Pharmacology (week 1)
prototype drug
a single drug is selected from a class and is compared to all other medications in the class to this representative model
adherence
compliance
The conditions whereby the drug should be avoided
contraindications
pharmacologic classification
describes how the drug acts
amount of drug that is to be given
dosage
chemical names
drugs only have one of these, convey a clear and concise meaning about the nature of a drug
excretion
drugs removed from the body
combination drugs
drugs with more than one active ingredient
exclusivity
during this period, competing companies are not allowed to market generic versions of the product
pharmacology
expansive subject, ranging from understanding how drugs are administered, to where they travel in the body, to the actual responses
apothecary system of measurement
fluid drams, fluid ounce, quart, pint, grains developed in ancient Greece
enzyme induction
increase metabolic activity in the liver
therapeutic drug monitoring
keep the drug dose within
trouches
lozenges, allowed to slowly dissolve in the mouth
drug-protein complexes
many drug reversibly bind to plasma proteins, particularly albumin, form complexes too large to cross capillary membranes and the drugs continue circulating in the blood stream and are unavailable for distribution to their site of action
Description of how a drug works on its target organs and cells
mechanism of action
hepatic microsomal enzyme system
metabolizes drugs as well as nutrients and other endogenous substances
generic name
named assigned by the United States Adopted Name council
first pass effect
some drugs can be completely metabolized to an inactive form on their first trip through the liver before they even reach the general circulation
enteric-coated
tablets designed to dissolved in the alkaline environment of the small intestine because the agents will irritate the stomach mucosa if dissolved in the stomach
extended release
tablets or capsules are designed to dissolve slowly, resulting in a longer duration of action for the medication
pharmacotherapy
the application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering
indications
the conditions for which a drug is approved
absorption
the process by which drug molecules move from their site of administration to the blood
bioavailability
the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action to produce its effect
therapeutic classification
what is being treated by the drug
When considering various drug therapies, the nurse knows that most drug testing and approval occurs with which population? A. multiple population types and is usually safe for all clients B. Caucasian males and may not be safe for other populations C. the elderly and may be harmful to children and adolescents D. animals, which verifies the drug's effectiveness in humans
B
The knows knows that drugs are the subject to stricter regulations are those: A. with a high potential for abuse or dependency B. that are most costly and difficult to produce C. with adverse effects and high occurrence of drug or food interactions D. that have taken years to be proven effective in the laboratory
A
While completing the health history, the nurse asks the client, "What medications do you take regularly?" which drug name should the nurse expect the client to use in providing the answer? A. chemical B. trade C. generic D. standard
B
When providing nursing care for the client, the nurse understands that drugs are: A. one of the many tools available to prevent and treat human suffering B. the most important part of the therapeutic plan C. primarily the concern of the health care provider and not included in nursing care D. substances that should be relied on for health and wellness
A
A nurse notes that multiple clients had a reaction to the same medication, a drug that has been available for several years. Which action should the nurse take? (SATA) A. file an Adverse Event Report with the FDA B. note the reaction in the client's chart C. notify the healthcare provider who ordered the drug D. wait until the FDA sends a notification of a drug's recall before informing the client E. compare each client's reaction to determine if its the same
A, B, C
The older adult has a new prescription for cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). Which of the following activities should the nurse preform before giving this drug? (SATA) A. identify the client by checking identification band and asking the client to state full name B. position the client in the proper position for medication administration C. evaluate the client's response to the drug D. document the medication administration on the chart E. check the chart for drug allergies and verify these with the client F. verify the medication for accuracy
A, B, E, F
Which client characteristic, if noted in the client's medical record, would the nurse consider important information that may affect the physiological response to various types of drug therapy? (SATA) A. 82 year old and female B. Asian and obese C. past medical history of kidney disease D. mother and sister with diabetes E. has no medical insurance
A,B,C,D
The nurse knows that governmental drug legislation requires the drug manufacturer to prove that a drug is both safe and: A. free of adverse effects and potential reactions B. effective for a specific purpose C. reasonable in cost and easily accessible D. beneficial to various population groups
B
The prescriber orders Lasix 40 mg intravenous stat to a client with HF. Which of the following describes the correct response of the nurse to this medication order? A. give the medication at the next meal B. administer the medication immediately C. dispense the medication when the client requests it D. oversee the self-administration of the medication
B
distribution
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isozymes
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loading does
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maintenance doses
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medication administration record (MAR)
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metabolism
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minimum effect concentration
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pharmacokinetics
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therapeutic range
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toxic concentration
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Prior to administering a liquid medication to a client , the nurse notices that the medication color looks different than usual. Based on this information the nurse should A. administer the medication B. consult the hospital pharmacist C. notify the health care provider D. call the poison control center
B
The drug research participant with a particular disease is taking part in an investigative study to examine the effects of a new drug. Previously, the drug was tested using healthy volunteers. In which phase of the clinical trial investigation is the client participating? A. phase 1 B. phase 2 C. phase 3 D. phase 4
B
The nurse is looking up a drug that has been prescribed and wants to know the therapeutic classification for the drug. Which of the following would indicate a therapeutic classification? A. beta-adrenergic antagonist B. antihypertensive C. diuretic D. calcium channel blocker
B, antihypertensive indicates the therapeutic classification of the drug by describing its usefulness in lowering blood pressure
The nurse is using a drug handbook to determine the indications for the drug furosemide (Lasix). The term "indications" is defined as the: A. way a drug works on the target organs B. amount of the drug to be administered C. conditions of which a drug is approved D. reason that the drug should not be given
C
Cipro XR has been prescribed for a client with a gastrostomy tube. Which is the appropriate nursing action for the medication. A. crush the medication and dilute it in the tepid tap water B. instruct the client to take the medication with only sips of water C. request the hospital pharmacist to send a substitute drug D. notify the health care provider and request that another form of the drug be prescribed
D
The client is receiving a vaginal suppository. Which should the nurse include in the instructions to the client concerning the drug's administration? A. remove the suppository after 5 minutes of insertion B. cleanse the perineal area with soap and water before insertion C. insert the suppository only in the morning D. urinate before insertion of the suppository
D
The client requests that a refill prescription of a schedule II controlled substance be telephones to the drug store. When responding tot he client, the nurse would consider which factors? Refills of schedule II drugs: A. are less costly than the original prescription B. must be listened to by at lease 2 people C. are verified through the local DEA office D. are not permitted under federal law
D
The client who received a prescription for an antibiotic 2 weeks ago now presents with the same symptoms of bacterial infection. What should the nurse suspect? A. faulty and low quality medication B. toxic adverse effects of the drug C. excessive dosage of the prescription D. nonadherence to the prescribed therapy
D
The nurse is asked by a family member: "They're giving mom Motrin and she takes Advil. Hasn't the wrong drug been ordered? The nurse will respond, knowing that: A. There has been an error in the order and the nurse will contact the health care provider B. there may be a reason for the health care provider to order a different drug C. Not all health care agencies buy the same generic drugs and that may account for the difference D. Motrin and Advil are trade names for the same generic drug, ibuprofen
D
prodrugs
agents that require metabolism to produce their action
drug
any substance that is taken to prevent, cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition
affinity
attraction example: bone marrow, teeth, eyes, and adipose tissue have a high attraction for certain medications
trade name
brand name, assigned by pharmaceutical company marketing the drug; intentionally short and easy to remember