Personality Chapter 10
In describing a formative tendency, Carl Rogers believed that for the entire universe a, _____, rather than a disintegrative one, is in operation. Multiple choice question. holistic process creative process actualizing process dynamic process
creative process
According to Carl Rogers, _____ can occur suddenly, or it can take place gradually over a long period of time. Multiple choice question. disorganization depression denial distortion
disorganization
In a state of _____, people sometimes behave consistently with their organismic experience and sometimes in accordance with their shattered self-concept. Multiple choice question. terror arousal anxiousness disorganization
disorganization
According to Carl Rogers, the two chief defenses are _____ and _____. Multiple choice question. vulnerability; denial distortion; denial anxiety; threat anxiety; vulnerability
distortion; denial
Which of the following terms did Carl Rogers use to describe the tendency of a person of tomorrow to see each experience with a new freshness and appreciate it fully in the present moment? Multiple choice question. Existential living Awareness Unconditional positive regard Congruence
Existential living
Which of the following statements is true about Carl Rogers' person-centered theory? Multiple choice question. It is rated average on its ability to explain human behavior. It is rated average on its ability to spark research within the general field of personality. It is rated low on its internal consistency and operational definitions. It is rated low on falsifiability.
It is rated average on its ability to spark research within the general field of personality.
Identify a true statement about the evaluation of Carl Rogers' person-centered theory. Multiple choice question. Its concepts are precisely defined with clear scientific meanings. It cannot be extended to a wide range of human personality. It lends itself to either confirmation or disconfirmation. It does not serve as a guide for the solution of practical problems.
It lends itself to either confirmation or disconfirmation.
In order to measure change from the client's point of view, researchers relied on the _____. Multiple choice question. Thematic Apperception Test Self-Other Attitude Scale Willoughby Emotional Maturity Scale Q sort technique
Q sort technique
The _____ begins with a universe of 100 self-referent statements printed on 3-by-5 cards, which participants are requested to sort into nine piles from "most like me" to "least like me." Multiple choice question. Thematic Apperception Test Self-Other Attitude Scale Willoughby Emotional Maturity Scale Q sort technique
Q sort technique
Carl Rogers defined _____ as a state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown. Multiple choice question. trauma anxiety depression fear
anxiety
Research at the University of Chicago Counseling Center was built around the basic _____ hypothesis, which states that all persons have within themselves the capacity for self-understanding as well as the capacity and tendency to move in the direction of self-actualization and maturity. Multiple choice question. cognitive client-centered treatment-centered adaptive
client-centered
Carl Rogers is best known as the founder of _____, but he developed a humanistic theory of personality that grew out of his experiences as a practicing psychotherapist. Multiple choice question. psychoanalytic theory client-centered therapy holistic-dynamic theory individual-existential therapy
client-centered therapy
Carl Rogers believed that the most basic outcome of successful client-centered therapy is a _____ client. Multiple choice question. congruent practical defensive judgmental
congruent
Carl Rogers believed that scientists must have many of the characteristics of _____; that is, they must be inclined to look within, to be in tune with internal feelings and values, and to be intuitive and creative, etc. Multiple choice question. methodologists the person of yesterday the person of tomorrow religious preachers
the person of tomorrow
In the context of Carl Rogers' process of therapy, Stage 1 of therapeutic change is characterized by clients' _____. Multiple choice question. dim recognition that they are capable of feeling emotions in the present unwillingness to communicate anything about themselves accurate symbolization of their feelings in the present portrayal of personal feelings as objective phenomena
unwillingness to communicate anything about themselves
According to Carl Rogers, the greater the incongruence between an individual's perceived self and an individual's organismic experience, the more _____ he or she is. Multiple choice question. mentally strong vulnerable emotionally secure open
vulnerable
Carl Rogers believed that people are _____ when they are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience. Multiple choice question. doubtful vulnerable anxious threatened
vulnerable
According to Carl Rogers, once clients reach Stage 6 of therapeutic change, they _____. Multiple choice question. have some dim recognition that they are capable of feeling emotions in the present express feelings in the present, although they have not yet accurately symbolized those feelings experience an irreversible movement toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing vaguely perceive that they can make personal choices but deny individual responsibility for most of their decisions
experience an irreversible movement toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing
Like many personality theorists, Carl Rogers built his theory on the scaffold provided by _____. Multiple choice question. experiences as a therapist experiences as a farmer leading a nonsocial life practicing the religious values taught to him by his parents
experiences as a therapist
According to Carl Rogers, _____, whether positive or negative, do not foster psychological health but, rather, prevent people from being completely open to their own experiences. Multiple choice question. diagonal evaluations internal evaluations external evaluations vertical evaluations
external evaluations
According to Carl Rogers, our perceptions of other people's view of us are called _____. Multiple choice question. external evaluations vertical evaluations diagonal evaluations internal evaluations
external evaluations
True or false: According to Carl Rogers, as clients perceive that they are sympathetically understood, they are less likely to listen to themselves more accurately or have sympathy for their own feelings.
false
According to Carl Rogers, the term _____ refers to a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms. Multiple choice question. conceptual tendency actualizing tendency formative tendency moral tendency
formative tendency
An area of research where Carl Rogers's ideas continue to be influential is _____. Multiple choice question. goal pursuit role creation recollection of past experiences dream analysis
goal pursuit
According to Carl Rogers, the need for _____ includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo. Multiple choice question. luxury power maintenance authority
maintenance
According to Carl Rogers, the conservative nature of _____ is expressed in people's desire to protect their current, comfortable self-concept. Multiple choice question. maintenance needs moral needs luxury needs authority needs
maintenance needs
According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept is not identical with the _____. Multiple choice question. inconsequential self aware self perceived self organismic self
organismic self
Carl Rogers believed that all individuals have an _____ _____ _____ or OVP.
organismic valuing process
Carl Rogers defined _____ as a natural instinct directing an individual toward the most fulfilling pursuits. Multiple choice question. existential living the process of congruence the self-discrepancy process organismic valuing process
organismic valuing process
The term "_____-_____" is used to refer to Rogerian personality theory.
person-centered
With regard to the therapy groups, researchers found that the group showed less discrepancy between _____ after therapy than before. Multiple choice question. the id and the ego self and the id self and ideal self ideal self and the ego
self and ideal self
According to Carl Rogers, _____ is the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness. Multiple choice question. self-obsession self-preservation self-actualization self-doubt
self-actualization
Carl Rogers believed that _____ is a subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it. Multiple choice question. self-preservation self-doubt self-obsession self-actualization
self-actualization
According to Carl Rogers, in the case of certain people, even compliments that are genuinely dispensed, seldom have a positive influence on the _____ of the recipient. Multiple choice question. self-concept needs external image reputation
self-concept
According to Carl Rogers, the _____ includes all those aspects of one's being and one's experiences that are perceived in awareness by an individual.
self-concept
Carl Rogers hypothesized that during therapy, clients would assimilate into their _____ those feelings and experiences previously denied to awareness. Multiple choice question. self-ideals self-concepts social identities egos
self-concepts
E. Tory Higgins developed a version of Carl Rogers's theory known as the _____ that continues to be influential in personality and social psychological research. Multiple choice question. self-concept theory self-discrepancy theory humanistic ideal theory ideal self theory
self-discrepancy theory
The _____ argues not only for the real self-ideal self discrepancy but also for real self-ought self discrepancy. Multiple choice question. self-discrepancy theory humanistic self theory individualistic self theory self-motivation theory
self-discrepancy theory
According to Carl Rogers, science begins and ends with the _____, although everything in between must be objective and empirical. Multiple choice question. amoral experience teachings of religion subjective experience experiences of the past
subjective experience
Identify a characteristic of persons of tomorrow according to Carl Rogers. Multiple choice question. They have clear ideas and preconceptions about how the world should be. They understand that no one is unconditionally prized. They feel a need to be liked or loved by everyone. They are confident of their ability to experience harmonious relations with others.
They are confident of their ability to experience harmonious relations with others.
According to Carl Rogers, which of the following statements is true of persons of tomorrow? Multiple choice question. They follow the rules of society. They symbolize their experiences in awareness by successfully distorting them. They learn to adjust to a static environment. They realize that conformity to a fixed condition has little long-term survival value.
They realize that conformity to a fixed condition has little long-term survival value.
According to Carl Rogers, a second basic assumption of the person-centered theory is the _____. Multiple choice question. conceptual tendency actualizing tendency dynamic tendency holistic tendency
actualizing tendency
According to Carl Rogers, the _____ refers to the tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials. Multiple choice question. moral tendency actualizing tendency formative tendency conceptual tendency
actualizing tendency
According to Carl Rogers, without _____ the self-concept and the ideal self would not exist. Multiple choice question. perception consequence awareness motivation
awareness
Carl Rogers defined _____ as the symbolic representation of some portion of an individual's experience. Multiple choice question. motivation perception behavior awareness
awareness
According to Carl Rogers, a _____ _____ _____ arises when the positive regard of a significant other is conditional, when an individual feels that in some respects they are prized and in others not.
condition of worth
According to Carl Rogers, _____ become the criterion by which people accept or reject their experiences. Multiple choice question. conditions of doubt conditions of worth conditions of growth conditions of fear
conditions of worth
According to Carl Rogers, _____ exists when a person's organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings. Multiple choice question. independence anxiety congruence fear
congruence
With regard to the therapy group, researchers discovered that the "normal" controls had a higher level of _____ than the therapy group at the beginning of the study. Multiple choice question. congruence independence arrogance aggression
congruence
According to Carl Rogers, to be _____ means to be real or genuine, to be whole or integrated, to be what one truly is. Multiple choice question. congruent content independent successful
congruent
Carl Rogers believed that when one of an individual's experiences in inconsistent with one part of his or her self-concept, he or she will behave in a(n) _____ manner in order to protect the current structure of his or her self-concept. Multiple choice question. hostile organized defensive understanding
defensive
According to Carl Rogers, _____ is the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it. Multiple choice question. vulnerability threat defensiveness anxiety
defensiveness
According to Carl Rogers, with _____, people refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least they keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization. Multiple choice question. anxiety anger hostility denial
denial
According to Carl Rogers, psychological disequilibrium begins when people _____. Multiple choice question. do not perceive the organism and the self at variance with one another see their organismic experiences as self-experiences do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness find their organismic experiences to be consistent with their emerging self-concept
do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness
According to Carl Rogers, _____ refers to temporarily living in the other's life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments. Multiple choice question. experience empathy occupation sympathy
empathy
Carl Rogers believed that _____ exists when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions so that clients know that another person has entered their world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation. Multiple choice question. sympathy depression acceptance empathy
empathy
According to Carl Rogers, the need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth is called _____. Multiple choice question. motivation fulfillment enhancement maintenance
enhancement
Carl Rogers believed that the need for _____ the self is seen in people's willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding. Multiple choice question. fulfilling satisfying enhancing maintaining
enhancing
According to Carl Rogers, the _____ _____ is defined as one's view of self as one wishes to be.
ideal self
According to Carl Rogers, the second subsystem of the self is the _____. Multiple choice question. aware self ignorant self ideal self adaptive self
ideal self
Out of the three levels of awareness identified by Carl Rogers, the first level involves events that are experienced below the threshold of awareness and are either _____ or _____. Multiple choice question. inconsequential; ignored ignored; denied inconsequential; isolated isolated; denied
ignored; denied
With regard to awareness, Carl Rogers believed that a compliment from another also implies the right of that person to criticize or condemn, and thus the compliment carries a(n) _____ for certain people. Multiple choice question. implied appreciation death wish implied threat message of gratitude
implied threat
According to Carl Rogers, a source of psychological distress is _____, or when one's ideal self does not sufficiently overlap with his or her self-concept that can be represented in the goals a person chooses to pursue. Multiple choice question. incongruence freedom discrepancy independence
incongruence
According to Carl Rogers, the _____ between one's self-concept and one's organismic experience is the source of psychological disorders.
incongruence
After therapeutic change, a congruent client becomes _____. Multiple choice question. judgmental and impatient less defensive and more open to experience more defensive and less open to experience practical and adventurous
less defensive and more open to experience
In the early years, Carl Rogers approach was known as _____. Multiple choice question. non-illusive nondirective inconsequential inconclusive
nondirective
According to Carl Rogers, a person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person that can be referred to as _____. Multiple choice question. holistic regard positive regard dynamic regard existential regard
positive regard
Carl Rogers was of the notion that as children become aware that another person has some measure of regard for them, they begin to value _____. Multiple choice question. positive regard negative regard the ideal self the self-concept
positive regard
According to Carl Rogers, _____ _____ is defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one's self.
positive self-regard
Carl Rogers believed that the source of _____ _____ lies in the positive regard that is received from others, but once established, it is autonomous and self-perpetuating.
positive self-regard
Carl Rogers's explanation for _____ is that when persons come to experience themselves as prized and unconditionally accepted, they realize, perhaps for the first time, that they are lovable. Multiple choice question. isolation sympathetic listening therapeutic change existentialism
therapeutic change
Carl Rogers defined _____ as an awareness that our self is no longer whole or congruent. Multiple choice question. threat trauma anxiety fear
threat
Carl Rogers believed that therapists have _____ when they are experiencing a warm, positive and accepting attitude toward what is the client. Multiple choice question. conditional positive approach conditional anxiety unconditional positive regard unconditional negative regard
unconditional positive regard
When the need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another person exists without any conditions or qualifications, _____ _____ _____ occurs.
unconditional positive regard