pharm exam 1

Schedule II Drugs

1. High potential for abuse 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential that may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence Examples: secobarbital, pentobarbital, amphetamines, morphine, Vicodin, methadone, Percodan, methylphenidate

Definition of chemical name

Most meaningful to the chemist. --> the chemist understands the exact chemical constitution of the drug and the exact placement of its atoms or molecular groupings

A trademark o brand name

is followed by the symbol ®. This symbol indicates that the name is registered and that the use of the name is restricted to the owner of the drug, which is usually the manufacturer.

United States Pharmacopeia

primary purpose of this volume is to provide standards for identity, quality, strength, and purity of substances used in the practice of health care

orphan drugs

the medicines that are developed for rare health conditions

Schedule III Drugs

1. High potential for abuse but less so than drugs in Schedules I and II 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential that may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence Examples: Empirin with codeine, Lortab, Fiorinal, Tylenol with codeine

Schedule IV Drugs

1. Low potential for abuse as compared with drugs in Schedule III 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential that may lead to limited physical drugs in Schedule III Examples: phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, flurazepam, temazepam

Schedule V Drugs

1. Low potential for abuse as compared with drugs in Schedule IV 2. Currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Abuse potential of limited physical or psychological dependence liability as compared with drugs in Schedule IV; because abuse potential is low, a prescription may not be required Examples: Lomotil, Robitussin AC

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

All drugs are processed in the body through pharmacokinetics. What is the correct order that drugs pass through the body?

FDA

is empowered by federal law to name the drugs for human use in the United States

Definition of Generic name

Before a drug becomes official, it is given a _______________ or common name. -The _____________ is simpler than the chemical name. -It may be used in any country and by any manufacturer. -The first letter of the ___________ name is not capitalized.

The Orphan Drug Act

Which legislation was enacted to stimulate development and availability of drugs to treat rare diseases?

Antagonist

Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response

Agonists

Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response

Drug elimination will be slowed.

Two patients, one thin and one obese, each receive a highly lipid soluble drug. Which difference in pharmacokinetics does the nurse expect in the obese patient as compared with the thin patient?

Parallel tracking

Used for patients with life-threatening illnesses who cannot participate in controlled trials, when there is no other alternative

3.13 mg The half-life of a drug is the time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body. In this example at 24 hours, 6.25% or 3.13 mg of the drug would remain in the body.

When the nurse administers a 50-mg dose of a drug with a half-life of 6 hours, how many milligrams will remain in the body at 24 hours?

Metabolism (biotransformation)

Which aspect of genetic makeup is most likely to alter a person's response to medication?

Metabolism

Which aspect of pharmakinetics should the nurse be most concerned with when caring for a patient with abnormal functioning of hepatic enzymes?

Schedule II drugs are more likely to cause dependence.

Which correctly describes the difference between Schedule II drugs and Schedule V drugs?

The proprietary name of the drug given by a manufacturer.

Which definition is accurate for the trade name of a drug?

Drug used for a therapeutic effect to treat or prevent an illness

Which description best defines a medication?

Schedule I Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for abuse. They are not currently accepted for medical use in the United State

Which drug schedule indicates drugs with the highest risk for abuse?

Inactivation of the drug

Which effect of protein binding on drugs in the bloodstream is accurate?

Deleterious adverse effect

Which is the best description of a toxic reaction to a drug?

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (passed on June 25, 1938, and amended in 1952 and 1962) requires the FDA to determine the safety of drugs before marketing and to ensure that certain labeling specifications and standards in advertising are met in the marketing of products.

Which legislation was written to require companies to determine the safety of medications before marketing?

Generic and trade Drug prescriptions may be filled with a trade-name drug or a generic equivalent. If the nurse teaches only one name, it may lead to confusion for the patient when he or she receives a drug with a different name.

Which name(s) of a drug should the nurse use when teaching a patient with a new prescription?

Intravenous The IV route places the drug directly into the bloodstream and isn't slowed down by the need to first travel from the GI tract into the bloodstream.

Which route of administration has the fastest rate of distribution?

Electronic databases All can be sources of drug information, but keeping information current is extremely important. Reliable electronic databases can provide the most up-to-date information to health care providers, unlike printed resources that are published only periodically.

Which source of information is best for the nurse to obtain drug information?

Developmental stage—Phase 3

Which stage of new drug development involves giving the medication to large numbers of individuals with the disorder that the medication intends to treat?

A drug may have multiple proprietary names.

Which statement about drug names is correct?

Identifying adverse effects of a drug in the general population

Which use does the MedWatch form serve?

generic name

formularies (lists of medicines available through a pharmacy) are maintained by __________.

black box warnings

indicate very serious or potentially life-threatening problems

Schedule I Drugs

1. High potential for abuse 2. Not currently accepted for medical use in the United States 3. Lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision Examples: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana, peyote, STP, heroin, hashish

Common A side effect is any result of a drug or therapy that occurs in addition to the intended effect, regardless of whether it is beneficial or undesirable. The decrease in blood pressure is a common adverse effect.

A patient is receiving a medication to increase urine output. The patient's urinary output increases significantly and the blood pressure decreases slightly. Which type of side effect is a decrease in blood pressure?

Drug interaction A drug interaction occurs when the action of one drug is altered by the action of another drug. Drug interactions are elicited in two ways when agents are combined: (1) increase the actions of one or both drugs, or (2) decrease the effectiveness of one or both of the drugs. In this case, the antacid blocks the dissolution of the ketoconazole, thus decreasing its effectiveness.

A patient is taking an antacid concurrently with ketoconazole. The antacid inhibits the dissolution of ketoconazole. Which term accurately describes this result?

Withhold the medication and notify the prescriber of the situation.

A patient states he is allergic to the medication the nurse is ready to administer to him. Which action should be implemented next?

It has a longer half-life than drug B. The half-life is determined by an individual's ability to metabolize and excrete a particular drug. Drugs with long half-lives need to be administered only once daily, whereas drugs with short half-lives need to be administered more often to maintain therapeutic activity.

A patient takes two medications. Drug A is taken once per day; drug B is taken every 8 hours. Which conclusion about drug A is correct?

Collaborating with the pharmacist to issue insulin to the patient immediately

A patient with diabetes has elevated blood glucose levels and exhausted their insulin (Humulin R) medication supply. The patient cannot delay taking insulin until the primary healthcare provider is consulted. Which action by the licensed practical nurse is best in this situation according to the Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations?

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) The DEA was organized to enforce the Controlled Substances Act, gather intelligence, train its officers, and conduct research in the area of dangerous drugs and drug abuse.

Which governmental body was organized to gather intelligence, train, conduct research in the area of dangerous drugs and drug abuse, and enforce the Controlled Substances Act?

Urticaria Allergic reactions, also known as hypersensitivity reactions, occur among patients who have previously been exposed to a drug and whose immune systems have developed antibodies to the drug. Upon reexposure to the drug, the antibodies cause a reaction; this reaction is most commonly seen as raised, irregularly shaped patches on the skin known as hives, which cause severe itching, known as urticaria.

Which is the most common symptom of a hypersensitivity reaction to a medication?