by Western values in 1825? a. Pugachev rebellion b. The November rebellion c. The Decembrist uprising d. Pushkin's revolt e. Potemkin mutiny
c.
What was the outcome of the Dinshawai incident in Egypt? a. The British established a mandate in Egypt, leading to the creation of the first democracy in the Middle East. b. The British were forced to suppress a revolt led by the Mahdi in the Sudan. c. Mass support, including the emergence of ayan allegiance, for the national cause grew in Egypt. d. Islamic mullahs began to preach against the nationalist movement. e. The British withdrew from Egypt prior to World War I.
c.
Which of the following accounts for Russia's lack of significant revolution in 1830 and 1848? a. Major reforms, satisfying most Russians b. Absence of a coercive labor system in Russia left scant cause for rebellion. c. Political repression d. Russia lacked a substantial history of autocracy. e. Like England, Russia's history of participatory government and its national parliament forestalled revolution.
c.
Which of the following groups did NOT benefit from the British economic reforms in Egypt? a. The ayan b. The khedives c. The peasants d. The Turco-Egyptian political elite e. The Egyptian bourgeoisie
c.
Which of the following groups in Tokugawa Japan advocated interest in Western scientific advance? a. National Studies group b. Confucian scholars c. Dutch Studies group d. Shinto priests e. Buddhist scholars
c.
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between South Africa and Australia? a. After slow starts, both Australian and Boer colonists began to move into the interior of their respective colonies. b. Both were parts of the extensive British Empire. c. Both were settled by Europeans at approximately the same time. d. Settlers encountered a disease environment in both colonies in which they could survive. e. Settlers found a temperate climate in both colonies in which they could grow crops and raise livestock familiar to Europeans.
c.
Which of the following is an example of a "White Dominion?" a. Hawaii b. Kenya c. Australia d. New Zealand e. Mozambique
c.
Which of the following represents a significant difference between Russia and Japan? a. Only Japan underwent significant political revolution prior to 1914. b. Only Japan experienced Communist uprisings by 1905. c. Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700. d. Only Japan had a significant aristocracy prior to industrialization. e. Only Russia participated in territorial expansion by 1914.
c.
Which of the following statements concerning European interaction with indigenous peoples prior to 1850 is most accurate? a. In all cases few interactions took place due to state mandates. b. Social taboos effectively prevented any social interaction between Europeans and indigenous peoples. c. Mixed marriages between European males and indigenous females became widely accepted, particularly in Java. d. As most of the Europeans were male, social interaction was limited to sexual exploitation of females in brothels or as slaves. e. Both European males and females intermarried with indigenous peoples on a common basis.
c.
Which of the following statements concerning the Muslim economy at the beginning of the 18th century is most accurate? a. The prosperity of the industrial base of the Muslim empires led to a close alliance between the artisans and the government. b. By holding the Europeans at bay, the Muslims were able to capitalize an indigenous industry based on the production of cotton textiles. c. Merchants within the empire, especially those who were Jews or Christians, grew more dependent on commercial dealings with European counterparts. d. The discovery of new resources caused a resurgence of Ottoman economic power. e. The Muslim economy remained dependent on Arab merchants who traded predominantly with Africa.
c.
Which of the following statements concerning the leadership of the decolonization movement in India just prior to World War I is most correct? a. The assassination of Gandhi led to a split between Muslim moderates and more extreme Congress Party leaders. b. The Congress party lost its leadership role to the Socialist Party, which was more willing to court the masses of the Indian peasantry. c. Tilak's removal and the repression campaigns against terrorists, along with British reforms, strengthened the hands of the Western-educated moderates in the Congress Party. d. It is difficult, if not impossible, to identify leadership in the fragmented Congress Party of 1914. e. Leadership was assumed by more radical members of the Congress Party such as Tilak just before 1914.
c.
Which of the following statements concerning the position of the early Congress Party in India is most accurate? a. It demanded the immediate decolonization of India. b. Its leadership mostly came from the peasants of India. c. It was loyal to the British rulers and primarily concerned with interests of the Indian elite. d. It was committed to relieving the poverty of the Indian masses. e. It was closely involved with the development of a strong labor movement within Indian industry.
c.
Which of the following was NOT a handicap faced by the Indian princes in defending their kingdoms from the British? a. Strength of the British military b. The lack of a sense of national identity in India c. The success of the British in winning many converts to Christianity d. The continued warfare among the Indian princes e. The willingness of Indians to serve in the British armies
c.
Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Japan over China in the competition to assume leadership and to establish industrialization in Asia? a. Japan already knew the benefits of imitation, which China had never acknowledged. b. Japan had allowed a more autonomous merchant tradition. c. Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China. d. Western countries were attracted to China first, so Japan had early leeway. e. Feudal traditions limited the heavy hand of government controls while stimulating a sense of competitiveness.
c.
Which of the following was a republic founded by the Boers in the 1850s? a. Natal b. Oudenaarde c. Transvaal d. Ryswick e. Senegal
c.
Which of the following was the earliest example of a European empire built as a result of independent initiative of company agents? a. Libya b. Macao c. Java d. Siam e. India
c.
All of the following were reforms introduced in Russia in the 1860s and 1870s EXCEPT a. the issuance of new law codes that cut back traditional punishments. b. the creation of local political councils, the zemstvoes. c. reorganization of the military. d. the creation of the Duma, a national parliament. e. technical legal freedom for the peasants.
d.
Approximately how long did World War I last? a. About two years b. About one year c. About six years d. About four years e. About three years
d.
By 1913, the British a. had built a canal in Egypt between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. b. had withdrawn from Egypt. c. had granted full independence to Egypt. d. granted a constitution to Egyptian nationalists. e. had eliminated resistance to their regime in Egypt.
d.
By 1914 all of Africa had fallen to European colonialists EXCEPT a. Libya. b. Egypt. c. Algeria. d. Ethiopia. e. South Africa.
d.
By 1917 the war on the Eastern Front a. was resolved by a peace treaty between the combatants. b. resulted in a massive Russian offensive fueled by the numerical superiority of Russian armies. c. had stagnated into a stalemate in which neither side had an advantage. d. led to a major revolution in Russia that toppled the tsarist government. e. had developed into trench warfare similar to the Western Front.
d.
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire a. used the opportunity to reassert Turkish dominance over the Arab regions. b. began a program of "genocide" in Greece, resulting in a massive migration of Greeks to Italy. c. vainly attempted to retain its neutrality in what the Turks perceived was a Christian conflict. d. long attached to German military advisors, joined Germany in the war effort. e. launched assaults indifferently against the colonial possessions of Britain, France, and Germany.
d.
Germany's leaders counted on what to help them overwhelm the Belgians and French? a. Use of air power b. Submarine warfare c. Diplomacy d. Their country's superb railway system e. Small, but lightning-quick armies
d.
In what year was a new emperor, Mutsuhito, but commonly called "Meiji" or "Enlightened One," proclaimed, signaling the end of a major political crisis? a. 1914 b. 1854 c. 1875 d. 1868 e. 1889
d.
On the Italian front, the primary combatants were Italy and a. Ottoman Turks. b. France. c. Russia. d. Austria-Hungary. e. Germany.
d.
Prior to 1902, what type of colony was South Africa? a. Tropical dependency b. A southern dependency c. An independent nation d. Contested settler colony e. White Dominion
d.
Prior to World War I, what was the primary difference between Egyptian and the Indian nationalist movements? a. The Egyptian nationalist movement had aligned itself with Lenin and the Bolsheviks while the Indian nationalist movement had remained independent. b. The Egyptian nationalist movement was dominated by peasantry, while in India Western-educated lawyers ran the movement. c. Whereas India had been dominated by the British since the 18th century, Europeans played no role in Egyptian colonialism. d. In India a single political party dominated the nationalist movement, but in Egypt a variety of rival parties proliferated. e. Egypt lacked an educated elite capable of assuming leadership of the nationalist movement.
d.
Prior to World War I, what was the primary difference between Egyptian and the Indian nationalist movements? a. Whereas India had been dominated by the British since the 18th century, Europeans played no role in Egyptian colonialism. b. The Egyptian nationalist movement had aligned itself with Lenin and the Bolsheviks while the Indian nationalist movement had remained independent. c. Egypt lacked an educated elite capable of assuming leadership of the nationalist movement. d. In India a single political party dominated the nationalist movement, but in Egypt a variety of rival parties proliferated. e. The Egyptian nationalist movement was dominated by peasantry, while in India Western-educated lawyers ran the movement.
d.
Russian radicals who sought the abolition of all formal government were called a. socialists. b. Decembrists. c. Latitudinarians. d. anarchists. e. abolitionists.
d.
The British first occupied Egypt following the Orabi revolt in a. 1902 b. 1914. c. 1867. d. 1882. e. 1805.
d.
The British promised support for a Jewish settlement in the Middle East in the a. Exodus Pact. b. Fourteen Points. c. Chamberlain Manifesto. d. Balfour Declaration. e. Sinai Resolution.
d.
The Chinese official charged with eliminating the opium trade in the 1830s was a. Zeng Guofan. b. Cixi. c. Hong Liuquan. d. Lin Zexu. e. Kanxi.
d.
The dynastic name taken by the Manchu dynasty was a. Song. b. Tang. c. Sui. d. Qing. e. Chou.
d.
The first region to rebel successfully and achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire was a. Turkey. b. Serbia. c. the Crimea. d. Greece. e. Palestine.
d.
The jingoistic press and the extension of the vote to the lower middle and working classes a. tended to give the ruling classes a free hand in foreign policy. b. left the planning of imperial expansion to the European aristocracy. c. led to demands for massive programs of emigration from European countries. d. made public opinion a major factor in foreign policy. e. made imperial expansion impossible to achieve.
d.
The victory of the forces of the British East India Company over the French gave them direct control of a. Mysore. b. the Indus River valley. c. Burma. d. Bengal. e. Punjab.
d.
What British political officer dominated government policy in Egypt after 1882 and pushed for economic reforms intended to reduce the Khedival debt? a. Lord Afton b. Lord Balfour c. General Gordon d. Lord Cromer e. Lord Bentinck
d.
What Ottoman sultan attempted to roll back the Tanzimat reforms and reinstitute an absolute monarchy in 1878? a. Muhammad Ali b. Selim III c. Yazid II d. Abdul Hamid e. Mahmud II
d.
What accounts for the general failure of Manchu attempts at reform? a. Strong resistance from the scholar-gentry b. Resistance on the part of the peasantry c. Loss of territory to nomads from the Asian steppes d. Enormous population growth and the disappearance of open lands e. Buddhist resistance
d.
What group did the imperial government appeal to in the reforms following the revolution of 1905? a. Marxists b. Conservatives c. Anarchists d. Liberals e. Workers organizations
d.
What prevented Muhammad Ali from overthrowing the Ottoman Empire? a. His defeat by the Ottomans at Omdurman b. Completion of the Suez Canal c. His failure to develop a modern army d. Opposition of European powers e. Lack of a navy
d.
What two European powers were directly involved in the Balkan diplomacy? a. France and Austria-Hungary b. Italy and Austria-Hungary c. Germany and Russia d. Russia and Austria-Hungary e. Russia and Britain
d.
What was the chief political method used by the anarchists to achieve reform? a. Political rallies b. Non-violent protest c. Strikes d. Terrorism e. Voter registration
d.
What was the impact of the British opium trade on China? a. Its use was restricted to the peasantry of northern China, where production of food rapidly decreased. b. Due to the addiction of the imperial court, the British were welcomed as a valuable trade partner of China. c. The opium trade had little economic effect on China in the long run. d. Within years China's favorable balance of trade was reversed and silver began to flow out of the country. e. The government was quickly able to halt the importation of opium, so that it did not have the disastrous impact on the Chinese population that was expected.
d.
Which of the following economic sectors did NOT increase as a result of European economic exploitation of their colonies? a. Manufacturing b. Mining c. Textiles d. Food crops e. Transportation
d.
Which of the following statements concerning Japanese political reforms in the period of the Meiji state is NOT accurate? a. The constitution issued in 1889 assured major prerogatives for the emperor along with limited powers for the lower house of the Diet. b. The bureaucracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressures, and opened to talent on the basis of civil service examinations. c. The Meiji came to power with very little violence due to the influence of the Western powers. d. Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet. e. Meiji leaders established a new conservative nobility, stocked with former nobles and Meiji leaders that operated a British-style House of Peers.
d.
Which of the following statements concerning Russian territorial expansion is most accurate? a. Western powers actively aided Russia's pursuit of territories in the Ottoman Empire. b. Russia expanded rapidly south of Alaska to Oregon and east to Utah. c. Russia actively opposed nationalist movements in the Balkans in keeping with its conservative tradition. d. No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion. e. Russia's loss of Poland in the revolt of 1830 stimulated other attempts at territorial expansion.
d.
Which of the following statements concerning the Manchu government is most accurate? a. They destroyed the scholar-gentry in order to consolidate their grip on the government. b. They welcomed modernization and Western influence after the Boxer rebellion in 1898. c. Chinese officials were eliminated at the local administrative levels in order to prevent the extreme regionalization that had led to the downfall of previous dynasties. d. Though Manchus occupied a disproportionate number of the highest political positions, there were few limits on Chinese promotions within the imperial bureaucracy. e. The civil service examination system was eliminated as a means of entering the government.
d.
Which of the following statements concerning the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is most accurate? a. The emancipation of the serfs destroyed the Russian aristocracy. b. Few serfs were really emancipated due to the conditions imposed on their release. c. Following emancipation, peasants were free to move about Russia as they pleased leading to massive movements of agricultural labor. d. In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments. e. Emancipation of the serfs loosened the grip of the tsarist state.
d.
Which of the following statements concerning the incursion of the Dutch East India Company into Java is most accurate? a. The Dutch replaced the local rulers with a company directorate to govern the colony of Java in the 1620s. b. The Dutch relied on ships and military forces from Holland to establish their initial supremacy in Java. c. The Dutch won a series of military victories in the 1620s that established their military dominance in Java. d. The Dutch were content in the 1620s to be the vassals of the Sultan of Mataram. e. Local peasants welcomed the Dutch as liberators, which led to the introduction and acceptance of Christianity.
d.
Which of the following statements is most accurate? a. Colonial disputes were usually referred to the World Court located at the Hague. b. European nations cooperated to defeat the outmanned armies of African nations. c. European nations rapidly came to agreements over the territorial division of colonial holdings. d. Quarrels over the division of the colonial spoils were used to justify the arms buildup and general militarism. e. The League of Nations supervised the construction of European colonial empires.
d.
Which of the following was NOT a feature of war on home fronts between 1914 and 1919? a. Executive branches of government increasingly took over from parliaments. b. Governments controlled public opinion through manipulation of mass media such as newspapers. c. Governments organized the major sectors of the economy to ration resources and production. d. Strict government regulation prevented material shortages and famine. e. Union leadership served on industrial production boards designed to increase production.
d.
Which of the following was NOT an aspect of European expansion in the pre-industrial era? a. The search for precious metals b. Fears of Muslim kingdoms in the Middle East and North Africa c. The purchase of luxury products such as silks and spices d. The establishment of European colonies in the interior of Africa e. The seizure of land for plantation production of commercial crops
d.
Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853? a. Admiral Horatio Nelson b. Commodore George Perry c. Captain William Farragut d. Commodore Matthew Perry e. Captain James Cook
d.
Who was responsible for the unification of the Manchu tribesmen prior to the invasion of China in the 17th century? a. KangXi b. Lin Zexu c. Hong Liaquan d. Nurhaci e. Cixi
d.
Who was the British commander during the military victories over the French in India during the 18th century? a. Lord Cornwallis b. John Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough c. Richard Arkwright d. Robert Clive e. Lord Kitchener
d.
A large portion of the government of India's budget went to all of the following EXCEPT a. the purchase of railway equipment and steel from Great Britain. b. the huge Indian army, often engaged outside of India. c. public works projects to improve the Indian infrastructure. d. high salaries and pensions of British administrators. e. state support for the development of Indian industries.
e.
At what battle in 1879 did the Zulus defeat British military forces? a. Roarke's Drift b. Zambezi c. Rhodesia d. Sand Hill e. Isandhlwana
e.
How did the establishment of educational systems in Africa differ from those of Java and India? a. They depended more on state assistance than on religious missionaries. b. There was more higher education promoted in Africa. c. Educational systems in Africa were run almost exclusively by indigenous peoples. d. They were extensions of indigenous education establishments. e. They depended more on religious missionaries than on state support.
e.
In what area did the Manchus attempt to take strong measures of reform? a. Eliminating the influence of religion b. Elimination of the scholar-gentry c. Overturning the Confucian social hierarchy of age and sex d. Removal of social restrictions on women e. Alleviating rural distress and unrest
e.
In what year was the revised constitution introduced as part of the Tanzimat reforms? a. 1839 b. 1848 c. 1898 d. 1904 e. 1876
e.
Lenin's approach was adopted by the groups of Russian Marxists known as a. Mensheviks. b. Decembrists. c. Zemstvoes. d. anarchists. e. Bolsheviks.
e.
Of the following regions, which defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the 19th century? a. The Ottoman Empire b. Latin America c. Eastern Europe d. West Africa e. Russia and Japan
e.
One of the major similarities between Japanese and Russian industrialization was the fact that a. neither was able to complete construction of a railway system. b. both lacked natural resources. c. a small group of independent entrepreneurs led to movement in each case. d. neither had any experience of cultural exchange with the West. e. scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction.
e.
The radical wing of the Congress Party under B. G. Tilak proposed what formula as the basis for the party's political program? a. An appeal to leading British industrialists and to Parliament itself to plead their case along with a propaganda campaign using the British press and media to persuade the common English voter b. An appeal to unity among the Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims of India c. Emphasis on Muslim teachings, particularly the need to put off British cultural influence d. A reform program intended to remove cultural limitations on women e. An appeal to conservative Hinduism, including boycotts of British goods, full independence, use of Hindu festivals as opportunities for rallies, and opposition to women's education
e.
The territories controlled by the British East India Company expanded concurrently with the collapse of the a. Maghreb. b. Safavid dominions. c. Raj. d. Mauryan territories. e. Mughal empire.
e.
What Ottoman sultan successfully eliminated the Janissary corps as a military and political influence? a. Ali b. Selim II c. Selim III d. Abdul Hamid e. Mahmud II
e.
What group within the Ottoman Empire actually suffered as a result of the Tanzimat reforms? a. Merchants b. Ayan c. Sufis d. Ulama e. Artisans
e.
What minister was responsible for enacting reforms for the peasantry following the revolution of 1905? a. Prince Gortchakov b. Alexi Romanov c. Grigori Rasputin d. Count Witte e. Piotyr Stolypin
e.
What nation profited most by warfare in Asia between 1914 and 1919? a. New Zealand b. India c. China d. The United States e. Japan
e.
What was the Dinshawai incident? a. Discovery of bribes paid by British officials to Turkish khedives b. The British tore down an Islamic mosque in order to construct a cathedral. c. A party of Egyptian guerillas destroyed much of the Egyptian railway system. d. A group of British officers was imprisoned in a great hole in Khartoum. e. The accidental shooting of the wife of a Muslim prayer leader by British officers
e.
What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia? a. The construction of factories b. The development of the mining sector c. The end of the grain trade with the West d. Mechanization of agriculture e. The creation of an extensive system of railways
e.
What was the political and social position of the Manchu rulers at the end of the 19th century? a. The last decades of the dynasty were dominated by Cixi, a woman who proposed radical reforms of the social order. b. The Manchu rulers adopted a wait-and-see attitude with regard to Western-style reforms. c. The Chinese scholar-gentry and the provincial elite allied with the emperors to introduce significant reform of landholding practices and regional administration. d. The dynasty wholeheartedly embraced the ongoing Westernization of the Chinese government and economy. e. The Manchu rulers stubbornly resisted the far reaching reforms that were the only hope of saving the regime and Chinese civilization.
e.
What was the primary difference between the reformed Japanese government and reformed Russian institutions by 1914? a. Russian institutions were more secular than Japan's. b. Japan's government was elected by a broad majority of the population. c. Japan retained an emperor at the head of government. d. Japan created a national parliament. e. Japan's government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure.
e.
What was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882? a. A new constitution was instituted, modeled on the Ottoman constitution of 1876. b. The rebellion was crushed by the Turkish elements within the Egyptian army. c. British influence in Egypt was ended and the Ottomans reasserted control. d. The Khedival government was overthrown by an indigenous Egyptian government. e. The Khedive called on the British to crush the rebellion, resulting in British overlordship of Egypt.
e.
Which nation joined the Triple Entente alliance in the early 1900s (and to complete the alliance)? a. France b. Russia c. Italy d. Germany e. Britain
e.
Which of the following European powers seized territories of the Ottoman Empire in the early decades of the 18th century? a. Britain b. Russia c. Italy d. France e. Austria-Hungary
e.
Which of the following Western cultural characteristics was NOT adopted by large numbers of Japanese? a. Standards of hygiene b. Hair styles c. Western calendar d. Work styles e. Christianity
e.
Which of the following countries did NOT have colonies outside Europe at the outbreak of the war? a. Spain b. Italy c. Britain d. France e. Austria-Hungary
e.
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the quick suppression of the Russian armies during the first weeks of the war? a. Aristocratic generals b. Poorly trained troops c. Uncoded battle commands d. Ineffective artillery cover e. Destruction of the Russian fleet at Leningrad
e.
Which of the following reforms resulted from the coup in the Ottoman Empire of 1908? a. Removal of the political influence of the officer corps b. Restrictions against women in Muslim society were removed. c. Janissaries were removed as a political and military force. d. The sultanate was abolished. e. The constitution of 1876 was restored.
e.
Which of the following reforms undertaken by Muhammad Ali failed? a. Improvements of Egyptian harbors and irrigation works along the Nile b. Modernization of the army c. Education reform d. Production of raw materials in demand in Europe (cotton, hemp, indigo) e. Build-up of an Egyptian industrial sector
e.
Which of the following statements about Russian Marxism is most accurate? a. Marxist doctrines were most applicable to an agrarian economy, not an industrial society. b. Marxist insistence on careful revolutionary organization and a focus on the working class were rapidly assimilated by anarchists and peasant groups. c. Marxist doctrines were not imported from the West, but originated among the Russian intelligentsia. d. Lenin was dedicated to the mass electioneering typical of Western socialist parties. e. Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase.
e.
Which of the following statements best describes the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century? a. Russia had achieved economic autonomy in the 18th century, although most of eastern Europe remained largely agricultural. b. The Russian economy was geographically oriented to the Ottoman Empire, a feature of the Mongol domination of Russia until the 15th century. c. Russian heavy industry accounted for nearly all its economic growth. d. Russia's economic dynamism and innovation rivaled that of the West. e. In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other east European areas imported Western luxury goods for aristocrats to display as badges of respectability.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning Japanese industrialization prior to World War I is correct? a. Japan lagged far behind the West industrially. b. Japan's work force was among the highest paid in the world. c. Abundant natural resources made Japan virtually self-sufficient as an industrialized nation. d. By 1914, Japan had reached the level of industrialization found in the West. e. Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning colonial society in India and Java prior to 1850 is most accurate? a. In both cases a new indigenous ruling class soon emerged based on the teachings of the Utilitarians. b. The arrival of the British and the Dutch completely destroyed the original social hierarchies of India and Java. c. The massive conversion of the Javanese to Protestantism created a significant change in social mores, but the British were unable to carry out a similar change in India. d. The Dutch and British incursions resulted in the removal of the indigenous aristocracies and the substitution of direct European control of the peasants. e. The Dutch and British were content to leave the social systems of Java and India pretty much as they found them.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century is most accurate? a. Increasingly, the Shogunate depended on its long-standing alliances with Western powers to maintain its dominance. b. The Shogunate bureaucracy had been opened to talented commoners, a reform that improved the standing of the government with the masses of the Japanese people. c. By the 19th century, the Tokugawa were able to dispense with the feudal organization of earlier Japan. d. The Shogunate managed its finances carefully, and never carried a deficit. e. The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning the early nationalist movements of Africa is most accurate? a. French-speaking west Africans tended to concentrate their efforts at political representation within their colonies. b. Most African nationalist movements were split between Muslim and Christian ideals. c. Pan-Africanism, linking all Africans in a single national movement for independence, was the most successful apparatus for achieving decolonization. d. By the mid-1920s, racist views of African society were becoming more strident, and most Europeans refused to countenance the concept of a progressive African culture. e. The early leadership of pan-African organizations was more often American and West Indian than African.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning the global aspects of World War I is most accurate? a. The British dominions, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand remained aloof and virtually untouched by the war. b. By 1914, the United States had not entered the scramble for colonial possessions. c. Germany discouraged colonial nationalists in their struggle against British imperialism. d. The United States aggressively entered the war in 1914 to demonstrate its new position as a world power. e. American businessmen prior to 1917 profited by selling goods to both sides and by taking advantage of European distractions to seize new world markets.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning the improvement of women's status as a result of the Tanzimat reforms is most accurate? a. Muslim restrictions against the social equality of women were swept away as part of the Tanzimat reforms. b. The inclusion of reforms for women was not even considered in Ottoman society during the period of the Tanzimat reforms. c. While not all women benefited, elite women were freed from the restrictive aspects of Muslim society during the period of the Tanzimat reforms. d. Women in the Ottoman Empire became as free as those in western Europe and the United States. e. Despite widespread discussion of the practices of seclusion, polygamy, and veiling, few improvements in women's social status were won in the 19th century.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning the relationships between the Young Turks and the Arabs of the Ottoman Empire after the 1908 coup is most accurate? a. The 1908 coup resulted in the immediate independence of the Arab portions of the Ottoman Empire. b. The close alliance between the Young Turks and the Arab leaders of the Ottoman Empire continued after the 1908 coup. c. The Young Turks harbored resentment against the Arabs of the empire for failing to support the 1908 coup. d. The Young Turks supported the idea of autonomy for the Arab portion of the empire. e. Arab support of the 1908 coup waned when they discovered that the Young Turks had no intentions of abandoning the concept of empire.
e.
Which of the following was NOT a consideration in the reform of serfdom? a. Periodic peasant uprisings focused on lack of freedom, undue obligations, and lack of land b. The preservation of aristocratic power c. The development of a vigorous and mobile labor force d. A desire to meet Western humanitarian standards e. An attempt to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended
e.
Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in industrialized Japan? a. Disputes between generations over Westernization b. Growth of nationalism c. Racial unrest d. Growth of urban slums e. The increasing freedom and political influence of women
e.
Who was responsible for the unification of the Manchu tribesmen prior to the invasion of China in the 17th century? a. Lin Zexu b. KangXi c. Hong Liaquan d. Cixi e. Nurhaci
e.
With what European power did the Ottomans contest the control of Libya just prior to World War I? a. Britain b. Germany c. Russia d. Austria-Hungary e. Italy
e.
As a direct consequence of the war a. women's participation in the labor force increased greatly. b. women's participation in the labor force increased only slightly. c. women's participation in the labor force decreased significantly. d. women's participation in the labor force stayed basically at the same levels. e. women's participation in the labor force decreased only slightly
a.
British occupation of Egypt meant double colonization, by the British and a. the Turks. b. the Italians c. the French. d. the Arabs. e. the Germans.
a.
By 1915, conflict on the Western Front a. had settled into a deadly stalemate in which hundreds of thousands of lives were expended for a few feet of trench. b. had resulted in victory for the British and French troops, who pushed the exhausted enemy to the borders of Germany. c. had resulted in massive food shortages in both France and Great Britain. d. had become a shifting game of rapid maneuver with few major battles. e. had resulted in the surrender of France and the establishment of the Vichy government.
a.
By the 1870s, the Ottoman Empire a. had been driven from virtually all of the Balkans. b. had ceased to rule any portion of Asia Minor. c. had driven the Russian armies back to the steppes. d. had recovered most of its territorial losses to European powers. e. was the largest multiethnic empire in Eurasia.
a.
By the last years of the 19th century, the Congress Party in India was appealing to a. investors and businessmen. b. women. c. laborers. d. untouchables. e. peasants.
a.