PH 601 Midterm Ch 2

What are the most commonly types of statistics used for mortality-based measures and how will it be recorded?

1. crude mortality rates which counts deaths within the entire population and are not sensitive to differences in the age distribution of different populations. 2. age-specific mortality rates relate to the number of deaths to the number of persons in a specific age group. the infant mortality rate is the best example which describes the number of deaths of live-born infants occurring in the first year per 1,000 live births. 3. age-adjusted mortality rates are calculated by applying age-specific rates to a standard population. 4. life expectancy is a computation of the number of years between any given age and the average age of death for that population. 5. years of potential life lost (YPLL) places greater weight on deaths that occur at younger ages. for example, if 65 yeras old is used at the threshold for calculating YPLL, an infant death would contribute 65 YPLL and a homicide at age 25 would contribute 40 YPLL (65-25=40).

What are the most commonly types of statistics used for morbidity, disability and quality measures and how will it be recorded?

1. disability-adjusted life year is a commonly used measure which shows life expectancy at birth and at a specific standard age (this case 65) by race and gender as well as healthy life expectancy within the overall life expectancy itself. some ways to trick this measure are that the researcher can extend the overall life expectancy without extending the other variables (ex chronic disease and poor health) or reduce the other variables within a constant life expectancy. 2. both the prevalence and incidence are widely used measures of morbidity. one of the earlier systems called the national notifiable disease-reporting system operates through the collaboration of local, state and federal health agencies to collect information on noninfectious conditions and risk factors. 3. self-reported health status are measured by surveys which provide direct information and illuminate some of the factors such as race and ethnicity and income level.

What statistics can be measured and how?

1. mortality-based measures 2. morbidity measures 3. disability measures 4. quality measures

When reviewing world infant mortality rates, the U.S. ranks closest to:

20th to 30th lowest country

A country with a rapidly growing population has the following characteristic:

40%-50% of the population is less than 15 years old.

The list of major obstacles to global public health progress includes all of the following except:

Climatological differences across the globe

The Cholera epidemic of the 1854 afflicted poverty stricken individuals more than affluent individuals.

FALSE

The Public Health Code of Ethics is an exhaustive set of health principles that should be held by people in the public health discipline

FALSE

Prevention and health disease agenda

Health in the u.S has improved over the last few years but much more needs to be done for specific racial, ethnic and gender groups since the gains in health status over the past century have not been shared equally by all subgroups. greater risk and poorer health resides in a small part of the population which calls for the effort to target those minorities. an alternative approach is to continue current measure strategies and resource deployment levels in order to address inequalities in measures of health and quality of life.

Which of the following best describes predicted changes in disease burden in the year 2020?

Mental illness will account for a larger proportion.

Which of the following health measures has the greatest potential for prevention of disease in the U.S.?

Modification of personal health behavior

Which of the following is not considered one of the 3 Ps or most important determinants of health worldwide?

Personal responsibility

The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of good human health includes:

Physical, mental, and social well-being

What defines good health?

The WHO defines good health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

A measure of health status that attempts to gauge the social impact of various diseases and conditions by adjusting for differences in the age of the population affected is:

Years of potential life lost

When compared with other developed nations, the teenage pregnancy rate in the United States is

among the highest

cost-benefit analysis

focuses on one outcome to determine the most cost-effective intervention when several options are possible. cost-effectiveness examines a specific option's costs to achieve a particular outcome and results are often specified as the cost per case prevented or cost per life save.

Healthy People 2010 categorizes U.S. health issues according to:

health promotion, protection, and prevention

Which of the following was in the top five causes of death in both 1900 and 2000?

heart disease

A physician fills out a death certificate as follow: IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEATH-pulmonary embolism DUE TO-deep venous thrombosis DUE TO-pancreatic cancer. She notes that a liver biopsy was performed prior to death. In the U.S. vital statistics, this death would be recorded as due to

pancreatic cancer

In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was which of the following conditions?

pneumonia and influenza

Cost- benefit analysis

provides comprehensive information on both the costs and the benefits of an intervention. health outcomes are included in the determination of benefits and results are expressed in terms of net costs, net benefits and time required to recoup an initial investment.

Public health systems and services have evolved differently in various parts of the world, as well as in the United States among the various states. Which of the following pairs best identifies the two major forces that have shaped public health activitie

science and social values

cost-utility analysis

similar to cost-effectiveness studies except that the results are characterized as cost per quality-adjusted life years. these are most useful when the intervention affects both morbidity and mortality and there are a variety of possible outcomes that include quality of life.

Which lifestyle factor has been reported to be the most important single preventable cause of death in the U.S.?

tobacco/physical activity