period 6 apush khan academy

"Where does the money go? Andrew Carnegie makes a specialty of public libraries in his gifts, with a good sprinkling of checks among educational institutions of established reputation. . . . John D. Rockefeller takes splendid care of the University of Chicago, and has several millions annually to pass around among Baptist institutions and other interests that appeal to his consideration. . . . "It is quite safe to assert that the majority of gifts and bequests goes to colleges and universities, with homes and hospitals for men, women, and children next, and memorial buildings and church edifices following. . . . Giving has become a business." -Source: George J. Hagar, "Magnitude of American Benefactions," The Review of Reviews, 1904 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly reflects which of the following changes in the late nineteenth century?

Business leaders began giving to charity to help the less fortunate.

"Thus is the problem of rich and poor to be solved. The laws of accumulation will be left free, the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor, intrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth creditable to thoughtful and earnest men into whose hands it flows save by using it year by year for the general good." -Source: Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, 1889 The ideas about the responsibility of wealth expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?

Gospel of Wealth

"Iron replaced wood; steel replaced iron; and electricity . . . replaced horsepower. In 1870 agricultural production surpassed industrial production by about $500 million. Both were increasing year by year. But by 1900 manufacturing had increased by more than four times. . . . "Industrial growth and westward expansion were assured by the revolution in transportation and the revolution in communications. . . . A transcontinental railroad network brought farm and factory, country and town closer together. Telegraph and telephone, electricity and press increased public knowledge, business efficiency, and political debates." -Source: Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 1993 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that innovations like the telegraph had on the American economy?

It improved the organization of the production process.

"What has not the steam engine done for the Nineteenth Century? It speeds the locomotive across the continent . . . [and] the mighty steamship on the sea; it grinds our grain; it weaves our cloth; it prints our books; it forges our steel, and in every department of life it is ubiquitous, tireless, potent agency of civilization." -Edward W. Byrn, The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century, 1900 The development discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?

It improved the processes used to produce goods.

"Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off." -Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that tariffs had on economic growth during the Gilded Age?

It increased the price of foreign goods and supported the sale of American-made goods.

"Soap production for the commercial market had started as a by-product of the meat-packing industry, with small companies processing animal fats for regional markets. In the late 1870s mechanical improvements in the mixing and crushing process used in making bar soap greatly expanded output. . . . By using the new machinery, Procter & Gamble was soon making 200,000 cakes of Ivory soap a day." -Source: William Lazonick, American Corporate Economy: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Volume 4, 2002 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that mechanical improvements had on the production process?

It led to the production of large quantities of goods.

"As America steadily became more urban and as real incomes rose, the share of food and clothing produced at home declined sharply, freeing some of the time previously engaged in household production. New types of processed food were invented, and many of today's name brands became commonplace in the last three decades of the nineteenth century." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, historian, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the rise in incomes and relocation to cities had on the economy?

It led to the transition toward purchasing mass-produced household goods.

"The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that mass production had on business practices?

It shifted management techniques to handle the increase in the volume of goods produced in factories.

laissez-faire

Laissez-faire is the economic theory that the government should not interfere with the market. Sumner's statement reflects a sociological theory, not an economic one about the role of government.

Which of the following statements best describes the change over time in higher education enrollment depicted in the table?

More men and women attended higher education institutions in the 1899-1900 school year than they did in the 1869-1870 school year.

Cartoon showing Columbia stirring a bowl labeled "Citizenship" with a spoon labeled "Equal Rights". Figures representing many nations are in the bowl; a caricature of an Irish man jumps up yelling, waving a knife and a green flag. C.J. Taylor, "The Mortar of Assimilation and the One Element that won't mix," Wikimedia Commons, 1889. Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?

Most immigrants could adopt American culture, but Irish immigrants could not Americanize.

"We have got to go to manufacturing to save ourselves. We have got to go to it to obtain an increase of population. Workmen go to furnaces, mines, and factories— they go where labor is brought. Every new furnace or factory is sure to come from the neighborhood or from abroad. . . . Capital, to the extent that the South shall have occasion to borrow, will, by law of economy that never fails, flow here to erect, equip and start every manufacturing establishment as fast as it can profitably be run." -J.D.B. DeBow, De Bow's Review, 1867 The ideas discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?

New factories emerged in the South and introduced manufacturing into the southern economy.

Cartoon depicting a giant thumb crushing New York City, with a cufflink reading William M. Tweed. The caption reads: "The Boss. 'Well, what are you going to do about it?'" Thomas Nast, "Under the Thumb," Harper's Weekly, The Smithsonian, 1871. Which of the following statements best describes the perspective expressed in the image about politics in the nineteenth century?

Political machines had an unprecedented amount of control over local politics.

Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the artist's views shown in the image?

Populists

"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 The ideas about wealth expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?

Social Darwinism

Cartoon depicting a giant thumb crushing New York City, with a cufflink reading William M. Tweed. The caption reads: "The Boss. 'Well, what are you going to do about it?'" Thomas Nast, "Under the Thumb," Harper's Weekly, The Smithsonian, 1871. Which of the following arguments did some late-nineteenth century leaders use to justify the situation depicted in the image?

The leaders of political machines provided immigrants with social services that they needed to survive.

titled "Woman's Holy War," showing women dressed as knights wielding axes, chopping up barrels labeled gin, whisky, and rum. They carry banners labeled "In the Name of God and Humanity" and "Temperance League." Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1874. Which of the following statements best describes the perspective expressed in the image about women in the late nineteenth century?

They sought to fix social issues and advocated for moral reform.

"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained." -Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 The immigrant neighborhoods described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of American society during the period?

a rise in cultural pluralism in major cities

"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place." -Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885 Based on the excerpt, Sumner would be likely to support which of the following?

business consolidation

"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place." -Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885 Which of the following issues of the period was Sumner most likely concerned within the excerpt?

calls for government intervention in the economy to save failing businesses

"There is something radically wrong in our industrial system. There is a screw loose. The wheels have dropped out of balance. The railroads have never been so prosperous, and yet agriculture languishes. The banks have never done a better or more profitable business, and yet agriculture languishes. Manufacturing enterprises never made more money or were in a more flourishing condition, and yet agriculture languishes. Towns and cities flourish and 'boom' and grow and 'boom,' and yet agriculture languishes. Salaries and fees were never so temptingly high and desirable, and yet agriculture languishes." -A Progressive Farmer, in a North Carolina Farm Journal, 1887 The key concern that this excerpt was designed to address was the:

continued decline in the price of crops.

"Although the effects of immigrants on the composition of the U.S. population were apparent by the census of 1870, it was the dramatic shift, between the 1880s and 1900s, in the sources of European immigration to the United States from northwestern countries to southeastern ones that excited and sustained public debate and comment. In 1882 . . . 13.1 percent came from southern and eastern European countries. . . . In 1907, these countries supplied 81 percent of a total of 1,207,619 European immigrants." -Source: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy, 2009 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

economic opportunities in major US cities

"For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 The federal government implemented the ideas expressed in the excerpt by:

expanding its territorial holdings beyond the continental United States.

"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained." -Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?

expansion of economic opportunities in factories

"There is something radically wrong in our industrial system. There is a screw loose. The wheels have dropped out of balance. The railroads have never been so prosperous, and yet agriculture languishes. The banks have never done a better or more profitable business, and yet agriculture languishes. Manufacturing enterprises never made more money or were in a more flourishing condition, and yet agriculture languishes. Towns and cities flourish and 'boom' and grow and 'boom,' and yet agriculture languishes. Salaries and fees were never so temptingly high and desirable, and yet agriculture languishes." -A Progressive Farmer, in a North Carolina Farm Journal, 1887 Based on the excerpt, the author would most likely support which of the following?

government regulation of railroad prices

"[In] the hills and valleys round about, nature has stored those substances away with unequalled profusion. Besides placing a thick layer of excellent bituminous coal halfway up those winding heights, besides accumulating within them exhaustless supplies of iron, besides sinking under them unfathomable wells of oil and salt water, nature has coiled about their bases a system of navigable streams, all of which form themselves into two rivers, — the Allegheny and Monongahela, — and at Pittsburgh unite to form the Ohio, and give the city access to every port on earth. It is chiefly at Pittsburgh that the products of the Pennsylvania hills and mountains are converted into wealth and distributed over the world." -Source: James Parton, "Pittsburgh," Atlantic Monthly, 1868 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following aspects of the Gilded Age?

how discoveries of and access to natural resources supported manufacturing

"I think there are only three places that are of value enough to be taken, that are not continental. One is Hawaii and the others are Cuba and Porto Rico. Cuba and Porto Rico are not now imminent and will not be for a generation. Hawaii may come up for a decision at any unexpected hour and I hope we shall be prepared to decide it in the affirmative." -Source: James G. Blaine, in a letter to President Benjamin Harrison, 1891 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how foreign policymakers sought to gain greater influence in Latin America and the Pacific Rim

"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs. ". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions." -Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how women organized to promote social and political reform

Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend depicted in the graph?

improvements in business organization

The main trend shown in the table was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the United States at the time?

improvements in industrialization and increase in factory work

"What has not the steam engine done for the Nineteenth Century? It speeds the locomotive across the continent . . . [and] the mighty steamship on the sea; it grinds our grain; it weaves our cloth; it prints our books; it forges our steel, and in every department of life it is ubiquitous, tireless, potent agency of civilization." -Edward W. Byrn, The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century, 1900 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century?

improvements in power generation

"Soap production for the commercial market had started as a by-product of the meat-packing industry, with small companies processing animal fats for regional markets. In the late 1870s mechanical improvements in the mixing and crushing process used in making bar soap greatly expanded output. . . . By using the new machinery, Procter & Gamble was soon making 200,000 cakes of Ivory soap a day." -Source: William Lazonick, American Corporate Economy: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Volume 4, 2002 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the nineteenth century?

improvements in production methods to increase efficiency

-Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, 2016. Which of the following factors contributed most to the major trend depicted in the table?

improvements in railroad technology

"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?

increase in immigration from European and Asian countries to the United States

"The object is to accomplish a thorough and systematic organization among farmers, horticulturists, and those engaged in rural pursuits throughout the United States, that will secure among them intimate social relations and acquaintance with each other, for the advancement and elevation of their pursuits, with an appreciation of their true interests. By such means may be accomplished that which exists throughout the country in all other vocations and among all other classes — combined co-operative association for the individual improvement and common benefit." -Source: W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution, 1889 In the late 1860s, the Grange focused its energies on which of the following strategies?

increasing railroad regulations to cut transport costs for farmers

"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs. ". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions." -Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895 The key concern that the excerpt was designed to address was the:

lack of equality for black women.

"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 The perspective expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following?

limited government regulation of businesses or the economy

-Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, 2016. Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in railroad lines after 1870 shown in the table?

new markets opened as perishable goods could travel greater distances faster

"In whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that:

opposed government regulation of the economy.

"'What can labor do for itself?' The answer is not difficult. Labor can organize, it can unify, it can consolidate its forces. This done, it can demand and command. Such are the possible and the practical things labor can do, is doing, and will continue to do until constitutions and courts and laws based upon principles of eternal justice, make no distinction in dealing with the people." -Eugene V. Debs, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine, 1893 People who shared the author's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?

organizing strikes and bargaining through representatives

Which of the following push factors was a significant cause of the trend from 1870 to 1900 shown in the table?

poverty and limited economic opportunities

"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 People who shared Addams' ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?

providing social services in immigrant neighborhoods

SOURCE 1: "We must make a departure. Instead of laying on the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would encourage our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary burden." -Source: Democratic Congressman Roger Q. Mills, Congressional Record, 1888 SOURCE 2: "We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection; we protest against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America." -Source: Republican Party Platform, 1888 The policies expressed in the excerpts contributed most directly to debates in the United States about the:

role of foreign trade in supporting the economy.

"You have won no victories worthy the name. You are slaves, every last one of you. . . . Arouse from your slavery, join the Social Democratic Party and vote with us to take possession of the mines of the country and operate them in the interest of the people . . . and then, and only then, will 'glorious victories' have been achieved and you and your comrades be free and your families happy." -Source: Eugene V. Debs, 1899 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?

successful strikes against business leaders

SOURCE 1: "We must make a departure. Instead of laying on the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would encourage our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary burden." -Source: Democratic Congressman Roger Q. Mills, Congressional Record, 1888 SOURCE 2: "We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection; we protest against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America." -Source: Republican Party Platform, 1888 At the time the excerpts were written, Congressman Mills disagreed with the Republican Party platform in that Mills believed that:

tariffs hurt the American economy.

"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." -Source: excerpt from the Indian Appropriation Act, 1871 This law undermined which of the following federal actions?

the Supreme Court decision which guaranteed indigenous sovereignty

"For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

the US acquisition of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii to access their natural resources and to facilitate trade

"Destiny and the vast future interests of the United States in the Pacific clearly indicate who, at no distant day, must be responsible for the government of these islands. Under a territorial government they could be as easily governed. "The men qualified are here to carry on good government, provided they have the support of the Government of the United States. . . . If the American flag floats here at no distant day, the Asiatic tendencies can be arrested and controlled without retarding the material development of the islands, but surely advancing their prosperity by diversifying and expanding the industries, building roads and bridges . . . constituting a solid basis for American methods of government." -Source: John L. Stevens, in a letter to John W. Foster, 1892 Which of the following best represents continuity in the years before 1892 with the ideas that the author expressed in the excerpt?

the acquisition of the Louisiana territory

"Destiny and the vast future interests of the United States in the Pacific clearly indicate who, at no distant day, must be responsible for the government of these islands. Under a territorial government they could be as easily governed. "The men qualified are here to carry on good government, provided they have the support of the Government of the United States. . . . If the American flag floats here at no distant day, the Asiatic tendencies can be arrested and controlled without retarding the material development of the islands, but surely advancing their prosperity by diversifying and expanding the industries, building roads and bridges . . . constituting a solid basis for American methods of government." -Source: John L. Stevens, in a letter to John W. Foster, 1892 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

the annexation of Hawaii as a US territory

"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place." -Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885 Which of the following developments from the late nineteenth century emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

the application of Darwin's theory of evolution to explain the economic success of business leaders

"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 Which of the following issues of the period was Addams most likely concerned with in the excerpt?

the assimilation of immigrants into American culture

"In whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 The events discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?

the concentration of wealth to a small group of business owners

"For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 The ideas discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following political changes?

the creation of favorable trade agreements with Asian and Latin American countries

"Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off." -Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

the creation of government policies that supported US economic growth

"The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 Which of the following most likely contributed to the rise of "modern mass production" referred to in the excerpt?

the creation of new efficient technology

"[In] the hills and valleys round about, nature has stored those substances away with unequalled profusion. Besides placing a thick layer of excellent bituminous coal halfway up those winding heights, besides accumulating within them exhaustless supplies of iron, besides sinking under them unfathomable wells of oil and salt water, nature has coiled about their bases a system of navigable streams, all of which form themselves into two rivers, — the Allegheny and Monongahela, — and at Pittsburgh unite to form the Ohio, and give the city access to every port on earth. It is chiefly at Pittsburgh that the products of the Pennsylvania hills and mountains are converted into wealth and distributed over the world." -Source: James Parton, "Pittsburgh," Atlantic Monthly, 1868 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the discovery of new natural resources to aid in the production process

"We protest, and with all reverence, that it is not God's fault. We protest that it is not the farmer's fault. We believe, and so charge, solemnly and deliberately, that it is the fault of the financial system of the Government—a system that placed on agriculture an undue, unjust and intolerable proportion of the burdens of taxation." -Source: Leonidas L. Polk, to the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, 1890 Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned within the excerpt?

the economic instability throughout the 1880s

"As America steadily became more urban and as real incomes rose, the share of food and clothing produced at home declined sharply, freeing some of the time previously engaged in household production. New types of processed food were invented, and many of today's name brands became commonplace in the last three decades of the nineteenth century." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, historian, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

the effects of industrialization

"New machines transformed both woodworking and metal working, to say nothing of whole new generations of machine tools. The ancient art of spinning and weaving gave way to giant factories in which a handful of employees tended machines that could produce more in a day than could have been made in months by hand. Shoes and boots also benefited from new machines that boosted production and lowered prices. Power machinery also made possible affordable carpets, furniture, and other fixtures for homes. . . New or improved machines dramatically increased production in many areas." -Source: Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870-1920, 2007 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

the effects of technological innovations on the mass production of goods

"Where does the money go? Andrew Carnegie makes a specialty of public libraries in his gifts, with a good sprinkling of checks among educational institutions of established reputation. . . . John D. Rockefeller takes splendid care of the University of Chicago, and has several millions annually to pass around among Baptist institutions and other interests that appeal to his consideration. . . . "It is quite safe to assert that the majority of gifts and bequests goes to colleges and universities, with homes and hospitals for men, women, and children next, and memorial buildings and church edifices following. . . . Giving has become a business." -Source: George J. Hagar, "Magnitude of American Benefactions," The Review of Reviews, 1904 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the late nineteenth century?

the enhancement of educational opportunities as business leaders made philanthropic donations

Cartoon showing Columbia stirring a bowl labeled "Citizenship" with a spoon labeled "Equal Rights". Figures representing many nations are in the bowl; a caricature of an Irish man jumps up yelling, waving a knife and a green flag. C.J. Taylor, "The Mortar of Assimilation and the One Element that won't mix," Wikimedia Commons, 1889. The image most directly reflects which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century?

the escalation in efforts to help immigrants adopt American culture and values

"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were employed earlier to oppose which of the following?

the establishment of government programs to aid the poor

"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 Based on the excerpt, Roosevelt would also be most likely to support which of the following?

the establishment of settlement houses

Political cartoon showing an overseer whipping an enslaved man in one panel and a factory owner with a stopwatch glaring at a young woman as she enters a factory in the other panel. The caption reads: "Uncle Sam stopped this horror more than forty years ago. Now he is grappling with this shocking evil of child mines, factories and sweat shops." The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States?

the expansion of the industrial workforce to include children

Which of the following best describes the overall demographic trend shown in the table?

the expansion of the workforce because of massive industrialization

"We protest, and with all reverence, that it is not God's fault. We protest that it is not the farmer's fault. We believe, and so charge, solemnly and deliberately, that it is the fault of the financial system of the Government—a system that placed on agriculture an undue, unjust and intolerable proportion of the burdens of taxation." -Source: Leonidas L. Polk, to the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, 1890 Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage directly contributed to which of the following developments?

the formation of a political party calling for increased government regulation of the economy

SOURCE 1: "We must make a departure. Instead of laying on the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would encourage our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary burden." -Source: Democratic Congressman Roger Q. Mills, Congressional Record, 1888 SOURCE 2: "We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection; we protest against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America." -Source: Republican Party Platform, 1888 The excerpts most directly reflect which of the following trends in the late nineteenth century?

the growing divisions between political parties over economic policy

The main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the late nineteenth century?

the growth of a distinctive middle class

*The main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the late nineteenth century?

the improvements in Americans' standard of living

"New machines transformed both woodworking and metal working, to say nothing of whole new generations of machine tools. The ancient art of spinning and weaving gave way to giant factories in which a handful of employees tended machines that could produce more in a day than could have been made in months by hand. Shoes and boots also benefited from new machines that boosted production and lowered prices. Power machinery also made possible affordable carpets, furniture, and other fixtures for homes. . . New or improved machines dramatically increased production in many areas." -Source: Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870-1920, 2007 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?

the increase in innovations that improved the efficiency of production methods in the early 1800s

"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era?

the increase in public debates over the assimilation of immigrants

"I think there are only three places that are of value enough to be taken, that are not continental. One is Hawaii and the others are Cuba and Porto Rico. Cuba and Porto Rico are not now imminent and will not be for a generation. Hawaii may come up for a decision at any unexpected hour and I hope we shall be prepared to decide it in the affirmative." -Source: James G. Blaine, in a letter to President Benjamin Harrison, 1891 Blaine's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century?

the popular belief that the United States needed to expand to gain power

"In whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned with in the excerpt?

the practice of business owners who acquired smaller businesses to create bigger ones

Political cartoon showing an overseer whipping an enslaved man in one panel and a factory owner with a stopwatch glaring at a young woman as she enters a factory in the other panel. The caption reads: "Uncle Sam stopped this horror more than forty years ago. Now he is grappling with this shocking evil of child mines, factories and sweat shops." The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

the practice of using children as factory workers

Cartoon showing Columbia stirring a bowl labeled "Citizenship" with a spoon labeled "Equal Rights". Figures representing many nations are in the bowl; a caricature of an Irish man jumps up yelling, waving a knife and a green flag. C.J. Taylor, "The Mortar of Assimilation and the One Element that won't mix," Wikimedia Commons, 1889. Which of the following changes to the United States during the late nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?

the rise in immigration from European countries like Ireland and Italy

"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained." -Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?

the rise in immigration from southern and eastern Europe

"Where does the money go? Andrew Carnegie makes a specialty of public libraries in his gifts, with a good sprinkling of checks among educational institutions of established reputation. . . . John D. Rockefeller takes splendid care of the University of Chicago, and has several millions annually to pass around among Baptist institutions and other interests that appeal to his consideration. . . . "It is quite safe to assert that the majority of gifts and bequests goes to colleges and universities, with homes and hospitals for men, women, and children next, and memorial buildings and church edifices following. . . . Giving has become a business." -Source: George J. Hagar, "Magnitude of American Benefactions," The Review of Reviews, 1904 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century?

the rise in philanthropic donations

The major trend depicted in the table most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States in the late nineteenth century?

the rise in urbanization

The major trend depicted in the graph most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States?

the rise of a middle class as the United States industrialized

"We want eight hours and nothing less. We have been accused of being selfish, and it has been said that we will want more; that last year we got an advance of ten cents and now we want more. We do want more. . . . "In the age of electricity and steam that has produced wealth a hundred fold, we insist that it has been brought about by the intelligence and energy of the workingmen, and while we find that is now easier to produce it is harder to live. We do want more, and when it becomes more, we shall still want more. And we shall never cease to demand more until we have received the results of our labor." Samuel Gompers, "Eights Hours and Nothing Less," 1890 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?

the rise of local and national labor organizations

Description: Cartoon depicting a giant thumb crushing New York City, with a cufflink reading William M. Tweed. The caption reads: "The Boss. 'Well, what are you going to do about it?'" -Source: Thomas Nast, "Under the Thumb," Harper's Weekly, The Smithsonian, 1871. The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States?

the rise of political machines in major cities

"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 According to the author, what was the purpose of settlement houses?

to help immigrants adopt US culture and the English language

"You have won no victories worthy the name. You are slaves, every last one of you. . . . Arouse from your slavery, join the Social Democratic Party and vote with us to take possession of the mines of the country and operate them in the interest of the people . . . and then, and only then, will 'glorious victories' have been achieved and you and your comrades be free and your families happy." -Source: Eugene V. Debs, 1899 Debs most likely wrote his account for which of the following reasons?

to promote an alternative vision for US economy

"The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 One major change in American factories from 1850 to 1900 was the:

use of bureaucratic management structures in factories.