Pharmacology-Dosage Forms

An enema is a type of this.

Solution

Which of these types of tablets does not have a special outside layer? -SCT -ODT -FCT -ECT

ODT

_____ on tablets are used to improve appearance and flavor. -Sugars -Coatings -Markings -Films

Sugars

cream

an O/W emulsion

An elixir is a type of this.

Solution

aerosol

emits a fine mist

suppository

melts inside body at body temperature

caplet

oblong, hybrid solid dosage form

This dosage form is used to form granules when it is combined with a liquid. -lozenge -caplet -powder -troche

powder

lotion

also an O/W emulsion for topical application. Lotions are easily absorbed and can cover large areas of skin. An example is calamine lotion, which is used for relief of itching.

tablet

compressed sold dosafe

transdermal patch

delivers drug through skin absorption

Most _____ are imprinted with a distinctive code and coloring for drug identification purposes. -enemas -suppositories -inhalants -tablets

tablets

enema

used for cleaning the bowels

Most tablets are meant to be swallowed whole and to dissolve in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but some tablets are designed to be chewed or dissolved in the mouth.

-A chewable tablet contains a base that is flavored and/or colored. Chewables are preferred for antacids, antiflatulents, commercial vitamins, and tablets designed for children. Single chewable tablets, for example, can be prescribed for small children in lieu of other dosage forms. Chewable tablets are absorbed quickly for a faster onset of action -An oral disintegrating tablet (ODT) is designed to literally "melt" in your mouth. ODTs are particularly useful for pediatric and geriatric patients who have difficulty swallowing or for patients with nausea. Examples include Zofran, for treatment of nausea and vomiting, and Maxalt, for the treatment of migraine headaches

A coated drug formulation is often designed to delay absorption of the medication and to resist breakdown by the gastric fluids in the stomach to minimize the risk of causing side effects. Common tablet coatings include sugar, film, or enteric.

-A sugar-coated tablet (SCT) contains an outside layer of sugar that protects the medication and improves both appearance and flavor. The major disadvantage of a sugar coating is that it makes the tablet larger and heavier, and thus more difficult to swallow -A film-coated tablet (FCT) contains a thin outer layer of a polymer (a substance containing very large molecules) that can be either soluble or insoluble in water. Film coatings are thinner, lighter in weight, and cheaper to manufacture than sugar coatings and are colored to provide an attractive appearance. The monthly dosing of Boniva for osteoporosis is an example of the use of an FCT to prevent serious GI side effects -An enteric-coated tablet (ECT) is used for drugs that are better absorbed by the intestines when they bypass the stomach. ECTs are also used with drugs that might irritate the esophageal tract or stomach. The enteric coating is designed to resist destruction by the gastric fluids' acidic pH and to release the active ingredient once it reaches the higher pH of the small intestine. For this reason, these tablets should not be split. An example of a common ECT tablet is aspirin

A SR dosage form is the same as an XL dosage form.

False

A caplet is simply a capsule shaped like a tablet.

False

An ODT (oral disintegrating tablet)is designed for chewing and swallowing.

False

Capsules contain powders and granules but not liquids.

False

Granules are a smaller dosage form than powders.

False

If a prescription calls for the SR form of a drug and you only have XL in stock, it's okay to dispense the XL.

False

If you receive a prescription for Wellbutrin SR and you don't have it in stock, you can fill the prescription with Wellbutrin XL.

False

Immediate release dosage forms are not ideal in cases such as chest pain.

False

In a solution, the active ingredients are only partially dissolved in a liquid vehicle.

False

It's not important to shake a suspension before dispensing.

False

Syrups are the best liquid form of a drug to dispense to a diabetic patient.

False

Syrups usually contain a small amount of alcohol.

False

_____ are used only topically. -Ointments -Gels -Suppositories -all of the above

Ointments

inhalants

Gases, vapors, aerosols, sprays, solutions, and suspensions intended to be inhaled via the nasal or oral respiratory routes The patient uses aerosols or sprays administered through the nose or mouth to internally deliver prescription drugs for allergies and asthma.

Doctors often prescribe _____ tablets for small children. -enteric-coated -oral disintegrating -sugar-coated -chewable

chewable

Medication is completely dissolved.

Solution

_____ emit a fine dispersion of a liquid, solid, or gaseous material. -Aerosols -Patches -Sprays -none of the above

Sprays

Syrups have a high sugar content.

True

There are several different types of tablets, some of which should not be split/cut.

True

_____ are most commonly inserted rectally. -gels -lotions -suppositories -emulsions

Suppositories

Maalox is an example of a ____.

Suspension

These need to be shaken well before dispensing.

Suspension

A controlled release dosage form can also be called a timed-release dosage form.

True

Another word for a lozenge is a troche.

True

Capsules can come in immediate release forms and controlled-release forms.

True

Elixirs are not usually given to children because they contain alcohol.

True

Gels are used both internally and externally.

True

Patients should administer enemas rectally.

True

ointment

a W/O emulsion

elixir

a clear, sweetened, flavored solution containing water and ethanol

sustained-release (SR) dosage form

a delayed-release dosage form that allows less frequent dosing than an immediate-release dosage form allows a frequency of dosing reduced from that of an immediate-release form.

spray

a dosage form that consists of a container having a valve assembly unit that, when activated, emits a fine dispersion of liquid, solid, or gaseous material. Sprays are often used for nasal decongestants and inhalation aerosols such as an albuterol inhaler for treating the acute symptoms of asthma.

jelly

a gel that contains a higher proportion of water in combination with a drug substance and a thickening agent.

capsule

a gelatin shell encloses the drug

emulsion

a mixture of two immiscible or unblendable substances. One substance (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase). Semisolid dosage forms, such as oil-in-water or water-in-oil, are examples of emulsions. An oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion is a formulation that contains a small amount of oil dispersed in water, as in a cream or lotion. A water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is a formulation that contains a small amount of water dispersed in oil as in an ointment.

capsule

a solid dosage form consisting of a gelatin shell that encloses the drug. The capsule will contain powders, granules, or liquids with one or more active ingredients. Because a capsule encloses the components, flavorings are not common for this dosage form.

caplet

a solid dosage form for oral use; shaped like a capsule for ease of swallowing a tablet shaped like a capsule

aerosol

a spray in a pressurized container that contains a propellant—an inert liquid or gas under pressure—designed to carry the active ingredient to its location of application. Common aerosols emit a fine mist or a coarse liquid spray. Several inhalation products, such as Advair Diskus, are available as breath-activated devices of powders in place of aerosolized propellants.

gel

contains ultrafine solid particles in liquid. Gels are used for both internal and external use. Topically, gels apply evenly and leave a dry coat of the medication in contact with the area.

extended-release (XL) dosage form

a tablet or capsule designed to reduce frequency of dosing compared with immediate-release and most sustained-release forms allows a frequency of dosing reduced from that of immediate-release and most sustained-release forms. This dosage form allows once-daily dosage and better compliance with a prescribed regimen.

cream

considered an O/W emulsion because it contains a small amount of oil dispersed in water. Most creams are considered "vanishing," which means they are invisible once applied and thus are more cosmetically acceptable to most patients. Many topical prescription products are available in both an ointment and a cream formulation

The majority of _____ are invisible once applied. -creams -jellies -ointments -powders

creams

Advair Diskus is an example of a(n) _____. -patch -spray -adhesive -aerosol

aerosol

syrup

an aqueous solution thickened with a large amount of sugar, generally sucrose, or a sugar substitute. Syrups are often the preferred vehicle to mask the taste of pediatric medications, such as cough medicines, because they do not contain alcohol. Syrups are also sometimes used for older patients who cannot easily swallow the commonly available solid forms of certain drugs.

ointment

an example of a W/O semisolid dosage form. Ointments will apply smoothly to the skin but will often leave the skin with a greasy feeling. They are often yellowish and opaque.

enema

an example of a water-based solution administered rectally for cleansing the bowel before a GI procedure or for delivering an active drug.

suppository

are formulated from a base such as cocoa butter or glycerin to melt at body temperature and release an active drug. It is designed for insertion into body orifices such as the rectum or the vagina, or, less commonly, the urethra. They are often used in children or adults unable to take oral medication for the purpose of controlling symptoms of fever, nausea, or vomiting. Because suppositories melt at body temperature, they need to be stored in a cool place and some must be refrigerated.

Granules

are larger than powders and are formed by adding very small amounts of liquid to powders; during manufacturing, the mixture is passed through a screen or a granulating device. Tablets are often prepared by compressing granules and capsules are often filled with granules. Granules have excellent flow characteristics, are more stable than powders, and are generally better suited than powders for use in solutions because they are not as likely to float on the surface of a liquid. Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians often mix granular drug products, such as antibiotic suspensions, with a set volume of distilled water before dispensing.

Powders

are milled and pulverized by machines. An example of a powder medication is BC Powder, which is aspirin-based, over-the-counter analgesic pain reliever in a powder form.

Tablets

available in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and surface markings. The tablet is a solid dosage form produced by compression and contains one or more active ingredients along with inert or inactive ingredients. Most tablets are imprinted with a distinctive code and coloring from their manufacturer for drug identification purposes.

spray

emits a fine dispersion of liquid

Granules are often used to fill _____. -capsules -patches -caplets -creams

capsules

Inhalants include all of the following except _____. -vapors -enemas -sprays -aerosols

enemas

A medication that comes in the form of a(n) _____ tablet is aspirin. -enteric-coated -oral disintegrating -sugar-coated -film-coated

enteric-coated

A(n) _____ tablet is intended to bypass the stomach and be absorbed in the small intestine. -sugar-coated -chewable -oral disintegrating -enteric-coated

enteric-coated

Wellbutrin XL is an example of a _________ dosage form. -controlled-release -sustained-release -extended-release -immediate release

extended-release

transdermal

dosage form is designed to deliver a drug to the bloodstream via absorption through the skin via a patch or disk. The patch consists of backing, drug reservoir, control membrane, adhesive layer, and protective strip. The strip is removed, and the adhesive layer is attached to the skin. Chemicals in the patch or disk force the drug across the membranes of the skin and into the layer of skin where optimal absorption into the bloodstream will occur. Although the skin presents a barrier, absorption does occur slowly; therapeutic effects may last for 24 hours up to 1 week. In effect, a transdermal dosage form is similar to a controlled-release tablet or capsule.

A(n) _____ contains alcohol as one of its ingredients, so it's not usually dispensed to small children. -elixir -enema -syrup -suspension

elixir

A(n) __________ is taken orally and contains alcohol as one of its ingredients. -elixir -syrup -enema -aerosol

elixir

This type of tablet has a coating that is thin, lightweight, and is colored for a pleasing appearance. -enteric-coated tablet -sugar-coated tablet -film-coated tablet -oral disintegrating tablet

film-coated tablet

dosage form

form in which drugs are manufactured; includes elixirs, tablets, capsules, suppositories, parenteral drugs, transdermal systems, etc determined by many factors, including the disease being treated, the area of the body that the drug needs to reach, and the chemical composition of the drug itself.

solution

formed by dissolving active ingredients in a liquid vehicle. The liquid that makes up the greater part of a solution is known as a solvent. An ingredient (medication) dissolved in a solution is known as a solute. Solutions may be aqueous (or water), alcoholic, or hydroalcoholic. Hydroalcoholic solutions contain both water and alcohol, which may be needed to dissolve some solutes. Solutions are prepared by dissolving the solute in the liquid solvent or by combining or diluting existing solutions. Colorings or flavoring agents may be added to solutions if needed. may be classified by their contents, and the two most common solutions are elixirs and syrups.

Unlike most emulsions, a(n) _____ is used both internally and externally. -gel -lotions -suppositories -ointments

gel

As a pharmacy technician, you will often mix this dosage form with distilled water and then dispense the drug to the patient. -lozenges -pastilles -caplets -granules

granules

These are less likely than other dosage forms to float on the surface of a liquid. -granules -troches -pastilles -powders

granules

All of these dosage forms are synonymous with controlled-release except _____. -long acting -immediate-release -delayed release -timed release

immediate-release

Included in the category of _____ are vapors, aerosols, and sprays that are intended for nasal and respiratory administration. -patches -disks -inhalants -none of the above

inhalants

A(n) _____ is easily absorbed and can cover a large area of skin. -emulsion -jelly -suppository -lotion

lotion

An example of this dosage form is a narcotic lollipop. -caplet -powder -granule -lozenge

lozenge

If you apply an emulsion that has a greasy feel to it, you have most likely used a(n) _____. -cream -ointment -gel -lotion

ointment

A(n) _____ tablet melts in your mouth. -enteric-coated -oral disintegrating -sugar-coated -film-coated

oral disintegrating

A synonym for a lozenge. -granule -pastille -powder -caplet

pastille

A disadvantage to a(n) _____ tablet is that it is difficult to swallow. -enteric-coated -oral disintegrating -sugar-coated -film-coated

sugar-coated

It is important to shake a(n) _____ before dispensing it. -syrup -elixir -lotion -suspension

suspension

Medications are available in a variety of forms, and frequently a single drug will be available in a number of different forms. These primary dosage forms are:

tablets capsules solutions syrups elixirs suspensions powders lozenges ointments creams aerosols lotions transdermal patches sprays inhalants suppositories enemas emulsions gels

Solid dosage forms

tablets, suppositories, lozenges, powders, and granules used more frequently than any other formulation. Tablets and capsules are the two most common types and are inexpensive to manufacture.

suspension

the dispersion of an undissolved solid in a liquid—an incomplete mixture of the solid or liquid exists. Many suspensions are commercially available, but others come in the form of dry powders or granules that are reconstituted with purified water. A well-prepared suspension pours easily and settles slowly but can be redispersed easily by gently shaking. Examples of suspensions include the antacid Maalox, the antifungal nystatin oral suspensions, and NPH insulin

controlled-release dosage form

the dosage form that is formulated to release medication over a long duration of time; also called delayed release designed not to release the active drug immediately after administration. It is intended to regulate the rate at which a drug is released from the tablet (or capsule) into the body. Common names for controlled-release dosage formulations include the phrases "delayed release," "long acting," and "timed release." Other similar names have specific meanings.

A dosage form that has a controlled-release effect is a(n) _____. -transdermal patch -aerosol -spray -inhalation

transdermal patch

Another dosage form that works like a controlled-release tablet is a(n) _____. -inhaler -suppository -transdermal patch -chewable tablet

transdermal patch