PFW 1301

Stages of Transtheoretical Model

1. Precontemplation: •the person has no intention of changing a specific behavior in the next 6 months (or more). - Inaccurate outcome expectations and low self-efficacy generally exist in this stage. 2. Contemplation: •The person is considering changing within the next 6 months. - Weighing costs versus benefits of change may help a person through this stage. 3. Preparation: •The person is planning to change within the next 6 weeks. - A person may also be experimenting with the behavior change without yet making full adoption (or, if backsliding from the Action stage, they may be exercising only 2 days per week, for example). 4. Action: The person is currently implementing planned, adequate change (e.g., meeting the Physical Activity Guidelines). 5. Maintenance: The person has completed 6 or more successive months of the Action stage.

Rural

1.Low population, or low population density 2.Reliance on agriculture and extractive natural resource industries 3.A residential condition of "not being urban" 4.Characterized by population size, degree of urbanization, and adjacency to an urban metro area.

Urban

1.Region surrounding a city 2.Most inhabitants of urban areas have nonagricultural jobs 3.Areas are very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. 4."Urban area" can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. An urban area includes the city itself, as well as the surrounding areas.

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

______ MEN AND WOMEN HAD THE HIGHEST PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AMONG ALL RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS AT 42.4% AND 44%.

African American

African Americans

African Americans are a diverse ethnocultural group of individuals with complete or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. 3rd largest racial and ethnic group in the U.S., comprising 14% (420 million) of the U.S. population. African Americans are disproportionately impacted by poverty (25.8% below poverty level) compared to Whites (12.3%) and the national average (14.3%). African Americans are disproportionately impacted by several health concerns and chronic diseases across the lifespan, particularly disparities that could be positively impacted by increased levels of physical activity African American men and women had the highest prevalence of hypertension among all racial and ethnic groups at 42.4% and 44%. 20% more likely to experience serious mental health problems than the general population. Obesity Prevalence: -Significantly higher in ages 2-19, 19.5% -Highest age-adjusted adult obesity rate, 48.1% for all major race/ethnicity groups in the U.S. Less than half of non-Hispanic Blacks (45.5%) reported meeting aerobic activity guidelines compared to 53.9% of non-Hispanic Whites, 45.8% of Hispanics, and 51.6% of other races. Data or adults >60 years show that older African American adults report lower levels of physical activity than other racial/ethnic subgroups. The proportion of African American adults who reported meeting physical activity recommendations ranged from 24% to 36%. Women consistently reported less physical activity than men Physical activity levels also tended to increase with income and employment status, and to decrease as BMI levels increased.

Transtheoretical model

Also called Stages of Change or Stages of Readiness Built around self-efficacy, with self-efficacy building from one stage to the next. The five stages of this model speak to the time course of a person's preparedness for implementing behavior change.

critical research

An approach to research that aims to identify, critique, or change communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm people.

natural philosophy

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.

social cognitive theory

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. People learn through observing others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors Social Cognitive theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.

Theory of planned behavior

Behavior is a result of intention, which is influenced by an individual's attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms about the behavior, and their perceived behavioral control over the behavior or their confidence in their ability to change.

Theories

Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

individual

Characteristics of the individual such as knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-concept, skills, and developmental history. Includes gender, religious identity, racial/ethnic identity, sexual orientation, economic status, financial resources, values, goals, expectations, age, genetics, resiliency, coping skills, time management skills, health literacy and accessing health care skills, stigma of accessing counseling services

Steps of the ecological system model

Child Microsystem Mesosystem Ecosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem

social determinants of health

Conditions in the places where people live, learn, work, and play affect a wide range of health risks and outcomes. Housing Education Geographical location Public Goods

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY AND THE SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL MODEL?

EST IS CENTERED AROUND DEVELOPMENT AND "THE CHILD" IN DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS. SEM IS CENTERED AROUND INDIVIDUAL TO PUBLIC POLICY FACTORS AND HOW THEY AFFECT OUR DECISIONS.

German Idealism

Examines the relationship between epistemological idealism (the view that the contents of human knowledge are ineluctably determined by the structure of human thought) and ontological idealism (the view that epistemological idealism delivers truth because reality itself is a form of thought and human thought participates in it).

Interpersonal level

Formal and informal social networks and social support systems, including family, work group, and friendship networks. Includes roommates, supervisors, resident advisors, rituals, customs, traditions, economic forces, diversity, athletics, recreation, intramural sports, clubs, Greek life.

Access to _____ is highest priority for rural populations while nutrition and unhealthy weight status placed second

Healthcare

COMPARED TO URBAN ADULTS, RURAL ADULTS LEVELS OF PHYSICAL REPORT___________ INACTIVITY AND LIMITATION IN ACTIVITY DUE TO CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS.

Higher

ecological systems model

How the inherent qualities of a child and his environment interact to influence how he will grow and develop. stresses the importance of studying a child in the context of multiple environments, also known as ecological systems in the attempt to understand his development.

Microsystem

Immediate environement the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment home, school, daycare, peer group, community

why is social science important?

Knowledge of the social sciences can help us improve our societies Studying social science can show us how people put their societies together and the impacts of their decisions about how their societies should be run By studying social science, we can become better informed about societies should be put together

public policy level

Local, state, national, and global laws and policies. Includes polices that allocate resources to establish and maintain a coalition that serves a mediating structure connecting individuals and the larger social environment to create a healthy campus. Other policies include those that restrict behavior such as tobacco use in public spaces and alcohol sales and consumption and those that provide behavioral incentives, both positive and negative, such as increased taxes on cigarettes and alcohol. Additional policies relate to violence, social injustice, green policies, foreign affairs, the economy, global warming.

Children/Youth PA Guidelines

Low-grade or moderately intense activities that increase caloric expenditure Aerobic physical fitness important for vascular health Weight bearing activities for promoting bone health Most guidelines recommend 60 minutes of daily moderate activity Canada suggest additional 30 minutes, optimally 90 minutes a day

Health Disparities and inequities

Low-socioeconomic-status groups have been shown to be disproportionately affected by obesity in all ages. Association between socioeconomic status and obesity varied by ethnicity. Research has shown that life expectancy increased with income level. Life expectancy is positively correlated with physical activity and negatively correlated with smoking rates.

Give an example of acculturation

MANY VARIATIONS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS ADHERING TO AMERICAN CULTURE.

_______ CHILDREN HAVE HIGHER RATES OF DIABETES AND LOWER RATES OF IDEAL FASTING GLUCOSE.

Mexican American

FOOD INSECURITY IS 150% MORE PREVALENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IS CLOSE TO DOUBLE FOR THIS ETHNICITY.

Native Americans

_____________ ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE DIABETES, EVEN WITH THE SAME BMI'S AS WHITES.

Native Hawaiians

Laws

Observed patterns of phenomena or behavior

6 dimensions of health

Occupational - recognizes personal satisfaction and enrichment inone's life through work. Physical - recognizes the need for regular physical activity Social - encourages contributing to one's environment and community Intellectual - recognizes one's creative, stimulating mental activities Spiritual - recognizes our search for meaning and purpose in human existence Emotional - recognizes awareness and acceptance of one's feelings.

Older Adult (65 and older) PA Guideline

Older adults should follow the adult guidelines. When older adults cannot meet the adult guidelines, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions will allow. Older adults should do exercises that maintain or improve balance if they are at risk of falling. Older adults should determine their level of effort for physical activity relative to their level of fitness. Older adults with chronic conditions should understand whether and how their conditions affect their ability to do regular physical activity safely.

Experiment

Once you've developed a hypothesis, you must design and conduct an experiment that will test it. You should develop a procedure that states very clearly how you plan to conduct your experiment. It is important that you include and identify a controlled variable or dependent variable in your procedure. Controls allow us to test a single variable in an experiment because they are unchanged. We can then make observations and comparisons between our controls and our independent variables (things that change in the experiment) to develop an accurate conclusion.​

Question

Once you've made your observation, you must formulate a question about what you have observed. Your question should tell what it is that you are trying to discover or accomplish in your research. When stating your question, you should be as specific as possible.​

THE AIM OF_______________ UNDERSTAND THE SOCIAL REALITY OF INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS AND CULTURES AS NEARLY AS POSSIBLE AS ITS PARTICIPANTS FEEL IT OR LIVE IT.

Qualitative

Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. The aim of qualitative research is to understand the social reality of individuals, groups and cultures as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys - online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations. Experiments typically yield quantitative data, as they are concerned with measuring things.

Examples of measurement

Recall measure, diaries/logs, pedometers, accelerometers, commercially available physical activity monitors

community level

Relationships among organizations, institutions, and informational networks within defined boundaries. Includes location in the community, built environment, neighborhood associations, community leaders, on/off-campus housing, businesses (e.g., bars, fast food restaurants, farmers markets), commuting, parking, transportation, walkability, parks.

exploratory research

Research conducted to gather more information about a problem or to make a tentative hypothesis more specific

Demographics of Rural Populations

Rural populations experience higher rates of chronic and preventable disease and injury, tobacco use, physical inactivity, poor diet, and less access to preventative and health service. •78% of the rural population are White and non-Hispanic. •Rural minority populations were: -9.3% Hispanics -8.2% African Americans <2% Native Americans Older rural residents were even less likely to meet physical activity recommendations and report unique challenges with aging actively. Rural women compared to men, especially in southern states, were reported to be more sedentary. Suburban, higher-income adults were more than twice as likely to meet physical activity recommendations as opposed to rural, low-income residents.

THIS THEORY HAS OFTEN BEEN CALLED A BRIDGE BETWEEN BEHAVIORIST AND COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES BECAUSE IT ENCOMPASSES ATTENTION, MEMORY, AND MOTIVATION.

Social Cognitive Theory

social influence

Social influence occurs when a person's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others. Social influence takes many forms and can be seen inconformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing.

Organizational level

Social institutions with organizational characteristics and formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operations. Includes campus climate (tolerance/intolerance), class schedules, financial policies, competitiveness, lighting, unclean environments, distance to classes and buildings, noise, availability of study and common lounge spaces, air quality, safety.

Risk Exposure Theory

States that a high prevalence of social and environmental health risks results in higher exposure to these risks, contributing to increased risk of morbidity and mortality.

Resource Deprivation Theory

States that a low presence or access to resources that support health and healthy lifestyles also contribute to increased risk of morbidity and mortality.

__JECTIVE RESEARCH REFERS TO PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES, FEELINGS, OR OPINIONS ENTERING THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS.

Sub

Postpositivism

The belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers

Lived Experiences

The contribution of experiences and opportunities to an individual's views and values.

Culture

The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is what is being studied and measured in the experiment. - It's what changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable. - An example of a dependent variable is how tall you are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age).

Conclusion

The final step of the scientific method is developing a conclusion. This is where all the results from the experiment are analyzed, and a determination is reached about the hypothesis. Did the experiment support or reject your hypothesis? - If your hypothesis was supported, great. If not, repeat the experiment or think of ways to improve your procedure.

Observation

The first step of the scientific method involves making an observation about something that interests you. ​This is where you produce the idea for your research.

Hypothesis

The hypothesis is a key component of the scientific process. A hypothesis is an idea that is suggested as an explanation for a natural event, particular experience, or specific condition that can be tested through definable experimentation. It states the purpose of your experiment, the variables used, and the predicted outcome of your experiment. It is important to note that a hypothesis must be testable. That means that you should be able to test your hypothesis through experimentation.​ Your hypothesis must either be supported or falsified by your experiment.

Independent Variable

The independent variable is the variable whose change isn't affected by any other variable in the experiment. Two examples of common independent variables are age and time.

Analysis/Results

The results are where you report what happened in the experiment. That includes detailing all observations and data made during your experiment. Most people find it easier to visualize the data by charting or graphing the information

Social science

The scientific study of human society and social relationships

Social Science

The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change

self-determination theory

Theory of motivation - how to move themselves or others to act Concerned with supporting our natural or intrinsic tendencies to behave in effective and healthy ways People are often moved by external factors such as reward systems, grades, evaluations, or the opinions they fear others might have of them Yet, just as frequently, people are motivated from within, by interests, curiosity, care or abiding values.

Urban Paradox

Urban areas are confronted with a paradox: they concentrate wealth and employment opportunities, but they can also host high levels of poverty and labor-market exclusion

WHAT TERM IS USED TO DESCRIBE FACTORS OF DOCUMENTED HEALTH RISKS SUCH AS THE STRESS OF POVERTY, RACISM, AND VIOLENCE; DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH SERVICES; AND FOOD INSECURITY IN LOW-INCOME POPULATIONS?

Urban paradox

health

a combination of physical, mental/emotional and social well-being.

Natural Science

a field of science that studies the physical world, its phenomena, and processes

Science

a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it

physical activity

any movement that works the larger muscles of the body, such as arms, leg and back muscles. ✗May be recreational (i.e. dancing, swimming) ✗May be incidental (i.e. chores, work)

Chronosystem

changes over time adds the useful dimension of time, which demonstrates the influence of both change and constancy in the child's environment. change in family structure, address, parent's employment status, in addition to immense society changes such as economic cycles and wars.

Human's 3 basic needs

competence, autonomy, relatedness

Mesosystem

connections provides connections across microsystems linkages between home and school, between peer group and family, or between family and church.

Change Theory

guides the development and evaluation of interventions to change behavior. How to intervene on a problem (e.g., promoting physical activity)

Explanatory Theory

helps describe why a particular problem or disparity exists and helps guide the search for modifiable factors. Why a problem exists (e.g., physical inactivity)

Diffusion of Innovation Theory

idea that it is not enough to simply understand and change health behavior, but that an emphasis must also be placed on disseminating successful interventions among hard-to-reach populations to reduce health disparities.

Deprivation Amplification

in places where people have fewer resources the local facilities that enable people to lead healthier lives are poorer compared to non-impoverished and non-socially deprived areas.

Exosystem

indirect environment the linkages that may exist between two or more settings, one of which may not contain the developing child but affects him indirectly, nonetheless.

Social Ecological Model

individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy

3 levels of low income

low: household must earn 80% or lower of the median income of the county. very low: household must earn 50% or lower of the median income of the county. extremely low: household must earn 30% or lower of the median income of the county.

Adult PA guidelines

minimum 150 minutes per week Regular physical activity or exercise - any activity or exercise performed most days of the week. 5 or more days per week for moderate-intensity 3 or more days per week for vigorous-intensity

Scientific Method Steps

observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

Scientific Knowledge

obtained through the scientific method (research)

SOCIAL SCIENCE IS THE SCIENCE OF _______ OR THE COLLECTIONS OF__________

people

Exercise

physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive, and that results in improvements in fitness. Examples: lower body/upper body, Zumba, CrossFit, etc.

subjective

refers to personal perspectives, feelings, or opinions entering the decision making process.

Objective

refers to the elimination of subjective perspectives and a process that is purely based on hard facts.

Considerations of measuring physical activity

relaibility, feasibility, acceptability, population

descriptive research

research methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically

explanatory research

research that attempts to explain why things do or do not happen by examining the relationship between social variables

Macrosystem

social and cultural values is the largest and most distant collection of people and places to the child that still exercises significant influence on the child.

Applied Sciences

the area of science in which the knowledge gained from the "pure" sciences is put into practice

Positivism

the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

Physical fitness

the body's ability to carry out daily tasks and still have enough reserve energy to respond to unexpected demands.

Basic Science

the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake

deductive research

the type of research in which a specific expectation is deduced from a general premise and is then tested

inductive research

the type of research in which general conclusions are drawn from specific data

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

antipositivism

the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

personal fitness

total fitness, including: Physical fitness Diet Sleep patterns Body weight/composition Medical health Substance abuse

wellness

total health in all three areas.

Latinx

•The term LatinX/Hispanic refers to immigrants from many different countries. •The 3 most common groups of LatinX in the U.S. are Mexican, Puerto Rican, & Cuban •More than half (55%) the LatinX population reside in California, Texas, & Florida •Fastest growing minority group in the U.S. •Expected to reach 119 million by 2060 •Cardiovascular & metabolic Health •CVD risk factor and the presence of 3 or more risk factors was highest among Puerto Ricans, those with less education, those living in the U.S. for 10 years or more, those who were U.S.-born, and those who preferred the English language. •Mexican American Children have higher rates of diabetes & lower rates of ideal fasting glucose. •LatinX are 1.7 times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes compared to non-LatinX whites. • 77% of Mexican American women are overweight or obese, compared to 64% of non-Latina white women •Cognitive & Mental Health •The Alzheimer's Association reported a projected six-fold increase of LatinX with Alzheimer's disease from fewer than 200,000 individuals in 2004 to 1.3 million by 2050. •27% of LatinX reported high levels of depressive symptoms with the highest being among Puerto Ricans with 38%.