PHA 317 Comprehensive Review For Final

Shelf-life

-For pharmaceutical products, is the time duration after manufacture until which the critical quality attributes of the product are within acceptable limits -For API, it is the time until the concentration of the API is below defined acceptable minimum levels

1 centipoise is equal to?

.01 poise

viscosity of an unknown liquid is .580 cp at 25 C and the denisty is .858 g/cm^3. what is the kinematic viscosity of that unknown liquid?

.676 centistokes

1 centipoise is equal to

0.01 poise

What is the ratio of ephedrine to ephedrine HCL in the intestinal tract at ph 8

0.025:1

The time taken for 5% of a drug to decompose by first order kinetics is

0.051/k1

Time taken for 5% of a drug to decompose by first order kinetic

0.051/k1

the following data were obtained for the hydrolysis of homatropin which follows first order kinetics in 0.226mol/L HCL at 90C

0.053hr

What is the normality of the 100mL solution containing 585 mg of NaCl in water

0.1N

Fickian (first-order) release

0.43<n<0.5

Anomalous release

0.5<n<0.89

Viscosity of an unknown liquid is 0.580 cp at 25 degrees celsius and the density is 0.858/cm cubed. What is the kinematic viscosity of the unknown liquid

0.676 centistrokes

What is the remaining concentration A in mg/ml of a drug inital concentration a0=7mg/ml after atime equivalent to 3 half lives assuming that the decompositon follows first orders kinetic

0.875

What is the remaining concentration in mg/ml of a drug (initial concentration. a= 7 mg/ml) after a time equivalent to 3 half-lives assuming that the decomposition follows first order kinetics

0.875

Case II (0-order release, where transport is entirely controlled by polyer chain relaxation)

0.89<n<1

when one mole of a solute is dissolved in one liter of a solution, the concentration of the solute is termed as

1 molar

What is the stomach's ph range

1 to 3.5

What is the stomachs ph range

1-3.5

10g of sucrose is dissolve in 500 ml of water at 25C. what is the osmotic pressure of the solution?

1.43 atm

when atropine was added to a mixture of water and octanol at 25C its concentration in octanol and in water was 3.96 and 2.2mg/ml respectively. what is partrition coeffcient P of stropine in this system?

1.8 octanol/water

Spans sorbitans esters have HLb values from

1.8-8.6

The half-life of a drug in a solution is 30 minutes. What would be the concentration o the drug in the solution after 90 minutes?

12.5%

calculate the solubility of ibuprofen a weak acidic drug in a medium mimicking intestinal fluid which pH is 8

1262 mg/ml

the following data were obtained for the hydrolysis of homatropin (which follows first order) in .0226 mol/L HCL at 90C

13.2h

An increase in temperature by 10C near room temperature is known to cause

2-4 Fold increase in reaction rate for many reactions

compute the vapor pressure of water at 125 C. the vapor pressure of water at 100 C is 1 atm and Delta H is 9720 calories/mole

2.27atm

the require HLB (RHLB) value for making an o/w emulsions is 10.8 calculate the amounts of tween 20 ( HLB value 16.7) and span 80 (HLB value 4.3) for making 5g of required emulsifier

2.6 T20 and 2.4 S80

What is the ph of a buffer containing .1M acetic acid and .08M sodium acetate

2.9

150. The initial concentration of active principle in an aqueous preparation was 5.0 x 106-3 g/ml. After 10 months the concentration was found to be 4.2 x 10^-3 g/ml. the drug is known to be ineffective after it has decomposed to 70% of its original concentration. Assuming that decomposition follows first order kinetics, calculate the expiry date of the drug preparation

20.5 months

The initial concentration of active principle in an aqueous preparation was 5.0 * 10^-3 g/ml. After 10 months the concentration was found to be 4.2 * 10^-3 g/ml. The drug is known to be ineffective after it has decomposed to 70% of its original concentration. Assuming that decomposition follows first order kinetics, calculate the expiry date of the drug preparation.

20.5 months

110. When 1ml of a 0.009% (w/v) solution of stearic acid (Mol. Wt. 284.3) dissolved in a volatile organic solvents is placed on the surface of water in a trough, the solvent evaporates off, leaving the stearic acid spread over the surface as an insoluble monolayer film. If the surface area occupied by the film is 420 square cm, calculate the area occupied by each molecule of stearic acid in the film

219.89 x 10^-17 cm^2

half life of a drug in a solution is 30 min. what would be the concentration of the drug in the solution after 90min?

25% initial

The contents of an aerosol are at a pressure of 2 atm at 25C. what happens to the pressure of the aerosol when it is stored at 200C. given volume is .05L

3.2 atm

A plastic material has a yield value of 3000 dynes cm^2. at shearing stress above the yield value F was found to increase linearly with rate shear G. If the rate of shear G was 100 sec when F was 6000 dynes cm^-2 what is the plastic viscosity?

30 poises

What is the minimum time required for IV injection of a 22mg dose of a poorly water soluble drug to ensure that precipitation does not occer. given that solubility of drug in plasma is .7mg/ml and venous flow rate is 50ml/min

38 secs

Brush border

3mm-thick mucopolysaccharide coating on entire GIT that serves as a mechanical barrier

What is the ph buffer containing 0.1-M acetic acid and 0.08 M sodium acetate

4.7

When a capillary tube is benzyl benzoate, the liquid rose to a height of 1.63cm at 25C the inside diameter of the capillary is .1cm and the density of benzyl benzoate is 1.112 g/cc. what is the surface tension of benzyl benzoate?

44.45 dynes/cm

Ph range of duodenum is

5 to 7

The pH range of the duodenum is

5-7

Calculate the energy of a radiation of wavelenth 4000 angstroms

5x10^12 ergs

one mole of any substance contains an avogardo number of molecule which equals

6.023 x 10^23

What is the osmotic pressure of a strong electrolyte solution of 1.5 molar concentration at a temperature of 298K the ivalue is 1.65

60.48atm

You will use the surfactant having HLB values shown below to prepare an emulsion of olive oil in water

9-15

Weak basic drug has a pka 4.8 in urine with a ph of 5.8 how much % of this medication would exist in its original ionized form

90.09%

human plasma contains about 5 meq/liter of Ca2+ ions. How many milligrams of CaCl22h20 are required to prepare 250ml of a solution equal to Ca2+ to human plasma

91.88mg

142. The driving force for processes to occur is a. All systems spontaneously move towards lower free energy and higher entropy b. All systems spontaneously move towards lower free energy and lower entropy

A

Hixson crowell cube root law is capable of determining dissolution rate when a. The shape of the dissolving particle is uniform and does not change during dissolution b. The shape of the dissolving particle is random irregular and does not change during dissolution

A

Minocycline and doxcycline have a greater log P value than other tetracycline. Which is correct. a. Only minocycline and doxycycline pass through blood brain and blood ocular barriers while other tetracycline do not b. Minocycline and doxycycline pass through blood brain barrier but not through blood ocular barrier c. Minocycline and doxycycline pass through blood ocular barrier but not through blood brain barrier

A

Solubility among isomers increases with a. Decreasing boiling and melting point for liquid and solid b. Increasing boiling and melting point for liquid and solid

A

when a capillary tube is placed in a liquid the level of liquid in the capillary tube fell to a lower level than that of the liquid outside the tube. this is because a. The cohesive forces between the liquid liquid are greater than the adhesive forces between liquid glass b. The adhesive forces between the liquid liquid are lower than the cohesive forces between liquid glass c. The adhesive forces between the liquid glass and the cohesive forces between liquid liquid are equal d. The adhesive forces between the liquid glass are greater than the cohesive forces between liquid liquid

A

2-4

A 10 degree Celsius increase causes a reaction rate to increase by _______ fold

You are the drug information pharmacist in your state, and a few pharmacy interns are working under your supervision. You receive a phone call from the local hospital emergency center regarding a case of acetaminophen poisoning. The patient has ingested 20 Tylenol caplets. What information do you need to collect to provide a better understanding of the dose of activated charcoal needed for this patient?

A 50 g dose of AC has an adsorp- tive surface area equivalent to the surface area of seven football fields. Super-activated charcoal may have a surface area of 2,800#3,500 m2/g. Activated charcoal acts as an adsorbent because of its higher surfaces by weak intermolecular (Van der Waals) forces. For 1 g of drug, you need 10 grams of AC. In this case, 20 Tylenol caplets contain 10 g of active drug. Therefore, you need at least 100 g of AC for this patient.

138. Lineweaver burke equation for an enzymatic reaction is useful for a. Determining the constant km in michaelis menton equation b. Determining the constant vmax in michaelis menton equation c. Determining only the constant km or vmax but nto both simultaneously in michaelis menton equation

A and B

58. A atypical IR spectrum can be broadly divided into two parts a. Wavenumber range of 1450 - 600 cm^-1 is called finger print region because this is unique for a specific substance b. Wavenumber range of 4000 - 1450 cm^-1 is called group frequency region because this is unique for a specific functional group present in a substance c. Wavenumber range of 4000 - 1450 cm^-1 is called finger print region because this is unique for a specific substance d. Wavenumber range of 1400 - 600 cm^-1 is called group frequency region because this is unique for a specific functional group present in a substance

A and B

Some Potential applications of mass spectroscopy a. Mass spectra are useful in proving the identity of a compound and establishing its structure b. Mass spectra are useful in proving the identity of a compound but not in establishing its structure c. Mass spectrum provides an exact molecular weight and molecular formula of a substance d. Mass spectrum provides and exact molecular weight of a substance but not its molecular formula

A and C

84. Below are some statements about BCS class I drugs a. Class I drugs are well absorbed and are affected by a limited set of interactions that alter drug absorption b. Interactions that delay gastric emptying will delay absorption of these drugs c. Gastric emptying rate has significant effect on absorption of class I drugs d. Gastric emptying rate does not affect absorption of class I drugs

A and c

absorption

A bulk phenomenon; passage of one substance into/through the bulk of another medium (will saturate the whole medium)

cup-and-bob viscometer

A device that measures the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids; can operate at multiple rates of shear

Freundlich

A quantitative measure of physical adsorption that is only uses with gas-solid systems; better with lower concentration

Indicate which of the following statement is correct? a. When a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will not pass across the membrane into the solution b. A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said to be hypertonic c. The chemical potential or concentration of solvent molecule in the solution is greater than that in pure solvent d. When red blood cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution they will shrink

A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said to be hypertonic

adsorption

A surface phenomenon; adhesion of molecules of a liquid or gas to the surface of a solid or sometimes a liquid

Thixotropic flow

A type of Non-newtonian flow exhibited by shear thinning systems when the shear is applied, resistance to flow progressively decreases. These substances will retain their "thinned" state even once the shear is removed

140. A base catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester such as chloramphenicol palmitate can exhibit a. A second order kinetics only if teh concentration of both ester and base are changing b. A pseudo first order kinetics if the concentration of the hydroxyl ion is maintained constant c. A pseudo zero order kinetics if the concentration of both ester and base are maintained constant d. A first order kinetics if teh concentration of teh hydroxyl ion is maintained constant e. A zero order kinetics if the concentration of both ester and base are maintained constant

A, B, C

82. Below are some statements about BCS class III drugs a. Intestinal membrane absorption is the rate limiting step In the absorption of class III drugs b. Class III drugs are better absorbed in the upper part of small intestine c. Any meal co administered with class III drugs decreases their absorption proportionately to fat content of the meal d. Any meal co administered with class III drugs decreases their absorption which is not influenced by the fat content of the meal

A, B, D

Commonly employed adsorbent as an antidote is

Activated charcoal

Langmuir

Adsorption isotherm; a quantitative measure of physical adsorption that can be used with gas-solid or liquid-solid systems; better with higher concentration

59. Below are some potential applications of UV visible spectroscopy a. The concentration of a protein solution can be calculated if its amino acid sequence and molecular weight is known b. The presence of RNA as impurity in a DNA sample can be determined by the ratio of its absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm c. The extent of ionization of an acid can be easily determined

All

69. Equilibrium is involved in the following processes playing an important role in pharmaceutics: a. Ionization of weak acidic or basic drugs b. Partition coefficient and lipid solubility of a drug c. Saturation solubility d. Diffusion and dissolution of drug i. A and c are correct ii. A and d are correct iii. All are correct iv. B and c are correct

All

98. Knowledge and understanding of equilibrium solubility of a drug is absolutely essential because it plays a critical role in a. Drug discovery process b. Drug formulation process c. Drug dissolution in gastrointestinal tract d. Drug absorption

All

99. A concept of the partition coefficient is involved in following areas of pharmaceutical sciences a. Preservation of oil water systems b. Drug action in non-specific site c. Absorption and distribution of drugs throughout the body

All

Following are some approaches to prevent the oxidative degradation of drug a. Using an initiation inhibitor such as EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacatic acid) b. Using colored glass containers c. Using chain breakers such as alpha tocopherol d. Using oxygen scavenger such as sodium metabisulfite and ascorbic acid

All

the forces that binds molecules includes which? repulsive and attractive forces van der waals ion-dipole and ion induced dipole hydrogen bonds

All

Although NMR spectroscopy has intrinsically low sensitivity, it has may advantages as shown below. a. The detection of decrease in phosphocholine level tumor cells b. The detection of decrease in urate oxidase level may indicate efficacy of antmicrobial agents against Aspergillus nidulants c. The detection of decrease in urine hippurate and or increase in plasma alanine level may indicate an increase in hepatic insulin sensitivity

All correct

london

Also called dispersion forces, caused by random fluctuations in electron cloud, induced dipole-induced dipole

glass is an example of

Amorphous solid

Ultra-filtration

An example of diffusion in pharmacy, low temperature and pressure are used to remove water more easily from a preparation

Lyophilization (freeze-drying)

An example of diffusion in pharmacy, typically used with enzyme preparations that cannot be heated to remove water

temperature

An increase in _________________ can lead to a decrease in adsorption---> decrease in CMC---> increase in micelle size, and an increase in solubilization

Rule of 5

Any combination of two of these factors can result in poor intenstinal absorption: -MW > 750 Da -#H-bond donors > 5 -#H-bond acceptors > 10 -Calculated logP > 5

Below are some statements about BCS Class II drugs

Any interaction that increase drug solubility and dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal tract will exert a positive effect on the gastrointestinal drugs The absorption of this class of drugs is often enhanced in proportion to the fat content of the co-administered meal The antifungal drug griseofulvin and the cardiac glycoside drug digoxin are examples of Class II drugs

Drug-excipient interaction can be characterized by IR spectroscopy by

Appearance of a new peak Disappearance of a peak Shifting of a characteristic peak Broadening of a peak Alteration in intensity of a particular peak

Under which situation will the viscosity of oil increase

As temperature decreases

You are a third year pharmacy student in a reputed school of Pharmacy. You received a call from your friend who is also a final year Chemistry student on an OTC medication. He usually stores all his medicine in a medicine cabinet in his apartment bathroom. Recently while opening his aspirin tablets from the bottle he saw something unusual. There are some white crystals like material on the tablet surface and he also gets the smell of vinegar from the bottle. His questions to you are: Is it safe to use this medicine? If not, then why?

Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, can undergo a hydrolytic degradation in the presence of moisture to form salicylic acid and acetic acid (The vinegar smell is possibly coming from acetic acid. The white crystal-like material is pos- sibly due to salicylic acid, one of the toxic degradation products of this drug. So the recommendation is not to take this medication any more. Doing so may cause gastric irritation and ulcer.

surface tension

At any temperature, is defined as the force per unit length (usually dynes/cm) that has to be applied parallel to the surface to counterbalance the net inward pull of a liquid at the surface

130. In a zero order reaction a. The half life is equal to 0.693/k b. The unit of k0 is concentration/time c. A plot of the amount remaining as ordinate against time abscissa is linear with a slope of 1/k

B

In a zero order reaction a. The rate of decomposition is dependent on teh concentration of one of the reactants b. The rate of decomposition is independent on the concentration of any of the reactants c. A plot of the amount remaining as ordinate against time abscissa is linear with a slope of 1/k

B

Which of the following is not correct according to pH partition Hypothesis on Drug absorption a. Un ionized form of acidic or basic drug is preferentially absorbed b. Weak acidic and neutral drugs may be absorbed from the stomach, but basic drugs are not c. The rate of drug absorption and amount of drug absorbed are related to its oil water partition coefficient d. Most drugs are absorbed by passive diffusion e. Weak basic and neutral drugs may be absorbed from teh stomach, but basic drugs are not

B

when chloroform and acetone are mixed together, their total vapor pressure is less than calculated by using Raoults law. Which one of the following is the correct explanation for it. a. This is an example of positive deviation from raoult's law b. This is an example of negative deviation from roult's law c. The adhesive forces between chloroform and acetone is greater than cohesive forces among chroform or acetone molecules d. The adhesive forces between chloroform and acetone is less than cohesive forces among chloroform or acetone molecules

B and C

Class II

BCS class; high permeability and low solubility; griseofulvin and digoxin; increased solubility with food intake (inc. stomach volume) and slower gastric emptying rate

Class I

BCS class; high permeability and solubility; APAP, valproic acid, ketoprofen, dysopyramide, verapamil, metoprolol

Class IV

BCS class; low permeability and solubility; HCTZ, bifonazole

Class III

BCS class; low permeability high solubility; cimetidine, ranitidine, acyclovir, neomycin, atenolol, captopril; faster gastric emptying helps drug to reach duodenum where its better absorbed

The shifting of peak of maximum absorption towards longer wavelengths in a spectrum is called

Bathochromic or Red Shift

The shifting of peak of maximum absoprtion towards longer wavelength in a spectrum is called

Bathochromic or red shift

UV absorption spectroscopy can be used for detecting impurity in a substance. Which one of the following is correct about the presence of benzene as impurity in cyclohexane

Benzene can be detected in cyclohexane because it absorbs at 255nm while cyclohexane absorbs at 200nm

156. The release of a drug from a matrix system occurs by a. Diffusion from the matrix system b. Erosion of the matrix system

Both

Activated charcoal is used as an antidote in drug poisoning because a. The adsorption by activated charcoal prevents bioabsorptio by the gastrointestinal tract b. The adsorption by activated charcoal causes elimination of drugs from the tissues into the gi tract by a process known as gastrointestinal dialysis

Both

Following are the steps involved in the process of determining shelf life or expiration date of a drug a. Reaction rate constant, k , is determined at various elevated temperatures b. A plot of log k vs 1/T will be a straight line which can provide the value of k at room temperature

Both

The plasma level of an orally administered tablet depends on a. Rate of tablet disintegration b. Rate of dissolution of the drug

Both

The brush boarder coats the entire length of the stomach as well as small and large intestine which is consisted of

Both villi and microvilli

62. Which one statement is correct? a. Ionized drugs are useful for optimum therapeutic effect b. Un ionized drugs are useful for optimum therapeutic effect c. Either ionized or unionized drugs could be useful for optimum therapeutic effect depending on site of pharmacological action

C

66. The biological membrane is covered on both side by lipid layers which are interrupted by water filled pores. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The size of the hydrophilic drug molecules must be greater than 4 angstrom to pass through a biomembrane easily b. Just on the basis of molecular size, nothing can be predicted about the transport of a hydrophilic drug across a biological membrane c. The radius of the aqueous pores on biomembrane is approximately 4 angstrom, therefore, any hydrophilic drug smaller than 4 angstrom can get transported through it easily d. The water filled pores on biological membrane has nothing to do with cellular transprot of drugs

C

Debye (=3.33E-30 C*m)

CGS unit of dipole moment

Liso

Change in temperature brought about by 1 M drug soln

Chromophores and auxochromes can be differentiated on the basis of the following statement

Chromophores are a group of atoms which absorb efficiently radiation of a characteristic wavelength where auxochromes do not have their own characteristic absorption peak but maximizes the absorption capacity of the chromophores they are attached to

Below are some statements about BCS Class I drugs

Class I drugs are well absorbed and are effected by limited set of interactions that alter drug absorption Interaction that delay gastric emptying will delay absorption of these drugs Gastric emptying rate has significant effect on absorption of Class I drugs

vdW's forces

Consist of Keesom's forces, Debye forces, and London dispersion forces

A study reported in the British Journal of Dermatology suggests that ointment is evenly spread on the skin as compared to creams and solutions. Ointment showed an even spread to the applied areas. Cream, low-viscosity cream, and solution showed poor spreading, resulting in an uneven distribution of dose (lower dose in the periphery). Can you explain the reasons?

Creams and solutions have some dis- advantages because rapid evaporation (alcohol/water), which is measured as cooling, of formulation influences spreading, resulting in an uneven distribution of drug on the applied surface. Ointments, on the other hand, distribute and spread well to the applied area. The presence of surfactants also helps in spreading because they reduce the contact angle. Therefore, patients should be advised to apply creams and solutions to multiple sites and to spread them quickly.

Paclitaxel is an anticancer drug which is solubilized by using a surfactant named

Cremphor el

Fick's second law of diffusion

Deals with changes in concentration of diffusant in a given region of barrier as a function of time. Answers the question: "At a given point and time, what's the drug's concentration?"

Solubility among isomers increase with

Decreasing boiling and melting point for liquid and solid repectively

v-value

Defined as 0.3 g of drug when dissolved in X mL of water will be isotonic

E-value

Defined as 1 g of drug will have osmotic pressure of X g NaCl

Driving force for diffusion

Defined as the difference in relative humidity between the head space in the bottle and the outer environment

Half-life

Defined as the time required to decrease the [reactant] to 50% of its initial concentration

Reaction order

Defined based on the rate equation obeyed and is considered a kinetic property of the process; sum of exponents of molar concentration of reactions affecting the rate of a rxn

Rate (or speed of a process)

Defined by the rate at which the concentration of species undergoing change decreases or the concentration of the resulting species increases with time

There are two commonly used scales for measuring chemical shifts in an NMR spectroscopy called Delta and Tau scales which are related by

Delta = 10 - Tau Tau= 10 - Delta

there are two commonly used scale for measuring chemical shifts in an NMR spectroscopy called Delta and Tau scales which are related by

Delta= 10-tau Tau=10-Delta

Following are some statements about NMR spectroscopy

Different protons exist in different environemtns and thereby possess different magnetic field strength

Following are some statements about nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Different protons exist in different environments and thereby possess different magnetic field strength

Increasing which of the following will increase permeability of a molecule across a biological membrane

Diffusivity of the molecule

Systems which increase in volume when sheared are

Dilatant

The concept of partition coefficient applies only to

Dilute solutions

the concept of partrition coefficient applies only to

Dilute solutions

collision diameter

Distance at which the attractive & repulsive forces balance eachother

Maxwell-Boltzmann

Distribution that describes that at lower temperatures, there will be more molecules occupying energy states lower than the activation energy than at higher temperatures

For Newtonian fluids, if the rate of shear is increased two times from its original value while the viscosity remains constant. What change could you expect in shearing stress of that liquid

Double it's original value

Osmotic pump matrix

Drug and osmotic agents reside in separate compartments, drug is released by osmotic pressure developed in the osmotic compartment; suitable for high and low solubility drugs; 0-order release

Knowledge and understanding of the equilibrium solubility of a drug is absolutely essential because it plays a critical role in

Drug discovery process Drug formulation process Selection of a dosage form for a drug Drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract Drug absorption

Splitting of a NMR peak occurs due to

Effect of neighboring protons

A matter that exhibits plastic flow, below its yield value would behave as

Elastic flow

Noyes-Whitney

Equation that describes the rate of drug dissolution dC/dt=(DS/Vh)(Cs-C)

Van't hoff

Equation that gives the osmotic pressure caused by nondissociating solute in solution

Inert (insoluble) matrix

Ethyl cellulose, methylmethacrylate, polyvinyl acetate are used for making this matrix. Drug and soluble excipients dissolve forming channels called diffusion pathways through which drug is slowly released. Modeled by Higuchi eqn., sqrt(t) v. drug release (Q) is a straight line. Increased torturosity (channel curviness) decreases rate of drug release

Perfume

Example of concentration-dependent mass transfer in gases

Dialysis

Example of concentration-dependent mass transfer of solute across a membrane

Osmosis

Example of concentration-dependent mass transfer of water across a membrane

Which one of the following facts are correct with respect to thixotropy

Exhibited by shear thinning systems, such as pseudoplastic and plastic liquids Can be defined as an isothermal and comparatively slow recovery, on standing of a material, of a consistency lost through shearing Behavior is useful for many pharmaceutical preps (suspensions)

Hydrophilic (swellable) matrix

Exhibits an initial burst of drug release; polymers dissolve and form a viscous gel layer surrounding the drug to control its release; a combination of dissolution, diffusion and erosion processes control this type of release; the higher viscosity grade (MW and c) of polymer, the slower the drug will be released

A solution isoosmotic with blood would be isotonic too

False

Brush border consists of a 3mm thick uniform coating of mucopolysaccharide which is found lining the internal wall of the stomach only

False

Digestion and absorption of foodstuff occurs separately at different times in the small intestine

False

Drugs exhibiting polymorphism or pseudopolymorphism can be differentiated by using IR spectrophotometer

False

For newtonian fluids, the shearing stress decreases when the rate of shear increases

False

Molarity of a solution does not depend on temperature of the solution

False

Polymers in a solution generally exhibit plastic flow

False

Pseudoplatic flow has a yield value

False

Stronger bases like guanethidine are ionized throughout the gastrointestinal tract and tend to be well absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract

False

Stronger bases such as guanethidine are ionized throughout the GI tract and tend to be well poorly absorbed throughout the Gi tract

False

The greater the pKa value for an acid, the greater hydronium ion concentration it would produce on being added to water

False

The greater the pKa value, the stronger the acid would be

False

The most stable polymorph is always used for better clinical outcomes

False

Tyrosine and tryptophan are most prominent amino acids capable of producing fluorescence when exposed to radiation of wavelength 190nm

False

drugs exhibiting polymorphism or pseudopolymorphism can be differentiated by using IR spectrophotometer

False

for newtonian liquids, the shearing stress decreases when the rate of shear increases

False

generally apsorption or transport of a drug in ionized form through GI membrane would be more than its unionized form

False

refraction of light is a colligative property

False

the brush border consists of a 3mm thick uniform coating of mucopolysacchride which is found lining the internal wall of stoomach only

False

1000

Fluorescence is _______x times more sensitive than UV-vis; measures two similarly high signals against a low background, instead of measuring high signal and a low signal

What will be the effect on flux if the concentration gradient of a drug across a membrane would increase two fold

Flux would double

A community pharmacist engaged in compounding is preparing some Nystatin popsicles using the same recipe for drug, water, coloring agent, flavoring agent, and sugar as a sweetener as used previously. To his utter surprise, when he opens the freezer, he finds the batch he made last night has not solidified. Rechecking the calculation also reveals that all the weights of materials and volumes of solvents used were correct. Can you establish a cause of this problem?

From the colligative properties, you know that the presence of salt decreases the freezing point of water. Because the pharmacist used the right amount and previously had success in making Nystatin popsicles, it could be some extra salt that might be causing this problem

zero, first

Hydrolysis of a poorly soluble ester suspension is pseudo-_______-order reaction (drug dissolution and degradation), until all drug has been dissolved (and is no longer in XS) then becomes _____-order

Initial burst release is observed for which of the following matrix-based controlled drug release system

Hydrophilic or swellable matrix systems

Which of the following is NOT a physiological factor affecting the rate and extent of absorption of drugs through GI membrane

Hypophilicity of a drug

Following are some statements about the effect of neighboring electrons in NMR spectroscopy

If a proton is shielded by the induced magnetic field of the neighboring electrons, it will need greater strength of external magnetic field to flip its direction of orientation

negative

In a real soln, _________________ deviation results from adhesive forces being stronger than cohesive forces

positive

In a real soln, _________________ deviation results from cohesive forces being stronger than adhesive forces

We have 1:1 mixture of a polar and nonpolar solvent. If we add a non-polar drug to this mixture where would you find most of the drug

In the nonpolar solvent

oral rehydration therapy

Includes a mixture of glucose and other electrolytes that don't do anything about the severity of diarrhea but replace the lost fluids, minimizing risk of dehydration

Which of the following does NOT increase aqueous solubility

Increasing the length of a straight chain organic compounds

Below are statements about Class III drugs

Intestinal membrane absorption is the rate-limiting step in the absorption of class III drugs Class III drugs are better absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine Any meal co-administered with class III drugs decrease their absorption proportionately to fat content of the meal

1E-14

Ionic product of water, Kw = _____________ at 25*C

Equilibrium is involved in the following processes playing an important role in pharmaceutics

Ionization of weak acidic or basic drugs Partition coefficient and lipid solubility of a drug Saturation solubility Diffusion and dissolution of drug

Generally, octanol is used as organic phase for determining partition coefficient. However, what other alcohol is also used for this purpose

Isobutanol

It is essential not to overheat cocoa butter, which is used as a suppository base during the preparation of the suppository by fusion method. Such suppositories must be stored in the refrigerator. Why?

It exists in four polymorphic forms, beta Is stable. if oil is heated to the point at which it is completely liquefied (about 35_C), the nuclei of the stable beta crystals are destroyed. These suppositories are stored in a refrigerator to preserve their stable beta polymorphic state.

Although NMR spectroscopy has instrinsically low sensitivity, it has many advantages show below:

It is a non-destructive technique Many samples present in a solution Minimal or no sample preparation is needed

Phenobarbital is a weak acidic drug. What would be its solubility in solvents a (ph7) b (ph8) and c (ph10)

It would dissolve more in C than A or B

Phenobarbital is a weak acidic drug. What would be its solubility in solvents A (ph7), B (ph8), C (ph10)

It would dissolve more in solvent C than A or B

beer lambert

Law that only applies to monochromatic light, states that the absorption is directly proportional to the concentration

hydrophobic

Longer ___________ chain leads to an increase in micelle size and an increase is solubilization

hydrophilic

Longer _______________ chain leads to a decrease in micelle size and an increase in #micelles/vol.

Some of the heat labile drugs are dried by freeze drying and some of the protein and other drug products are kept in the freezer to enhance self-life. Do you agree that these facts are always true? If not then what are the possible factors which might affect stability at these low temperatures?

Low temperature, freeze concentration, and ice formation are the three chief stresses resulting during cooling and freezing. Because of the increase in solute concentrations, freeze concentration could also facilitate second-order reactions, crystallization of buffer or nonbuffer components, phase separation, and redistribution of solutes.

the cyrstalline and amorphous solids are characterized by

Melting point and glass transition respectively

White-vincent

Method of adjusting tonicity by adding water to drugs to make an isotonic soln, follwed by addn of an isotonic diluting vehicle

Micronization

Minimally soluble drugs like chloramphenicol, griseofulvin, and phenacetin can have dramatically increased solubility using this technique

Partition

Movement from higher concentration to lower concentration dictated by the substance's solubility in lipid

surfactant

Must contain both a hydro- and lipophilic group; will be adsorbed at the surface/interface to dramatically reduce surface/interfacial tension

For nitroglycerine (NTG), it is important to counsel patient not to remove tablets from packaging until they actually use the tablets. This is due to what characteristic of NTG?

NTG is susceptible to loss by sublimation at room temperature

If the shearing stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear the liquid exhibits a

Newtonian flow

Benzene is a colorless organic solvent, but nitro benzene is pale yellow liquid while p-hydroxynitrobenzene is bright yellow. The shift in the appearances of color for these substances can be explained on the basis of concept of chromophores and auxochromes. Select the correct example of each

Nitro group is a chromophore and hydroxyl is a auxochrome

Minocycline and doxycycline have greater log p value than other tetracycline. Which of the following statements is/are correct about them

Only minocycline and doxycycline pass through blood brain and blood ocular barriers while other tetracycline does not

Which one of the following properties does not affect absorption of a drug from gastric lumen

Optical rotation

Indicate which of the following is correct about osmosis

Osmotic pressure is proportional to number of ions or molecules of solute dissolved in solvent

Catalyzed

Oxidation due to free radicals is classified as _______________________.

Uncatalyzed (auto-oxidation)

Oxidation due to molecular O2 is classified as _____________________.

Pylorus

Part of the stomach that secretes mucus

Body

Part of the stomach that secretes pepsin and HCl

Which is not a variable in the noyes and whitney equation

Ph

Following are some statements about phosphofluorescence

Phosphofluorescence is the energy released when triplet excited electrons return to the ground state Phosphofluorescence is a slower process and has a longer lifetime

Amber colored glass container is used to prevent the drug from

Photolysis

Thixotropy is a special characteristic that is exhibited by shear thinning systems, such as

Plastic and Pseudoplastic

1g of a drug s soluble in 10.50 L of water. Which one of the following correctly define its solubility as per USP definition

Practically insoluble

flocculation

Presence of vdW forces in some drug products causes agglomeration of flaky masses resulting from precipitation or coming out of a suspension or solution

A concept of the partition coefficient is involved in following areas of pharmaceutical sciences

Preservation of oil water systems Drug action in non-specific sites Absorption and distribution of drugs throughout the body

colligative

Properties that depend only on the number of ions or molecules and not the substance type

Select the correct order of degradation of a drug hydrolysis

Pseudo first order

the hydrolytic degradation of acetysalicylic acid in its aqueous suspension follows which kind of kinetic

Pseudo first order

Prout-Tompkins

Reaction kinetics in the solid state are modeled by this; the reaction rate is assumed to be proportional to the number of nuclei; includes an induction time required for generation of an appropriate density of active nuclei.

Gay-Lussac & Charles' law

Relates P, V, and T P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

The amount of force per unit area that is applied to a liquid or semi solid is called

Shearing stress

Dissolution testing is conducted by manufacturers under what condition

Sink

Reservoir matrix

Soluble drug enclosed by insoluble membrane; water opens up pores through which drug is released; multi-unit systems are preferred to dec. risk of dose-dumping; modeled by Fick's 1st law and is 0-order bc of controlled membrane thickness

Recently, a compound pharmacist found out that he did not have methyl paraben; instead, he used butyl paraben and propyl paraben as preservatives for this emulsion. To his surprise, he found his emulsion showed some growth after a few days. Explain the possible cause of this problem, accounting for the antimicrobial mechanism of parabens.

Some of the parabens are more water soluble than others. As the chain length of the paraben increases, its aqueous solubility decreases and oil solu- bility increases. Due to the solubility and partition effects in the oil phase, and the interac- tion with emulsifiers, they may not attain an effective concentration in the aqueous phase. Since bacterial contamination happens in the aqueous phase, one may expect instability in the emulsion. In this case, both propyl and butyl parabens are more hydrophobic, and one expects more partition of both of these preserva- tives to the oil phase, causing even a further decrease of the effective antibacterial concentration in the aque- ous phase and causing an instability in this (o/w) emulsion.

1 gram of a drug is in 35 ml of water. which one of the following correctly define its solubility as per USP definition?

Sparingly soluble

Henry's law

States that the amount of gas that dissolves in a given type & volume of liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of a gas in equilibrium with the liquid.

HLB scale can be used to measure the following activity of a surfactant

Surface activity

Plastic flow is associated with

Suspensions

In a pressure cooker water boils at

Temp higher than 100C

Which of the following equations predicts the stability of a drug at room temp from experiments at accelerated condition at high temp

The Arrhenius Equation

Why do combination insulins behave differently than other insulin products?

The amorphous portion provides a quick release and absorption, followed by the slow release of the crystalline form

the term X in the freundich equation refers to

The amount of gas adsorbed

SFE

The best method for extracting essential oils from natural plant sources because: -highly selective for extracted compounds -allows extraction to occur at a lower T; reduces thermal degradation of extracted compound

Below are some potential applications of UV visible spectroscopy

The concentration of a protein solution can be calculated if its amino acid sequence and MW is known The presence of RNA as an impurity in a DNA sample can be determined by the ratio of its absorbance at 260nm and 280nm The extent of ionization of an acid can be easily determined

The Beer Lambert Law is the basis for deriving quantitive information from an absorption spectrum. Which of the following is the correct description of the constant in the mathematical equation representing the Beer Lambert Law

The constant K is called molar absorption coefficient if unit of concentration (c) is mole/liter The constant K is called specific absorption coefficient if unit of concentration (c) is gram/liter

nucleation

The critical step in initiation of crystal formation

Although NMR spectroscopy has intrinsically low sensitivity, it has many advantages as shown: The following are some of the potential applications of NMR spectroscopy:

The detection of decrease in phosphocholine level tumor cells The detection of decrease in urate oxidase level may indicate efficacy of antimicrobial agents against aspergillus nidulants The detection of decrease in urine hippurate and/or increase in plasma alanine level may indicate an increase in hepatic sensitivity

Intrinsic (dissolution rate)

The dissolution rate determination when surface area exposed to the solvent/medium remains the same

second, first

The hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is a _____-order reaction that is pseudo______- order in the case of a buffer medium

Molecularity

The number of molecules participating in a given step of a reaction and related to the mechanism of a reaction

Which one of the following is not affected by partition coefficient

The passage of water through biological membranes

The biological membrane is covered on both sides by lipid layers which are interrupted by water filled pores. Which statement is correct

The radius of the aqueous pores on biomembrane is approximately 4 angstrom, therefore any hydrophilic drug smaller than 4 angstrom can get transported through easily

When a drug is administered in a dosage form such as tablet, capsule, or suspension, the rate of absorption across the biological membrane frequently is controlled by

The slowest step involved in disintegration, dissolution, and absorption

How does temperature affect solubility

The solubility increase with higher temperatures for endothermic solids

There is evidence for the existence of diumal cycle of gastric acidity in humans. Which is correct in this regard

The stomach contents during nighttime are generally more acidic with approximate ph of 1.3

A higher frequency of occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has been observed in premature infants in intensive care units fed enterally undiluted calcium lactate than those fed no calcium lactate or calcium lactate diluted with water or formula. Can you figure out why?

The tonicities of oral medications such as calcium lactate commonly used to feed premature infants kept in intensive care are very high, and this may lead to necrotizing enterocolitis if administered undiluted. The high osmolalities of orally fed nutritional supplements are the reason for the develop- ment of NEC in the premature infants

A 65-year-old HIV1 male patient is taking Atriplas (a combination of three medicines: efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine). A Foley catheter was inserted into his urinary bladder to help him pass urine. When he was also administered acyclovir (which has two pKas, 2.27 and 9.25), a white cloudy precipitate was observed in the catheter, indicating some sort of crystallization of acyclovir. This was further confirmed by the appearance of needle-like structures in the urine samples. What is your advice to this patient to overcome this problem of crystalluria?

The two pKas of acyclovir, an amphipathic drug, sug- gest its minimum solubility of 2.5 mg/mL at physio- logic pH. Generally, acyclovir intravenous infusion contains 50mg of acyclovir per mL. Therefore, to prevent formation of crystals in urine, both the infusion rate of acyclovir and the water intake should be manipulated. The former should be decreased, whereas the latter should be increased.

A patient suffering with osteoarthritis was administered a full course (one injection containing 20 mg of sodium hyaluronate in 2 mL phosphate buffered saline for 5 weeks) of Hyalgans (sodium hyaluronate injection) intra-articularly in the knee joint, but the symptoms did not improve significantly. What option or options would you suggest?

The viscoelasticity of sodium hyaluronate is mainly dependent on the molecular weight of hyaluro- nic acid used. The different brands of sodium hyaluro- nate vary in the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid used, Thus, the next logical viable option could be using Orthovisc or Euflexxa. Synvisc should be tried last because it consists of the highest-molecular-weight hya- luronic acid. you should note that although a high- er apparent viscosity is expected with an increasing molecular weight of hyaluronic acid, which could be expected to provide better cushioning and lubrication to joints, there could be limit because activity provided by hyaluronic acid is not only mechanical, but also could be biological.

Which one of the following statements is correct about diarrhea

There is a co-transport system unaffected by diarrhea causing microorganism, which transports Na+ ions to blood only when glucose is also present

Lineweaver-Burke

This equation is used to graphically obtain values of Km and Vmax for enzyme kinetics

Hixson-Crowell Cube Root Law

This law applies when the shape of the particles is uniform and does not change during dissolution

Sprowl's method

This method for adjusting tonicity uses "V" value which gives volumes in mL for 0.3 g of drug which the solution will be isotonic to which sufficient diluting isotonic solution can be added to obtain the desired volume.

The implantable Infusaid drug pump model 100 (Shiley Infusaid, Norwood, Mass.) is undergoing clinical trials as a drug delivery system in the treatment of osteomyelitis in your hospital. This study was evaluating the stability of vancomycin (1mg/ml) incubated at 37°C for 4 weeks in the pump. Both bioassay and high-pressure liquid chromatography data demonstrated a loss of at least 38% of activity over 4 weeks and colloidal precipitation of vancomycini in the pump at the end of the experiment. As the lead pharmacist in the team what will be your recommendation to the company and why?

This study demonstrated that vancomy- cin activity is reduced when the drug is incubated for 4 weeks at 37_C using a stability-indicating HPLC method. The drug also forms colloidal aggregates in the Infusaid drug pump model 100. Recommendations are not to use vancomycin in this drug pump. Future work that needs to be performed on vancomycin solu- tions, stability, and the drug pump should consider testing solutions with a pH of,3.0 or a solution pre- pared with some other diluent.

Which one of the following is the most desirable flow characteristic for a dosage form design

Thixotropic flow

Chemical with high Kd/w values are very hydrophobic

True

Cup and Bob type of viscometer may be used for gels and pastes

True

Different protons exist in different environments and thereby posses different magnetic strengrth

True

Digoxin is poorly soluble drug. Therefore, its physical forms such as particle size would have a significant effect on it therapeutic outcomes

True

Fluorescence spectroscopy could be many folds more sensitive than UV-visible spectroscopy

True

Generally, absorption or transport of a drug unionized form through gastrointestinal membrane would be more than its ionized form

True

Generally, greater the value of partition coefficient, the higher the lipid solubility of the solute

True

Strong bases which are those with pKa values between 5 and 11 show ph dependence absorption

True

Strong bases which are those with pka values between 5 and 11 show dependent absorption

True

The greater the acidity constant the stronger the acid would be

True

The lower the pKa value for an acid, the greater hydronium ion concentration it would produce on being added to water

True

The lower the pka value for an acid, the greater hydronium ion concentration it would produce on being added to water

True

The polar surface area is defined as the sum of the Van Der Waals surface areas for the polar atoms, oxygens, nitrogens, and attached hydrogen atoms

True

The smaller the polar surface area of a drug the greater would be its oral absorption as well as penetration through the brain

True

The tallest signal in a mass spectrum of substance is called the base peak

True

The temperature can exert greater influence on the solubility of a drug if it is a weak acidic base

True

The transport of weak basic drugs across gastrointestinal membrane is influenced by ph only if their pKa values are within the range of 5-7

True

Tyrosine and tryptophan are most prominent amino acids capable of producing fluorescence when exposed to radiation of wavelength 190nm

True

Viscosity is the reciprocal of fluidity

True

generally the greater the value fof partition coefficient the higher the lipid solubility of solute

True

the most commonly used method to measure lipophilicity is by determining partiriton coefficient using shake flask method

True

the rate of general acid and base catalysis is affected by concentration of undissociated buffer components in addition to hydronium and hydroxyl ion concentration

True

Experimental

Type of determination of reaction order in which data is obtained and substituted into rate equations to calculate k. A consistent k for each time point represents the reaction order.

Graphical

Type of determination of reaction order in which experimental data is plotted in the form of rate equations to determine the best fit

Isolation

Type of determination of reaction order in which the reaction is run in large XS of one reactant to determine the partial order and overall order of the reaction

cationic

Type of surfactant that has a cationic hydrophilic group; name will contain an anion (bromide, chloride, etc.)

anionic

Type of surfactant that has an anionic hydrophilic group; name will contain a cation (sodium, etc.)

HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) Scale

Used to measure the surface activity of surfactants

Fick's first law of diffusion

Used with high concentration gradient, describes the relationship between the amount of mass transfer occurring and the driving force responsible for the transfer

Following are some of the potential applications of mass spectroscopy

Useful in proving the identity of a compound and establishing its structure Provides an exact molecular weight and molecular formula of a substance

The arrhenius equation of rheology expresses the relationship between

Viscosity and temperature

Which of the following is correct? a. The diarrhea causing microorganisms impair either the cryptic or villus cells activity but never activity of both which results into more production of Cl ions or less absorption of nutrients and Na+ ions b. The intestinal villi cells absorb nutrients and Na+ ions from food and pump these ultimately into the circulatory system which creates the flow of water from the blood to intestine c. The net result of impairment of cryptic and villus cells activity is flow of water from intestinal lumen towards blood d. Water from blood flows into intestinal lumen due to secretion of Cl- ions into the intestinal lumen by cryptic cells

Water from blood flows into the intestinal lumen due to secretion of Cl- ions into the intestinal lumen by cryptic cells.

A typical IR spectrum can be broadly divided into two parts

Wave number range of 1450-600 cm is the fingerprint because unique for a specific substance Wave number range of 4000-1450 cm called the frequency region because unique for a specific functional group present in a substance

[S]

When [Substrate]<<Km the velocity of the rxn is directly proportional to ___________.

Vmax, independent

When [Substrate]>>Km the velocity of the rxn approaches ___________, and is ___________________ (dependent or independent) of substrate concentration

100mL of water was added to a 200mL solution. When the total volume was measured, it was found only 298mL even if there is no loss of material during mixing. Is this a real solution

Yes

The area under a peak NMR spectrum indicates the # of protons representative of that peak

Yes

T, d

____=10-____; conversion between tau and delta scales for NMR

Low

______ dielectric constant favors reactions between oppositely charged ions

High

______ dieletric constant favors reactions involved the formation of charged/polar transition states from neutral molecules

plasma, whole blood

_________ shows only viscosity, which ______________ (2wds) shows both viscosity and elasticity

An increase in temp by 10 deg. Celcius near room temperature is known to cause

a 2-4 fold increase in reaction rate for many reactions

136. The rate or speed of a process a physical or chemical change can be defined by a. The rate at which teh concentration of a species undergoing teh change decreases b. The rate at which the concentration of the resulting species increases with time c. The rate at which the concentration of the resulting species decreases with time

a and b

In a second order reaction a. Rate of reaction depends on concentration of two reacting species b. A plot of time (as abscissa) against (ao-a)/(aa0) (as ordinate) is linear with a slope equal to 1/k2 c. The half-life is independent of concentration d. The unit of k is concentration/time

a and b

Below are some statements about the relationship between pKa of a weak acidic drug and pH of gastrointestinal tract a. Weak acidic drugs are predominantly in the un ionized form at lower pH of the gastric fluid and therefore may be absorbed from stomach as well as form the upper part of the intestine b. Weak acidic drugs are predominantly in the ionized form at lower pH of the gastric fluid and therefore may be absorbed from the stomach as well as from the upper part of the intestine c. Some very weakly acidic drugs, such as phenytoin and many barbiturates, having pKa values greater than 8 would get absorbed quickly which is not dependent on pH

a and c

a. Phosphorescence is the energy released when triplet excited electrons return to ground state b. Phosphorescence is the energy released when singlet excited electrons return to the ground state c. Phosphorescence is a faster process and has a shorter lifetime than those of fluorescence d. Phosphorescence is a slower process and has a longer lifetime than those of fluorescence

a and c

h-bonding

a lone pair of electrons of an electronegative atom interact with an H bonded to another electronegative atom

a base catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester such as chloramphenicol palmitate can exhibit

a second-order kinetics only if the concentration of both - ester and base are changing, and a pseudo first-order kinetics if the concentration of the hydroxyl ion is maintained constant

prout tompkins model best describes

a solid state reaction

prout-tompkins model best describes

a solid state reaction

anisotropic

a type of solid with differing properties in all solid regions

isotropic

a type of solid with the same properties in all solid regions

which one of the following fact is/are correct with respect to thixotropy

a. Thixotropy is exhibited by shear thinning systems, such as pseudoplastic and plastic liquids b. Thixotropy can be defined as an isothermal and comparatively slow recover on standing of a material of a consistency lost through shearing c. Thixotropic behavior is useful for many pharmaceutical preparations suspensions d. Thixotropic system becomes more viscous upon application of shear

the key factors in the viscoelasticity of blood are

aggregation and deformability

The driving force for processes to occur is

all systems spontaneously move towards lower free energy and higher entropy

debye's forces

also called polarization, forces between uncharged polar and nonpolar molecules (dipole-induced dipole)

the equivalent temperature in Kelvin degree is

always bigger than Celius

under which situation will the viscosity of the oil increase

as temperature decreases

89. Which one of the following is not affected by partition coefficients a. Dissolution, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and protein binding of a drug b. The passage of water through biological membrane c. The relationship between molecular structure and biological activity of a drug d. The solubility and permeability of a drug

b

UV absorption spectroscopy can be used for detecting impurity in its substance. which one of the following is correct about the prescence of benzen as impurity in cyclophexane?

benzene absorbs 255nm while Cyclo absorbs 200nm

The key factor in the viscoelasticity of blood are

both aggregation and deformability

The duNouy tensionmeter can be used to measure

both surface and interfacial tension

erg

cgs energy units; 1 g*cm^2/s^2

dyne

cgs force units; 1 g*cm/s^2

in case of cyrstalline solids changes on the freezing or melting point with pressure may be calculated using

clapyeron equation

polymorphism

compounds in different crystalline structures

CMC (critical micellar concentration)

concentration above which the monomers of surfactant begin to form micelles

In a zero order reaction what is the unit of K0

concentration/time

the process by which a physically adsorbed gas is removed is called

desorption

The Lineweaver-Burke equation for an enzymatic reaction is useful for

determining the constant Km in Michaelis Menton equation and determining the constant Vmax in Michaelis Menton equation

Polymorphs are same substance but in different crystalline forms which are characterized by

different melting points, xray diffraction pattern, solubility

the release of a drug from matrix system occurs by

diffusion from the matrix system and erosion of the matrix system

systems which increase in volume when sheared are

dilatant

which one of the following is the most undesirable flow of characteristic for a dosage form design

dilatant flow

thixotropy is a special characteristic that is exhibited by shear thinning systems such as

dilatant, pseudoplastic

for newtonian fluids, if the rate of shear is increased two times from its original value while the viscosity remains constant. What change would you expect in shearing stress of that liquid

double of its original value

the force required to detach the ring from the surface/interface, in the Dunouy ring method is recorded in

dynes

splitting of a NMR peak occurs due to

effects of neighboring protons

a matter that exhibits plastic flow, below its yield value would behave as

elastic solid

triplet

electrons in an excited state positioned in a way such that their spins are parallel

singlet

electrons positioned in a way such that their spins are antiparallel to eachother, resulting in a 0 energy for the state; can be ground or excited state

sodium chloride and methane are

electrovalent anbd covalent compounds

allotropism

elements in different structures (diamond vs. graphite)

luminescence

emission of absorbed energy

46. Benzene is a colorless organic solvent but nitro benzene is pale yellow liquid while p hydroxynitrobenzene is a deep intense yellow liquid. This shift in appearances of color for these three subtances can be explained on the basis of concept of chromophore and auxochromes. Please select correct example of chromophore and auxochromes in the example of nitrobenzene and p hydroxynitrobenzene from the options shown below a. Benzene and hydroxyl group is an example of chromophore while Nitro group is of auxochrome b. Hydroxyl group is an example of chromophore while benzene and Nitro group is of auxochrome c. Hydroxyl group is an example of chromophore while Nitro group is of auxochrome d. Nitro group is an example of chromophore while hydroxyl group is of auxochrome

example of chromophore while hydroxyl groups is of auxochrome

A solution isomotic with blood would be definitely isotonic too

false

Adsorption is a bulk phenomena

false

It is conceivable for a reaction to have zero or fractional molecularity

false

The rate of specific acid and base catalysis is affected by concentration of undissociated buffer components in addition to hydronium and hydroxyl ion concentration

false

digestion and absorption of foodstuff occur separately at different times in the small intestine

false

for real gases the collision between particles is perfectly elastic

false

it is conceivable for a reaction to have fractional or zero molecularity

false

polymers in solution generally exhibit plastic flow

false

pseudoplastic flow has a yield value

false

the critical temperature and pressure for CO2 are 31C and 74.9 atm respectively. Can you liquefy Co2 stored at 100C by applying pressure

false

the higher the HLB value of an agent the more lipophilic it is

false

thioxotropy is a comparatively fast recovery of a material of a consistency lost due to shearing stress

false

osmolarity is expressed as osmol/kg of water

false`

fluorescence

fast; electrons returning to ground state emitting energy from excited singlet state

adhesive

forces between particles of different substances

cohesive

forces between particles of the same substance

Keesom's

forces between uncharged molecules with a dipole (dipole-dipole interaction)

chromophore

functional gp having its own characteristic uv-vis absorption; conjugation w these leads to a longer wavelength and an increase in absorptivity; examples include nitrile, nitro, nitrite, nitrate, azo, nitroso, ethene, thiol, and benzene

the statement in general the higher temperature the greater the solubility of a drug is applicable only for those solids which possess

higher positive heat of solution

Which of the following is not a characteristic of solid state reaction

homogenous medium

the surface and core of the micelles formed in an aqueous medium are

hydro and lipo philic

initial burst release is observed for which of the following matrix based controlled drug release system

hydrophilic or swellable matrix system

auxochrome

increase absorption of compounds to which theyre attached, do not have their own absorption bands; examples include hydroxyl, amino, aldehyde, methylmercaptan

dissolution rate can be increased by

increasing the diffusion coefficient

ion-dipole

interaction between and ion and a polar molecule

ion-induced dipole

interaction between ion and nonpolar molecule

The rate of dissolution when surface area exposed to the solvent/medium remains the same is called

intrinsic dissolution rate

the rate of dissolution when surface area exposed of the solvent medium remains the same is called

intrinsic dissolution rate

nonpolar

isobutanol and octanol are commonly used as this type of solvent

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of solid state reaction?

it happens in a homogenous medium

stoke

kinematic viscosity units; 1 cm^2/s

amphoteric

lecithin is an example of a/an _______________ surfactant

the intermolecular distance in solid is

less than both liquid and gas

Ostwald viscometer is used for

liquids that flow relatively easily

Korsmeyer Peppas model

log (Mt/Minf)=logk+nlogt where values of n characterize drug release mechanisms of swellable (hydrophilic) matrix systems

A substance which is bound together by weak forces is said to have

low heat of fusion and melting point

cholesterol

maintains the rigidity and is the main barrier to permeability of water, glucose, ions, etc. in the biological membrane

capillary rise method

method of determining only surface tension

the number of moles of a solute per kilograms of the solvent is termed as

molality

the peak at highest m/z ration in a mass spectrum of a drug is indicative of

molecular weight of drug

small intestine

most absorption happens in this region of GI tract because of HUGE surface area

Super Case II (unknown)

n>1

We have a 1:1 mixture of a polar and non polar solvent. If we add a non polar drug to this mixture where would you find most of the drug?

non polar solvent

monotropic

only one polymorph is stable at all temperatures below melting point

Which is not a variable in the Noyes and Whitney equation

pH

Raoult's law

partial pressure exerted by by a solvent vapor above a solution equals a product of the mol fraction of the solution times the vapor pressure of a pure solvent

Amber colored glass container is used to prevent the drug from

photolysis

Hydrogen peroxide is stored in dark container to prevent it from

photolysis

Diffusion

process of mass transfer brought about by random (Brownian) particle motion; regulated by molecular weight/size of molecule

The hydrolytic degradation of acetylsalicylic acid in its aqueous suspension follows which kind of kinetic

pseudo zero-order

First-order

rate dependent on concentration A plot of the logarithm of concentration at any time vs time would be linear with slope = -k1/2.303 and the intercept on y-axis = log a0 half-life is independent of concentration units of k are 1/s

Second-order

rate dependent on concentration plot of t on abscissa vs ((a0-a)/(aa0 )) on ordinate would be linear which slope = k2 half-life is dependent on concentration units of k are L/mol*s

Zero-order

rate is independent of concentration Plot of x i.e the amount of drug degraded (as ordinate) against time (as abscissa) is linear with a slope = k0 half-life is dependent on concentration Plot of a i.e the amount of drug at any time "t" (as ordinate) against time (as abscissa) is linear with a slope = - k0 and intercept = a0 units of k are mol/L*s

Concentration dependencies

rate: IDD half-life: DID

Boyle's law

related pressure and volume PV=k

the amount of force per unit area that is applied to a liquid or semi solid is called

shearing stress

Dissolution testing is conducted by manufactures under what codnitions

sink

phosphorescence

slow; electrons returning to ground state emitting energy from excited triplet state

nonionic

spans, tweens, pluronic F127 are examples of _______________ surfactants

Dalton's law

states that the total pressure of a mixture of unreactive gases is the sum of all component partial pressure

Select the most appropriate term which completes this sentence: at the diffusion layer and displays a greater rate of dissolution under conditions of more acidic simulated gastric fluid than salicylic acid

supersaturation

Sodium salicylate is capable of _____ at the diffusion layer and displays a greater rate of dissolution under conditions of more acidic simulated gastric fluid than salicylic acid

supersaturation

plastic flow is associated with

suspensions

Flux

the amount of material moving across unit cross-sectional area of a barrier per unit time

Which of the following equations predicts the stability of a drug at room temperature from experiments at accelerated condition at higher temperature

the arrherius equation

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external atmospheric pressure is known as

the boiling point

which is correct? a. The diarrhea causing microorganisms impair either the cryptic or villus cells activity or activity of both which results into more production of Cl- ions or less absorption of nutrients and Na+ ions b. There is a co- transport system unaffected by diarrhea causing microorganism, which transports Na+ ions to blood regardless of the presence of glucose c. There is no co transport system for other substances except glucose and sodium ions in intestine d. The net result of impairment of cryptic and villus cells activity is flow of water from intestinal lumen towards blood

the diarrhea causing microorganism impair either the cryptic or villus cells activity or activity of both which results into more production of Cl- ions or less absorption of nutrients and Na+ ions.

solubility

the most important macroscopic property in pharmacy

A 20% salicylic acid ointment was prepared for a patient to use as a wart treatment. After one week of treatment, the patient did not see a keratolytic effect of this particular batch of ointment. The patient reported this failure to the pharmacist who compounded the prescription. How should the pharmacist respond to this situation?

the pharmacist should get an IR spectrum of the salicylic acid used in the preparation. This IR spectrum should be compared to the library data that already exists for salicylic acid. If the spectra are differ- ent, then the salicylic acid used in the preparation is not really salicylic acid.

solubilization

the process of increasing aqueous solubility of a drug thru presence of surfactant at or above CMC

The rate or speed of a process can be defined by

the rate at which the concentration of a species undergoing the change decreases, and the rate at which the concentration of the resulting species increase with time

In a zero order reaction

the rate of decomposition is independent on the concentration of any of the reactants

The plasma level of an orally administered tablet depends on

the rate of tablet disintegration and the rate of dissolution of the drug

Hixson-Crowell Cube Root Law is capable of determining dissolution rate when

the shape of the dissolving particle is uniform and does not change during dissolution

Solute was added to a solvent and mixed well. some of the solute settled to the bottom of the container. which statment best explains why all the solute did not dissolve

the solution had become saturated

In a study of the hydrolysis of a drug in aqueous solution a plot of logarithm of the amount of the drug remaining (as ordinate) against time (abscissa) is linear

the unit of k is concentration-1time-1

which one of the following is the most desirable flow characteristic for a dosage form

thixotropic

solvate

trapped solvent during crystallization results in a solid called a _________________

Chromatography is an application of adsorption by solids

true

Cup and bob type of viscometer may be used for gel and pastes

true

Digosin is a poorly soluble drug. therefore its physical forms such as particle size would have a significant effect on its therapeutic outcomes

true

For a single step (elementary) reaction, the molecularity and order are the same

true

Fora single step elementary reaction the molecularity and order are the same

true

Generally, surface area does not remain constant throughout the dissolution process

true

Insoluble ploymers such as ethyl cellulose, methyl methacrylyate or polyvinyl acetate are used for making inert matrix based extended drug released system

true

Insoluble polymers such as ethyl cellulose, methylmethacrylate, or polyvinvyl acetate are used for making inert matrix-based extended drug release systems

true

It is not conceivable for a reaction to have zero or fractional molecularity

true

Surface area does not remain constant throughout the dissolution process

true

The greater the the acidity constant Ka the stronger the acid would be

true

Transport of weak acidic drugs across GU membrane is influenced by pH only if their pka values are within the range of 3-7

true

When a liquid is placed in an evacuated container ( container that has a vaccum above the liquid surface) at a constant temeprature, some molecules with the highest energies break away from the surface of the liquid and pass into the vapor state and some of the molecules subsequently return to the liquid state or condense.

true

below the critical micelle concentration surface properties are affected

true

generally branched chain is more soluble than straight chain of an isomer

true

osmolarity is expressed as osmol/L of aqueous solution

true

temperature can exert greater influence on the solubility of a drug if it is a weak acid or base

true

the glass transition temperature for an amorphous solid is a the mid-point of the transition in which the solid converts from a glassy to rubber state

true

the high tonicity of calcium lactate administered in premature baby in intensive care units may lead to necrotizing eneterocolitis

true

the polar surface area is defined as the sum of the VDW surface areas for the polar atoms oxygen nitrogens and attached hydrogen atoms

true

the rate of general acid and base catalysis is affected by concentration of undissociated buffer components in addition to hydronium and hydroxyl ion concentration

true

viscosity is the reciprocal of fluidity

true

enantiotropic

two polymorphs with two different stable temperature ranges

physical

type of adsorption between solid and gas that is due to VdW forces and is reversible

chemical

type of adsorption between solid and gas that is due to chemical bonds and is irreversible

Dilatant

type of flow; increase in shearing stress caused an increase in resistance to flow; exhibited by suspension > 50% w/v

plastic flow

type of flow; material will not flow until shearing stress exceeds yield value; above YV behaves as a Newtonian liquid, below YV behaves as an elastic solid; exhibited by concentration suspension

Pseudoplastic

type of flow; will flow more readily with increase in shearing stress; exhibited by polymers in soln

dunouy ring method

used to determine either interfacial or surface tension; measures F required to detach Pt-Ir ring at surface or interface

Following are some approaches to prevent the oxidative degradation of drug

using an initiation inhibitor such as EDTA, using colored glass containers, using chain breakers such as alpha tocopherol, using oxygen scavengers such as sodium metabisulfite and ascorbic acid

C-C equation for liquids establishes relationships between

vapor pressure and absolute temperature

poise

visocity units; 1 g/(cm*s)

the attractive forces between molecules are called adhesive forces?

water and air

ampicillin degrades much faster in water than in alcohol because

water, being a high dielectric constant solvent, converts the neutral ampicillin into a charged transition complex

Which of the following are not correct according to the ph partition hypothesis of drug absorption

weak basic/ neutral drugs may be absorbed from the stomach bust basic drugs are not

Indicate which is correct? a. A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said to be hypotonic b. When red blood cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution they will shrink c. The chemical potential or concentration of solvent molecule in the solution is greater than that in pure solvent d. When a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will pass across the membrane into the solution

when a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will pass across the membrane into the solution

Which is correct? a. When a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will not pass across the membrane into the solution b. A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said to be hypotonic c. The chemical potential or concentration of solvent molecule in the solution is greater than that in pure solvent d. When red blood cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution they will swell

when red blood cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution they will swell

hydrate

when the solvent trapped in the solid during crystallization is water, the resulting solid is called a __________________