Personality 7
Anxiety
An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals in the nerve cells that are responsible for the transformation of a nerve impulse from one cell to another
Electrodermal Activity (Skin conductance)
Electricity will flow across the skins its less resistance if that skin is made damp with sweat
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
Grey's biological theory of personality; based on functionality research with animals. Constructed a model on human personality based on two hypothesized biological systems in the brain
Circadian Rhythms
Many biological processes fluctuate around an approximate 24-to-25 hour cycle
Sensation Seeking
___________ is the tendency to seek out thrilling and exciting activities, take risks, and avoid boredom
C (Parsimony)
A characteristic of the physiological approach to personality is ______ A. Complexity B. Variability C. Parsimony D. Elaborateness
Free Running
A condition in studies of circadian rhythms in which participants are deprived from knowing what time it is; There are no time cues to influence behavior or biology
Sensation Seeking
A dimension of personality postulated to have a psychological basis; Refers to the tendency to seek out thrilling and exciting activities
`Arousability
A good deal of evidence now suggests that the real difference between introverts and extraverts lies in their _____ or arousal response
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter involved in activating the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter that is associated with please; functions with the "reward system"
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that plays a role in depression and other disorders
Alpha Wave
A particular type of brains ave that oscillates 8 to 12 times a second; Given off when a person is calm and relaxed
Impulsivity
A personality trait that results in lowered self-control, especially in the presence of potentially rewarding stimuli
Electrodes
A sensor usually placed on the surface of the skin and linked to a physiological recording machine to measure physiological variables
Free Running
A situation in which there are no time cues to influence an individual's behavior or biology is known as ____________ in time
Cortisol
A stress, adrenal cortex hormone, that influences metabolism and immunity; secretions rise with stress
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
A structure in the brain stem thought to control overall cortical arousal; The structure Eysenck originally thought was responsible for differences between introverts and extroverts
MAO (Monoamine Oxidase)
An enzyme found in the blood that is known to regulate neurotransmitters, those chemicals that carry messages between nerve cells
A (Evoked potential technique)
Anthony visits his doctor for a regular check-up and learns that he is required to take a test that measures his brain activity. The doctor presents Anthony with a monotone as a stimulus and measures his brain's response to it. In this scenario, Anthony's doctor has used the ______ A. Evoked potential technique B. Electrocardiogram technique C. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique D. Positron emission tomography technique
Frontal Brain Asymmetry
Asymmetry in the amount of activity in the left and right part of the frontal hemispheres of the brain
D (Diastolic; systolic)
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the inside of the artery walls, and it is typically expressed with two numbers; _____ and ______ A. Pericardial; systolic B. Diastolic; Hepatic C. Pericardial; Hepatic D. Diastolic; Systolic
Tridimensional Personality Model
Cloninger's tridimensional personality model ties three specific personality traits to levels of the three neurotransmitters
C (Cardiovascular activity)
Examples of measures of ______ include blood pressure and heart rate A. Nervous system activity B. Biochemical activity C. Cardiovascular activity D. Muscular activity
C (A person's body is preparing for action)
Heart rate is important because as it increases, it indicates that the _____ A. Person's body is relaxed and at ease B. Person has hypothyroidism C. A person's body is preparing for action D. A person is a trained athlete
Optimal Level of Arousal
Hebb believed that people are motivated to teach an optimal level of arousal; If they are unaroused relative to this level, and increase arousal is rewarding
Optimal Level
Hebb's theory states that people are motivated to reach an _____ of arousal; that is, if they are underaroused, relative to this level, an increase in arousal is rewarding; conversely, if they are overaroused, a decrease in arousal is rewarding
Novelty Seeking
In Cloninger's tridimensional personality model, this personality trait is associated with low levels of dopamine. Low levels of dopamine cause people to look for novelty or thrills, which may increase the dopaminergic neurotransmitter
Reward Dependence
In Cloninger's tridimensional personality model, this personality trait is associated with low levels of norepinephrine. People high on this trait are persistent; they continue to work in ways that produce rewards
Harm Avoidance
In Cloninger's tridimensional personality model, this personality trait is associated with low levels of serotonin. People low in serotonin are sensitive to unpleasant stimuli or to stimuli or events that have been associated with punishment or pain, expect that harmful or unpleasant events will happen to them
Arousability
In Eysenck's original theory of extraversion, he held that extraverts had lower levels of cortical around the brain than introverts; More recent research suggests that the difference between introverts and extraverts lie more in the arousability of their nervous system, which extroverts showing less arousability or reactivity than introverts to the same levels of sensory stimulation
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
In Grey's reinforcement sensitivity theory, the system responsive to cues for punishment, frustration, and uncertainty
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
In Grey's reinforcement sensitivity theory, the system that is responsive to incentives/rewards
A (Evoked potential technique)
In the _____, the brain electroenchenphalogram is measured but the participant is given a stimulus, and the researcher assesses the participant's brain responsiveness to the stimulus A. Evoked potential technique B. Electrocardiogram C. Electrodermal activity D. Positron emission tomography
C (Reinforcement sensitivity theory)
Jeffrey Gray has proposed an influential alternative biological theory of personality called _____ A. Expectation sensitivity theory B. Goal setting theory C. Reinforcement sensitivity theory D. Need theory
A (Reinforcement Sensitivity)
Jeffrey Gray's _____ theory is based on brain function research with animals A. Reinforcement Sensitivity B. Goal-setting C. Expectation Sensitivity D. Need
Electrodes
Most of the common physiological measures in personality research are obtained from
Sensory Deprivation
Often done in a sound-proof chamber containing water in which a person floats, sensory input is reduced to a minimum
B (Biochemical analyses)
One important class of measures in physiological studies is the ______ of blood and saliva A. Genetic analyses B. Biochemical analyses C. Psychoanalysis D. Neurological analysis
Physiological Systems
Organ systems within the body
Morningness-Eveningness
Personality psychologists have become interested in stable differences among persons in preferences for different times of the day and have coined the term __________ to refer to this dimension of difference
Type A Personality
Personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious
Sensory deprivation
Research on the need for sensory input grew out of studies on _______
D (Serotonin)
Researchers have documented the role of ____ in depression and other mood disorders A. Norepinephrine B. Glutamate C. Dopamine D. Serotonin
B (Theoretical bridge)
Researchers must be able to build an ______ between the personality dimension of interest and physiological variables in order to use physiological concepts to help explain personality A. Inhibition system B. Theoretical bridge C. Transdimensional Model D. Electrode
D (Frontal brain asymmetry)
Several research findings from studies conducted by Fox, Davidson, Bell, and Jones suggest that individual differences in ____ exhibit stability and consistency over time A. Temporal brain asymmetry B. Parietal brain asymmetry C. Occipital brain asymmetry D. Frontal brain asymmetry
B (Ascending reticular activating system)
The ____ is the structure in the brain stem thought to control overall cortical arousal A. Descending reticular activating system B. Ascending reticular activating system C. Postecentral Sulcus D. Parieto-occipital sulcus
A (Functional magnetic resonance imaging)
The _____ tool can show which portions of the brain are active while the person is performing a particular task A. Functional Magnetic resonance imaging B. Positron emission tomography C. Electrocardiogram D. Evoked potential
Behavioral Activation System
The _______ is responsive to incentives and regulates approach behavior
D (Alpha Wave)
The amount of ______ present in a given time period is an inverse indicator of brain activity during that time period A. Beta wave B. Gamma wave C. Theta wave D. Alpha wave
EEG (Electroencephalograph)
The brain spontaneously produces small amounts of electricity which can be measured by electrodes placed on the scape; Can provide useful information about patterns of activation in different regions of the brain that may be associated with different types of information processing tasks
Sympathetic Nervous System
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that supports the fight-or-flight response; Activated when a person feels threatened or experiences strong emotions such as anxiety, guilt, or anger
Theoretical Bridge
The connection between two different variables (for instance, dimensions of personality and physiological variables)
A (fMRI)
The discoveries of Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield led to the development of the ____, which was used primarily for medical diagnosis A. fMRI B. Electroencephalogram C. Evoked potential technique D. Positron emission tomography
Behavioral Inhibition System
The effect of ______ activation is to cease behavior or to bring about avoidance behavior
B (Novelty Seeking)
The first trait in Cloninger's tridimensional personality model is _____ A. Reinforcement sensitivity B. Novelty Seeking C. Neuroticism D. Behavioral inhibition
Cardiac Reactivity
The increase in blood pressure and heart rate during times of stress; Evidence suggest that chronic cardiac reactivity contributes to coronary artery disease
Systolic Pressure
The larger number in blood pressure, and it refers to the maximum pressure within the cardiovascular system produced when the heart muscle contracts
Tridimensional Personality
The most comprehensive personality theory on neurotransmitters is Cloninger's ____________ model, in which three personality traits are tied to levels of the three neurotransmitters: Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
D (Dopamine)
The neurotransmitter ______ is associated with pleasure A. Glycine B. Glutamate C. Acetylcholine D. Dopamine
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to vital bodily structures associating with maintaining life and responding to emergencies. Two dimensions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic branch
B (Cardiac reactivity)
The phenomenon of _____ refers to the increase in people's blood pressure and heart rate when they are challenged by having to perform a stressful task in front of an audience A. Comorbidity B. Cardiac reactivity C. Sensation seeking D. Reward dependence
Comorbidity
The presence of two or more disorders
Telemetry
The process by which electrical signals are sent from electrodes to a polygraph using radio waves instead of wires
A (Autonomic nervous system)
The skin on the palm of the hands contains a high concentration of sweat glands, which are influenced by the sympathetic nervous system, a branch of the ________ A. Autonomic nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Spinal cord D. Brain
Diastolic Pressure
The smaller number in blood pressure, refers to the resting pressure inside the system between heart contractions
Morningness-Eveningness
The stable differences between people in preferences for being active at different times of the day
C (Physiological characteristics)
The term _____ refers to the functioning of the organ systems within the body A. Genetic characteristics B. Psychological characteristics C. Physiological characteristics D. Biochemical characteristics
C (Reward dependence)
The third trait in Cloninger's model is _____, which Cloning sees as related to low levels of norepinephrine A. Harm avoidance B. Sensory deprivation C. Reward dependence D. Novelty seeking
False (If an excessive amount of MAO, were present, it would break down too much of the neurotransmitter, and never transmission would be diminished. If there were too little MAO present, an excessive amount of the neurotransmitter would be left in the synapse, allowing for too much nervous transmission to take place)
True or False: Presence of too little monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the blood results in diminished nerve transmission
C (Neurotransmitters)
Zuckerman's recent work focuses primarily on the role played by _____ in bringing about differences in sensation seeking A. Impulsivity B. Anxiety C. Neurotransmitters D. Hormonal activity
C (Dopamine)
_____ appears to function like a reward system and has even been called the feeling good chemical A. Acetylcholine B. Glycine C. Dopamine D. Glutamate
