Periodica Table for Chemistry Competition January 19

Mg

MAGNESIUM Atomic #12 GROUP 2 - ALKALINE EARTH METALS

Hg

MERCURY Atomic #80

Each orbital

can hold up to two electrons.

Characteristics of Mercury (Hg)

• Is the only metal element that is liquid at room temperature, which is about 75 °F • Has very high surface tension • Is a very good conductor of electricity but not of heat • Is found in the red mineral mercury (II) sulfide (HgS), commonly called cinnabar

Metals are found mainly on the left side of the periodic table.

- Metals tend to be solid at a normal room temperature of about 75 °F and have a shiny appearance. (For information on other metal properties, see the subsection on Types of Chemical Bonds from Chemistry Connections. These properties include luster, conductivity, malleability, and ductility.) - Metals normally give up electrons in a chemical reaction.

Semi-metals (metalloids) are located between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table. They fall along a zigzag line that divides metals and nonmetals.

- Semi-metals have some properties of both metals and nonmetals. - All semi-metals on the periodic table are solids at a normal room temperature. - They include boron, silicon, arsenic, and germanium.dc

Nonmetals are usually on the right side of the periodic table.

- They are generally gases or solids at a normal room temperature. - Most solid nonmetals are dull and brittle. They can be broken apart easily. - They normally take electrons in a chemical reaction.

An atom cannot have more than

18 electrons with energy level 3 because there are nine orbitals that hold two electrons each.

Ae

ARGON Atomic #18

What isCalcium (Ca) used for?

About 99% of the calcium in the human body is stored in our bones and teeth. It helps to support bone and teeth structure. This is why people say calcium keeps your bones strong. Calcium is a component of mortar, plaster, and cement. The Romans used it for construction. Even writings from 975 A.D. mention that plaster of paris (CaSO4) is useful for making casts to set broken bones.

Fe

IRON Atomic #26

Oxidation state

: the charge that develops on an atom as a result of a loss or gain of electrons.

F

FLUORINE Atomic #9

Actinide series (actinoid series)

Actinide series (actinoid series) are the inner transition metals from period 7. They are named after the first element in the series, actinium, and share the following characteristics: • Are hard metals that tarnish in air • Are all radioactive elements and are used in the nuclear energy field Studies on actinide properties have been difficult because of their radioactive instability.

GROUP 1 - ALKALI METALS (except hydrogen)

Alkali metals, including lithium, sodium, and potassium, are softouter "shell"

GROUP 2 - ALKALINE EARTH METALS

Alkaline earth metals, including beryllium and magnesium

What chemical helps prevent tooth decay?

Fluorine compounds are added to toothpaste to help prevent tooth decay.

Orgin of Argon (AE)

Argon gets its name from the Greek word "argos" meaning "inactive."

Argon (Ae) today

Argon-40 is the most abundant isotope of argon. Argon-40 is produced by the decay of potassium-40. Scientists can compare the proportion of K-40 to Ar-40 in a rock or mineral sample to figure out its age. This radioactive dating process is known as potassium-argon dating. Geologists have used this method to date rocks as old as 4 billion years. In addition, this method is also used to figure out the age of ancient human artifacts.

What is Chlorine used for?

As a gas, chlorine has a yellowish-green color. It has a high density (for a gas) of 0.0032 g/mL. Its density is approximately 2.5 times greater than air. As a result, chlorine gas generally remains close to the ground unless there is significant air movement. The gas also has a sharp odor. It is extremely irritating to the respiratory system and was used for chemical warfare during World War I. Chlorine is used to disinfect or "chlorinate" water. The amount of chlorine needed to kill harmful bacteria and other microorganisms depends on what is in the water. Adding chlorine to water can make it safer to drink. This process is used all across the world. Today, most water supplies are chlorinated. However, the proper amount of chlorine must be used. It is also used in many other everyday products including paper products, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, disinfectants, pesticides, food, paints, and plastics.

Ca

CALCIUM Atomic #20

Cl

CHLORINE Atomic #17

Orgin of Fluorine (F)

Fluorine is very reactive, making it difficult to separate from compounds. It was finally separated in 1886 by French chemist Ferdinand Frederic Henri Moissan. For nearly 75 years before, many other scientists tried but were not successful.

LANTHANIDE AND ACTINIDE SERIES

Elements located in the two rows at the bottom of the periodic table are called the inner transition metals. They are not considered to be a part of any of the 18 groups.

Au

GOLD Atomic #79

What is Gold (Au) used for

Gold is an attractive and valuable metal. It is used as a money standard in many countries. Gold is formed into bars and ingots for accounting and storage purposes.

He

HELIUM Atomic #2

GROUP 17 - HALOGENS

Halogens, including fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, are nonmetal elements with the following characteristics: • Exist as diatomic molecules at a normal room temperature—F2, Cl2 • Are highly reactive and are not found naturally in pure form on the earth • Need only a single electron to complete their outer energy level (shell), so they often bond with alkali metals At a normal room temperature, the halogen group includes elements that occur in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Iodine is a solid, bromine is a liquid, while fluorine is a gas. Halogens react with metals to form salts. Halogen salts include sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2).

Orgin of Helium (He)

Helium was discovered when Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer noticed something strange about the light from the sun. Lockyer hypothesized that it was an unknown element. He named the new element helium. Helium gets its name from the Greek root "helios" meaning "sun."

Henry Moseley

In 1914, conducted experiments on elements using X-rays. As a result of these experiments, Moseley was able to relate an element's atomic number to the charge of its nucleus. This charge represented the number of protons in the nucleus. • Moseley showed that atomic numbers were significant. Atomic numbers could be measured through experiments. Two atoms having slightly different atomic weights but the same atomic number behaved alike. • After Moseley's discovery, the periodic table was reorganized. It is now organized by atomic number.

Dmitri Mendeleev

In the 1860s, Russian chemistry professor collected information about each of the known elements for his book, Principles of Chemistry. He used this information to organize the elements in order of their atomic weight and noticed certain patterns of chemical reactivity and physical properties. Based on these patterns, he grouped the elements into rows and columns and created what we now call the periodic table

Jons Jakob Berzelius

In the early 1800s, he created a new system for writing elements. He began using just one or two letters to represent an element. The shortened versions were called chemical symbols.

What is Fluorine (F) used for

In the late 1600s, minerals containing fluorine were used to etch glass. Eventually, scientists figured out what substance was making that work. The substance attacking the glass was hydrogen fluoride (HF). Many accidents occurred during early work with HF and fluorine because of their reactivity. When HF is dissolved in water, it is known as hydrofluoric acid, a very corrosive and dangerous acid.

WQhat is Mercury (Hg) used for?

In the past, mercury was commonly used in thermometers, barometers, and laboratory vacuum pumps. Today, its use is limited because mercury and many of its compounds are toxic to humans. Mercury exposure can cause damage to the central nervous system and to the immune system. Mercury alloys are called amalgams. Amalgams are alloys of mercury with at least one other metal, usually gold, silver, tin, or copper. Silver amalgams are used in dentistry. They often contain small amounts of other metals like tin and copper. These dental amalgams were used for years to fill tooth cavities. They are strong and durable, but soft enough to fit the size and shape of the cavity. However, most dentists now use tooth-colored plastic fillings instead of amalgams.

Orgin Iron (Fe)

Iron is one of the most abundant metals on the earth. It forms about 5.6% of the earth's crust. The core of the earth is believed to be mostly made up of molten iron. Iron's chemical symbol comes from the Latin word for iron, "ferrum."

Charateriscs of Potassium (K)

Is a soft silvery metal in elemental form • Has a lower density than water • Reacts with water to produce KOH, hydrogen gas, and heat, which usually ignites the hydrogen

Lanthanides on earth

Lanthanides are found naturally on the earth. They were originally classified as rare earth metals, but now scientists know that most lanthanides can be found in large quantities in the earth's crust. Most of the lanthanides occur together in nature. They are also difficult to separate from each other. Quick Fact The wire filament in most incandescent light bulbs is made of tungsten because the metal has a very high melting point.

Lanthanides use

Many lanthanides are used as phosphors. A phosphor is a chemical substance that emits light when energized by electrons. Most lanthanides emit colored light when they are bombarded by a beam of electrons. As a result, they are used in fluorescent light bulbs and TV sets. They are also often used in lasers and sunglass lenses. Some lanthanide compounds are used in catalysts. They help to speed up the process by which crude oil is changed into gasoline and other products. Lanthanide compounds are also used in searchlights and magnets.

Periodic Table -History Mendeleev

Mendeleev created in 1869 is very similar to the one we use today. However, Mendeleev's table had some problems and gaps because of missing elements that were not known at that time. When Mendeleev created his table, he did not know what atoms were made of or why they acted in certain ways. He created his periodic table before anyone knew about the structure of atoms. What makes his work even more amazing is that he was able to predict the presence and properties of several new elements. He made these predictions based on the gaps in his table. The big difference between Mendeleev's table and today's is that today's table is organized by increasing atomic number, while Mendeleev's used increasing atomic weight. • At first, atomic numbers were based on an element's position on Mendeleev's periodic table and therefore on increasing atomic weight. Because hydrogen has the lowest atomic weight, it was given the first atomic number (1). Arranging the atoms according to their weight was not quite right, which caused discrepancies in patterns. As a result, Mendeleev's periodic table had some problems.

What is Quick silver

Mercury is commonly known as "quicksilver." It gets its chemical symbol from the Latinized Greek name "hydragyrum," meaning liquid silver.

Orgin of Potassium (K)

Potassium gets its name from the word "potash." Potash originally referred to wood ashes. Today, potash refers to various compounds of potassium, such as potassium carbonate (K2CO3). In the fertilizer industry, potassium oxide (K2O) is called potash. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often called caustic potash.

What are Noble Gases (Group 18 used for?

Noble gases are commonly used in lighting. Argon is used in common incandescent light bulbs. Neon is often used in lighted restaurant and advertising signs, which is why these signs are called "neon" signs. The other noble gases are used in these signs as well. The signs are made of glass tubes containing one or more noble gases. When an electric current is passed through the tube, the gas will glow with bright colors. Neon creates a reddish-orange color. Argon produces a pale purple color. Other colors are created by mixing the gases together or mixing them with other elements.

GROUP 18 - NOBLE GASES (INERT GASES)

Noble gases, including helium, neon, and argon

K

POTASSIUM Atomic #19 Alkali metal Group 1

Why is potassium important

Potassium is an essential element for human health. Like sodium, it helps to keep a normal water balance between the cells and body fluids. Potassium can be obtained by eating vegetables and fruits. Foods high in potassium include bananas, cantaloupes, and oranges. Potassium is also required for plant growth. It is found in most soils and is commonly used in fertilizers. Just as the carbon-14 isotope is used to "carbon date" organic materials, potassium-40 is used to date rocks (see the Radioactivity & Nuclear Reactions section from Chemistry Concepts in Action).

Groups 10 and 11 metals

Precious metals—silver, gold, palladium, and platinum.

Carat of Gold (Au)

Pure gold is very soft, so it generally needs to be alloyed with other metals to make it stronger. The purity of gold is measured by a unit called a carat. Gold that is 100% pure is called "24 carat" gold. Gold that is 14 carat is 14 parts gold and 10 parts alloyed metal.

Orgin Zinc (Zn)

Pure metal zinc is thought to have been produced in India around the 1400s. In 1746, it was rediscovered in Europe by Andreas Marggraf. Zinc compounds were used long before that time. Zinc was used in the production of brass by the ancient Romans as early as 500 B.C.

Ag

SILVER Atomic #47

Na

SODIUM Atomic #11 Alkali metal -Group 1

What is Silver (Ag) used for

Silver is stable in pure air and water. However, it undergoes a chemical reaction when exposed to air containing sulfur compounds. The reaction produces silver sulfide (Ag2S), a black substance known as tarnish. Silver can be used to make high-quality mirrors. Silver has the ability to reflect almost 100% of the light that hits it. However, silver loses much of this ability when it becomes tarnished. Sterling silver is an alloy of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. It is harder than pure silver and has a lower melting point. For these reasons, it is often used in jewelry and silverware.

Location of Sodium (Na)

Sodium is found abundantly on the earth in many minerals. It is found most commonly in the mineral halite (rock salt or NaCl, sodium chloride). • Every gallon of sea water contains about 0.25 pounds of NaCl. • Everyday table salt is mainly made up of the compound NaCl. Most table salts are made of about 97% to 99% NaCl with the rest being small amounts of iodine and other ingredients

Orgin Calcium (Ca)

The name calcium comes from the Latin word "calx," meaning lime. It is found naturally in limestone as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The most common natural forms of calcium carbonate are limestone, chalk, and marble. Calcium carbonate also makes up eggshells and the shells of marine animals like clams.

The most important sodium (Na) compound since ancient days has been

Table salt. Table salt is typically used to preserve food. Another common sodium compound is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). It is commonly called baking soda because it is used in baking. It is also used in antacids to neutralize excess stomach acid and in fire extinguishers.

Orgin Silver (Ag)

The chemical symbol for silver comes from the Latin word for silver, "argentum." Silver has been used since ancient times. Today, it is used in many countries to make coins.

Chemical Symbols

The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized. If a chemical symbol has a second letter, it is written in lowercase. For example, the chemical symbol for hydrogen is H. The chemical symbol for helium is He.

Lanthanide series (lanthanoid series)

are the inner transition metals from period 6. They are named after the first element in the series, lanthanum

Orgin of Chlorine (CL)

The name chlorine comes from the Greek word "chloros" meaning "pale green." In 1774, Karl Wilhelm Scheele first produced the gas. However, he believed the gas he produced was a compound that contained oxygen. He was incorrect. In 1811, Sir Humphry Davy realized the gas was actually a new element.

Orgin Magnesium (Mg)

The name magnesium comes from the Latin word "magnesia." It was named after an ore found in the area of Magnesia in Thessaly, Greece.

Characteristics of Noble Gases (Group 18)

They are colorless, odorless. Gases at room temperature have low boiling pointsand ave almost no reactivity. The term "inert" means inactive, so noble gases are often referred to as inert gases because of their low reactivity • Have complete outer electron energy levels, creating a very stable state (see the subsection on Electron Configuration) • Do not tend to form chemical bonds and are unlikely to gain or lose electrons

principle quantum number

This number is simply a whole number (1, 2, 3 ...) that gives us an idea of the size of the orbital. Therefore, it also describes the overall energy of the electron. A level 3 electron is at a higher energy level than a level 2 electron. In general, electrons with lots of energy tend to be farther from the center of the atom. This also means that those orbitals are usually larger.

What is Zinc (Zn)used for

Today, zinc is mainly used in a process called galvanization. In this process, a layer of zinc is deposited on iron. In the presence of air, the zinc oxidizes. When this happens, a coat of Zn2(OH)2CO3 forms. This coating protects the iron and prevents further corrosion. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is used as a pigment in paints and is found in some cosmetics and ointments. In addition, zinc is often found as a sulfide compound. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in fluorescent lights, x-rays, and TV screens.

GROUPS 3-12 - TRANSITION METALS

Transition metals cannot be divided neatly into individual groups because they all have similar properties and characteristics, including: • Have good thermal and electrical conductivity • Are hard metals and have very high melting points • Have low to moderate reactivity

What is Magnesium (Mg)used for or do?

When magnesium metal is placed in a flame, it produces a bright white light as it combines with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide (MgO). Because of this property, magnesium is commonly used in flares. Magnesium is a component of Epsom salts (hydrated MgSO4). Epsom salts are used to soothe aches and pains.

Zn

ZINC Atomic #30

The d type

has five orbitals. Each of those orbitals can hold two electrons, for a possible total of ten electrons.

The s type

has one orbital, which can hold up to two electrons. • The p type has three orbitals. Each of those orbitals can hold two electrons, for a total of six electrons.

The f type

has seven orbitals. Each of those orbitals can hold two electrons, for a total of up to fourteen electrons.

Group 12 metals

have lower melting points than the other transition metals. Mercury has the lowest melting point of all the transition metals. Its melting point is so low that it is a liquid under normal conditions. Mercury was previously used as a liquid in thermometers because its low melting point allowed it to measure temperatures below the freezing point of water.

What is the Latin name for gold?

is "aurum."

What is the Latin name for lead?

is "plumbum."

orbital

is a specific area outside of the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found. Be careful not to confuse cloud-like orbitals with circular orbits. Different orbitals are grouped according to their shapes and are identified by the letters s, p, d, and f. The letters correspond to the general shape of the orbital cloud. For example, an s orbital is spherical. It looks a little bit like a cotton ball. The p orbitals look like two touching cotton balls. The d and f orbitals have more complicated shapes.

Electron configuration

is the term for how electrons are arranged within an atom.

Characteristics of Alkali metals

low-density metals with the following characteristics: • Have low melting points and oxidize (become dull when exposed to air) easily • Are extremely reactive and are rarely found in elemental form (as pure elements) in nature • Are known to react strongly with water • Have only one electron in their outer energy level or "shell" • Are likely to give one electron away to form a bond to reach the very stable, "filled outer shell" state • Form strong bonds with the halogen elements because halogens need only one electron to complete their

Scientists often classify elements

metals, nonmetals, or semi-metals.

Charateristics of Helium (He)

• Is the lightest of the noble gases • Is the second most abundant element in the universe • Has the lowest boiling point of any element • Used for inflating lighter-than-air balloons because it is less dense than oxygen or nitrogen - Unlike hydrogen, helium is not combustible. - French physicist Jacques Charles is credited for being the first to use helium in a passenger balloon. Helium also has the lowest freezing point of any element. It is the only element that cannot be changed from a liquid to a solid by just lowering the temperature. It will remain a liquid even as its temperature gets close to absolute zero at standard pressure. However, helium can be changed into its solid form by increasing the pressure and decreasing the temperature.

Periods:

the horizontal rows on the periodic table. There are 7 periods on the periodic table. • Members of the same period do not have similar properties. Moving across the periodic table, from left to right, the properties of the elements change greatly. • Members of the same period have the same number of electron "shells," but they differ in how they are filled. As explained on page 72, these "shells" represent the energy level of the electrons. • Some periods on the table are much longer than others. Look at the sixth and seventh periods and notice that these periods are very long. As a result, some elements from these periods were removed from the main table. They were placed below the table in separate rows. The elements from atomic number 57 to 71 (the lanthanide series) and the elements from atomic number 89 to 103 (the actinide series) make up these rows.

Groups (families):

the vertical columns on the periodic table. There are 18 groups on the periodic table. • Members of each group have the same number of electrons in their outer electron energy level or "shell" (see the subsection on Electron Configuration). • Most reactions involve only the outer electrons, so members of the same group generally participate in the same types of reactions. • Members of the same group usually have very similar chemical properties.

Characteristics of Alkaline earth metals:

• Are harder and denser than alkali metals • Are gray- or silver-colored metals with high melting points • Are very reactive metals (although less reactive than alkali metals) • Have two electrons in their outer energy level, which they tend to give away • Are found in the earth's crust but not in elemental form because of their reactivity • Are found in many rocks on the earth

Lanthanide Characteristics:

• Are shiny, silvery-white metals • Are chemically similar to each other; their properties differ slightly because of their different atomic numbers • Have high melting and boiling points • Most oxidize quickly in air to form a tarnish • React with water to release hydrogen gas

Characteristics of Silver (Ag)

• Has a bright white luster • Is a very ductile and malleable metal • Has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity of all metals

Characteristics Zinc (Zn)

• Is a bluish-white shiny metal • Is used in dry cell batteries • Is used to form alloys with copper, nickel, aluminum, and lead

Characteristics Magnesium (Mg)

• Is a grayish-white metal • Is essential for human health - Helps to transmit nerve impulses and to cause muscles to contract - Is found in bones (about 50% of the magnesium in the human body is found in bones) • Is the lightest industrial metal, with a density that is about the same as man-made plastics

Characteristics of Sodium (Na)

• Is a silvery metal that tarnishes quickly in air • Is soft and malleable • Is not found in nature in its pure form because it is highly reactive • Is an essential element for living things, including humans - Helps to regulate the balance of water in the body - Prolonged sweating results in sodium loss from the body

Characteristics of Gold (Au)

• Is a very ductile and malleable metal. Gold and silver are more ductile and malleable than almost all other metals • Is normally yellow in color but may look black, purple, or red when finely divided • Is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity • Reflects infrared radiation well (see the subsection on Electromagnetic Waves from Chemistry Concepts in Action) - May be formed into a foil to help shield spacecrafts and skyscrapers from the sun's heat

Characteristics of Chlorine (Cl)?

• Is a very reactive halogen that combines directly with almost all elements • Is found abundantly in the form of NaCl • Is used commercially as a bleaching substance and a disinfectant

Characteristics of Iron (Fe)

• Is believed to exist in small amounts in many types of stars, including our sun • Is mainly obtained from the minerals hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) • Is a strongly magnetic element • Is an essential element for many living things, including humans Pure iron metal oxidizes in moist air to form rust. The chemical name for rust is iron oxide. Therefore, when iron combines with oxygen in the air, iron oxide is formed. The chemical formula for iron oxide is Fe2O3. Notice that in mineral form it is called hematite. Alloying iron with carbon creates steel. Adding other metals, such as nickel and chromium, changes the properties of the steel. Doing that gives the steel greater strength, resistance to corrosion, less brittleness, and other favorable characteristics.

Characteristics of Argon (Ae)

• Is colorless and odorless as a gas and a liquid • Makes up a little less than 1% of the earth's atmosphere by volume • Is used in incandescent light bulbs - Argon prevents oxygen from corroding the hot wire filament inside light bulbs.

Characteristics Calcium (Ca)

• Is the 5th most abundant element in the earth's crust • Is not found naturally in its elemental form • Is an essential component of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells

Characteristics of Fluorine (F):

• Is the most electronegative element (see the subsection on Periodic Trends from Chemistry Connections) • Is the most reactive element, reacting with nearly all organic and inorganic substances • Is a pale yellow-green color and is highly corrosive in gaseous form

1s^2

• The first number is the principle quantum number. Again, it is the electron's energy level. In this case, the "1" represents the first energy level, which tells us that the electrons of helium occupy the first energy level of the atom. • The letter refers to the type of orbital. In this case, the "s" tells us that the helium atom's two electrons occupy an "s" orbital. • The superscript number refers to the total number of electrons in that subshell. In this case, the "2" tells us that there are two electrons in the "s" orbital at the "1" energy level.

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states:

• The more accurately we can determine the position of an electron, the less accurately we can determine the momentum of the electron at that point in time. • Likewise, the more accurately we can determine the momentum of an electron, the less accurately we can determine the position of the electron at that point in time. Simply stated, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us that it is impossible to know both the exact position and the exact velocity of a particle at the same time. The best way to do this is to represent the probability of finding an electron of a given energy and momentum within a given space.