Period 6
Mao Zedong
(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976
How has the concept of nationalism impacted the modern world map?
Colonies aren't really relevant anymore. Most countries are formed over a common nationality, though some countries unite over a common ideology.
What forces led to European loss of colonial dominance?
Colonies learned that Europeans weren't as civilized as they claimed and wanted their freedom.
Describe Western science and culture in the late 20th century.
Focus shifted to the USA. Film, art, and science were major parts of life. Women's status and the family dynamic changed. The West was an advanced industrial society.
USSR
After the death of Lenin in 1924, the official name of the country became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Characterize the Roaring '20s.
It was a brief period of stability and optimism, diplomacy eased, Germany even tried to adapt to the Treaty of Versailles' reparation payments; consumerism increased, women's organizations are starting to make changes; rural isolation went down
Discuss the differing paths to independence in settler and non settler Africa.
It was more difficult for settler colonies to obtain independence. European countries didn't want to lose their resources.
Describe the internal politics of Western Europe after 1945.
It was unstable. Middle Eastern countries formed new political parties.
Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate?
It wasn't economically stable, and during a coup against Gorbachev, all the provinces of the USSR declared their independence.
Alvaro Obregon
Took over Mexican presidency after Carranza. His presidency marked the end of the Mexican civil war and was the beginning of democratic reforms in Mexico
Secrete Army Organization (OAS)
Algerian settler group opposed to independence from France; gained strength in France
Betty Friedan
American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique"
Battle of Britain
An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
May Fourth Movement
An anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan
Conservative leaders of the 1970s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise
Collectivization
Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes
Teheran Conference
December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race
Li Dazhao
Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China
Sun Yatsen
Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms
Blitzkreig
"Lighting Wars" type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
Atlantic Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war
Battle of the Coral Sea
1942 World War II battle between American and Japanese aircraft
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Harry Truman
33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war
How has the role of the United States changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union?
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Red Army
A Russian army that retaliated from Hitler's reign in the soviet union, in return they destroyed everything leaving nothing behind
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
What is the "welfare state"?
A concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.
Porfirio Diaz
A dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants
Berlin Wall
A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled
Jomo Kenyatta
A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya
Battle of Midway Island
A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West
Iron curtain
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
Pancho Villa
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
Socialist Realism
Attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism
Cold War
Battle between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. between democracy and communism
Joseph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition
Guomindang
Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925
Yuan Shikai
Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen
Battle of the Bulge
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses
Francisco Madero
Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles
What is the most important impact of the end of the Cold War?
Economic costs, proxy wars had effects in those regions long after, nuclear arsenals and knowledge, and fear of nuclear war
Afrikaner National Party
Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid
How was Soviet economy and society similar to that of the West?
Emphasis on trade, socialism mirrored some US policy. Also, religion was similar.
How did the social structure of the West change in the period after World War II?
Family life was emphasized, as was life in the suburbs
Social Revolutionary Party
Founded in 1901 by populist intelligentsia who wanted to elevate mir and peasant and avoid capitalism. They therefore advocated revolution and were proMarxism but thought that the peasants in Russia would be the revolutionary class and that it was possible to just by-pass the stage of bourgeois capitalism. They saw Pugachev as their hero. Very POPULIST in orientation - in fact the majority of Russians were still peasants - working on the land, not in industry
Whampoa Military Academy
Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek
Kwame Nkrumah
Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first president
Vichy
French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by the Germans
Simone de Beauvoir
French feminist who wrote the treatise titled " The Second Sex"
Chiang Kai-shek
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong
Nazi Party
German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule
Supreme Soviets
Governing council of USSR
Define "totalitarianism".
Government control over every aspect of public and private life (example: Russia)
Council of People's Commissars
Government council composed of representatives from soviets across Russia and headed by Lenin; form of government initially established after November 1917
Communist Party
In 1924 the Bolsheviks renamed their party, created a constitution based on socialist and democratic principles, and organized a classless society
Describe the cultural experience occurring in Western and Soviet-influenced societies during the late 20th century.
In Western Europe, American influence made them westernized and more democratic. While in Eastern Europe, Soviets hurt their economy.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights
Potsdam Conference
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction
Nikita Krushchev
Leader of the Soviet union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis. He and President Kennedy signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, temporarily easing Cold War tensions.
Emiliano Zapata
Leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which lasted 10 years; 1910-1920; faught for farmers' rights; gathered army in southern Mexico and urged farmers to join; Liberation Army of the South
Congress of Soviets
Lenin's parliamentary institution based on soviets under Bolshevik domination; replaced the Social Revolutionary Party
Aleksander Kerensky
Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; attempted development of parliamentary rule but supported continuance of the war against Germany.
Quit India movement
Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India
Victoriano Herta
Mexican military officer and president of mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the united states who saw him as a dictator.
Eastern bloc
Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany
New feminism
New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female
Alexsandr Solzhenitsyn
Russian author of works critical of the Soviet regime; included the trilogy on Siberian prison camps, the Gulag Archipelago
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman
Muslim League
Organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule
Solidarity
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe
Green movement
Political movement and party that arose in several western European nations in the 1970's that opposed unfettered free market economies and unchecked industrial pollution
Lazaro Cardenas
President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry
Mexican Constitution of 1917
Promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and property ownership.
National Liberation Front (FLN)
Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958
Land Freedom Army
Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau
What steps led to the partition of India in 1947?
Religious differences and civil rights movements.
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Set up by Lenin after his return, he temporarily put aside his plan for state-controlled economy. Small-scale capitalism. Allowed peasants to sell crops for profit, individuals to buy and sell goods, for the government to keep control of major industries, banks and means of communication, he also encouraged foreign investment
How were the diplomatic problems of WWII settled?
Some were never settled, but others healed over time. Leaders focused on repairing and rebuilding Western Europe.
How did the Cold War affect Western Europe?
Strong alliances were formed as countries chose between communism and capitalism. The economy also improved.
Technocrat
Strong believer in technology; technical expert
Long March
The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek
Discuss the settlement of the issue of Palestine after WWI.
There was conflict over resources and land between European countries and indigenous ethnic groups.
What were the causes leading to World War II?
The Treaty of Versailles, economic depression, dictators, isolationism, pacifism, and a weak League of Nations
In what way was the Soviet Union different after 1985?
The USSR faced massive economic difficulties and was also greatly interested in reducing the costly arms race with the US. President Ronald Reagan's policies of peaceful confrontation and arms buildups through much of his term prevented the USSR from cutting back its military spending as much as it might have liked
What was the relationship between the Great Depression and political instability?
The depression weakened Europe and the USA, which made the people angry and question their governments. In Germany, it was another cause for Hitler's rise to power.
PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
The political party introduced in 1929 in Mexico that helped to introduce democracy and maintain political stability for much of the 20th century
Siege of Stalingrad
Turning point in Germany's assault on Soviet Union in 1942; despite massive losses, Russians successfully defended the city; over one-third of German army surrendered
Pearl Harbor
United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941
Discuss the differences in the tactics of waging war in the two 20th-century world conflicts.
WWI was more brutal because of the combination of new and old warfare tactics. WWII involved more war on civilians and newer technology.
Comintern
Was an international communist organization founded in March of 1919 by Lenin. They wanted to overthrow the international Bourgeoisie and create a socialist state
Haganah
Zionist military force that spearheaded Jewish resistance to the British presence in Palestine
How did Soviet foreign policy change after 1945?
the Comintern's loud propaganda against capitalism made western powers highly suspicious of the Soviet Union. The fact that Lenin and Stalin kept secret that their ultimate goal was to bring about world-wide revolution did not sit well with world powers
