Phase 2 Unit 4, Unit 4AP GOV Test
Interest-group pluralism refers to a system in which
many interest groups compete to influence government policy
type of electoral systems used for legislative elections
the type of party system in a particular country is most influenced by the
In relations with the European Union, the two British parties that have had the most uniformly stable and favorable attitudes are
Liberal Democrats and Scottish Nationalists
exaggerate the scale of victory of the largest party
The electoral system in the United Kingdom tends to
D. Russia
Which of these countries has had a dominant-party system since 2000 ? A. Nigeria B. The United Kingdom C. Iran D. Russia
formal relationships exist between the government and recognized interest groups
A corporatist political system is one in which
competition among interest groups over public policy
A pluralist system is characterized by which of the following?
no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round
A second round of voting is held in a Russian presidential election when
the development of a multiparty system
An electoral system based on proportional representation is more likely than a system based on single member districts to encourage
corporatist
An interest group system that controls access to policy making by relying on state-sanctioned groups to represent labor, business, and agricultural sectors is
As with any social uprising, the unpredictable factor when trying to gauge the longevity of this particular movement is the strength of the state.... What we are witnessing in Iran now should not be viewed as an isolated outcry, but rather ... a hybrid momentum that started in 1999 and led by students who later became involved in the Green Movement. They are belatedly joining the current unrest, which is evolving to include new social classes of people who were not at the center of previous protests. Although this momentum has not been linear, neither were the Arab uprisings in 2011. The Iranian demonstrators' demands -- food subsidies, jobs and lower prices -- are perfectly attainable if the regime re-allocates its resources from the military to the economy. The fact that it is highly unlikely to do so, coupled with the demonstrators' resentment, could inspire more protests in the near future that may forge a broader alliance between the middle class and the working class. It is unlikely that this simmering social movement will wait another decade to rear its head. Source: Geneive Adbo and Abdalla Hendawy, "Iran's Latest Revolution Won't Fade Away," Bloomberg Opinion, January 19, 2018. Which of the following statements is an implication of the argument presented in the passage?
Because social movements lack organized hierarchy, it is difficult to meet their demands, and Iran is likely to face continued political instability.
selection by the sitting president
Before the mexican elections of 2000, the presidential nominee of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) had been chosen by which of the following processes?
Economic System: Mixed Political System: Authoritarian
China's current economic and political systems can best be described as which of the following?
parliamentary democracies with proportional representation electoral systems
Coalition government is likelier to occur in
gives third parties a better chance at winning seats in a legislature
Compared with first-past-the-post, a proportional representation electoral system
The development of a social movement
Facing worsening air pollution and environmental degradation, Chinese citizens have been increasingly organizing in large, informal groups to protest and mobilize for change. This is an example of which of the following?
C. a dominant party
For most of its history, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Mexico has been A. a religious party B. an ethnic party C. a dominant party D. A left-wing party
A. The National People's Congress indirectly selects members through local elections.
How are legislative members chosen in China? A. The National People's Congress indirectly selects members through local elections. B. The National People's Congress vets candidates that run for office to reduce competition. C. Members are directly elected in single-member districts by plurality. D. Members are appointed by regional governors.
B. Corporatist systems
In which type of system does the government control policy making through state-sanctioned groups? A. Pluralist systems B. Corporatist systems C. Democratic systems D. Authoritarian systems
Based on the table above, which political party in Great Britain would gain the most seats from a change to proportional representation?
Liberal Democrat
The voting behavior of members of the British House of Commons is principally determined by their
Party affiliation
a government's tenure in the House of Commons relies on its ability to maintain party support
Party discipline in Great Britain tends to be strong because
Which of the following statements comparing pluralism and corporatism is correct?
Pluralism leads more often to public debates and controversies, whereas corporatism is associated more often with negotiations among elites.
Which of the following election systems is most likely to produce the largest number of competitive political parties?
Proportional representation
appeal to a geographically concentrated population
Small parties in a single-member district plurality system are more likely to win seats when they
Which of the following best describes how social movements differ from interest groups?
Social movements tend to be less formally organized than interest groups.
single-member districts
The "first-past-the-post" electoral system in Great Britain is based on
Which institution has responsibility for organizing federal elections in Mexico?
The Institute of Federal Elections
Corruption in presidential election
The Green Movement in Iran in 2009 was a result of which of the following?
As with any social uprising, the unpredictable factor when trying to gauge the longevity of this particular movement is the strength of the state.... What we are witnessing in Iran now should not be viewed as an isolated outcry, but rather ... a hybrid momentum that started in 1999 and led by students who later became involved in the Green Movement. They are belatedly joining the current unrest, which is evolving to include new social classes of people who were not at the center of previous protests. Although this momentum has not been linear, neither were the Arab uprisings in 2011. The Iranian demonstrators' demands -- food subsidies, jobs and lower prices -- are perfectly attainable if the regime re-allocates its resources from the military to the economy. The fact that it is highly unlikely to do so, coupled with the demonstrators' resentment, could inspire more protests in the near future that may forge a broader alliance between the middle class and the working class. It is unlikely that this simmering social movement will wait another decade to rear its head. Source: Geneive Adbo and Abdalla Hendawy, "Iran's Latest Revolution Won't Fade Away," Bloomberg Opinion, January 19, 2018. Which of the following is supported by the main idea of the passage?
The Iranian state could meet the demonstrators' demands and end the uprisings but probably will not.
The communist party is still one important and stable channel of upward mobility, while in russia it is not
The nature of the social and political cleavages in china and Russia are different because in China
electoral system
The number of political parties in a democratic legislature will most likely be influenced by the country's
variable
The occurrence of elections in typical parliamentary systems is
party affiliation
The voting behavior of members of the British House of Commons is principally determined by their
Which of the following is a true statement about the adoption of competitive elections in Chinese villages?
They were initiated by the state to control local corruption and incompetent leaders.
A. Proportional representation can promote two-party systems which allows for greater accountability.
What is NOT an advantage of a proportional representation electoral system? A. Proportional representation can promote two-party systems which allows for greater accountability. B. Proportional representation results in all votes being translated to seat representation. C. Proportional representation can increase the number of women and minority candidates. D. Proportional representation can promote a multiparty system which allows for minority party representation.
Members are directly elected by plurality in single-member districts.
What is a similarity between elections for the United Kingdom's House of Commons and elections for the Nigerian House of Representatives?
leader
When deciding which party to vote for in an election, Russian voters are generally influenced most by the party's
Mexico has gender quota legislation requiring parties to place a minimum percentage of women on their party lists, while the United Kingdom does not
Which is the best explanation for why the Mexican Chamber of Deputies has a higher proportion of women legislators than the United Kingdom Parliament?
Being nominated by the prime minister and approved by the monarch
Which is the most common selection method for members of the United Kingdom's House of Lords?
Single-member-district plurality elections in the United Kingdom limit citizen interest in participation by diminishing the number of parties, whereas in Nigeria, despite also having single-member-district plurality elections, there is an abundance of political parties from which citizens can choose.
Which of the following accurately compares how party systems affect citizen participation in two countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course?
A. Mexico
Which of the following states have transitioned from a corporatist to pluralist system? A. Mexico B. Iran C. Russia D. United Kingdom
B. In Nigeria, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) protested unjust methods of extraction and distribution of oil, while Iran's Green Movement protested electoral corruption
Which of the following accurately compares social movements in AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries? A. Both Iran's Green Movement and Mexico's Zapatista movement primarily responded to socioeconomic inequality. B. In Nigeria, MEND protested unjust methods of oil distribution, while Iran's Green Movement protests electoral corruption. C. Mexico's Zapatista movement primarily advocated for fair elections, while Nigeria's MOSOP favored the establishment of an Islamist state. D. Iran's Green Movement primarily favored separatism, while Nigeria's Boko Haram advocates for Shari'a law.
Competition among autonomous groups
Which of the following best describes a pluralist interest-group system's policy-making process?
D. They promote competition among autonomous groups not linked to the state.
Which of the following best describes pluralist systems? A. They use single peak associations to represent the business sector B. They support economic policies that are developed and run by the state. C. They allow the state to maintain control over citizen input and participation. D. They promote competition among autonomous groups not linked to the state
Pluralism in Mexico will promote competition among groups not linked to the state.
Which of the following best explains an implication of the author's argument as it relates to the Mexican state?
With the move from corporatism toward pluralism, state officials will have less control over the demands of groups in society.
Which of the following best explains an implication of the author's argument on Mexican officials' relationship with citizens?
Greater competition among groups may lead to inconsistent policy making at times.
Which of the following best explains how the change described by the author affects policy making in Mexico?
In Russia, electoral rules have limited the number of parties in the legislature, while in the United Kingdom, electoral rules have allowed regional parties to win legislative seats while maintaining a system with two major parties.
Which of the following best explains the impact of electoral rules on the number of effective political parties in the legislatures in Russia and the United Kingdom?
A. To act as a release valve for the public
Which of the following best explains why the Chinese government allows some political protests? A. To act as a release valve for the public B. To open political discourse C. To spread political information D. To promote democratization among citizens
The president is chosen using a plurality formula, where the candidate who wins the most votes in a single round is elected president.
Which of the following describes how the Mexican president is elected?
in the United Kingdom, single-member plurality districts have created a two-party system, whereas in Iran formal political parties do not exist
Which of the following explain the effects of different party system b/w two countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course?
Individuals who oppose the adoption of Europe's common currency
Which of the following groups would most likely support Britain's Conservative Party?
Progressive Royalists Party
Which of the following is NOT a political party operating in the United Kingdom?
C. Banning the PRI Party from nominating candidates in the presidential elections
Which of the following is NOT an example of Mexico's transition away from a one-party dominant state? A. Eliminating el dedazo, the process of the incumbent pointing to their successor B. Establishing the National Electoral Institute C. Banning the PRI Party from nominating candidates in the presidential elections D. Privatizing state-owned corporations to decrease patronage
China has a one-party system, while Russia has a dominant-party system.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the current political party systems in Russia and China?
Political parties in Iran are unable to effectively support candidates for election and are not well-established, while in the United Kingdom, political parties are free to compete and the election rules in place have resulted in a system with two major parties.
Which of the following is an accurate explanation of the difference between political party systems in Iran and the United Kingdom?
The irrelevance of the traditional left-right ideological spectrum has reduced the importance of political parties in both countries.
Which of the following is an implication of political parties in both Iran and Russia?
state-sanctioned business or civil organizations meant to represent the public
Which of the following is the best example of corporatism?
The president must have support among a broad cross section of Nigeria's diverse population.
Which of the following is the reason for Nigeria's electoral rule that presidential candidates must secure at least 25 percent of the vote in two-thirds of all states?
it tends to result from a fragmented legislature and can be unstable
Which of the following is true of a coalition government?
since the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) no longer dominates electoral politics, governors have become more willing to exercise their formal powers
Which of the following is true of federalism in Mexico?
The election fraud and corruption of the government
Which of the following issues from the past ten years have led to significant public protests in Russia?
The United Kingdom and Nigeria
Which of the following pairs of countries uses only single-member districts in the electoral system for its legislature?
The election was relatively free and fair, according to most observers.
Which of the following statements about the 2011 Nigerian presidential election is most accurate?
The PAN receives significantly more support in northern Mexico than the PRD does
Which of the following statements best characterizes the varying geographic distribution of the electoral support received by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the National Action Party (PAN) in Mexico since 2000 ?
Such systems tend to encourage a proliferation of small parties
Which of the following statements best describes electoral systems that use proportional representation?
Pluralism leads more often to public debates and controversies, whereas corporatism is associated more often with negotiations among elites.
Which of the following statements comparing pluralism and corporatism is correct?
Only one candidate can win in a SMD electoral system, so minor parties are less likely to win.
Why do single-member district (SMD) electoral systems tend to promote two-party systems?
Party discipline in Great Britain tends to be strong because
a government's tenure in the House of Commons relies on its ability to maintain party support
competition among multiple associational groups
a pluralist interest group is best characterized by
China's current economic and political systems can best be described as which of the following? China's current economic and political systems can best be described as which of the following? a. Economic System: Mixed Political System: Authoritarian b. Economic System: Laissez-faire Political System: Federal c. Economic System: Centralized Marxist Political System: Parliamentary d. Economic System: Socialist Political System: Semipresidential e. Economic System: Neoliberal Political System: Democratic
a. Economic System: Mixed Political System: Authoritarian
from the 1930's through the 1990's, the structure of Mexico's organized labor interactions would be best described as a. corporatist b. decentralized c. regional d. associated
a. corporatist
Compared to parties in a proportional-representation system, parties in a single-member-district system are typically a. less ideological and less class-based b. more region-specific c. more likely to have their own social networks d. more tightly linked to specific cultural identities
a. less ideological and less class based
Small parties in a single-member district plurality system are more likely to win seats when they
appeal to a geographically concentrated population
In which of the following types of systems is economic policy necessarily negotiated among government, labor, and industry? a. Majoritarian b. Corporatist c. Communist d. Democratic socialist
b. Corporatist
A pluralist interest group system is best characterized by: a. high levels of control by business elites in policymaking b. competition among multiple associational groups c. negotiations among groups with government support d. a system wherein only the interests of the government are considered e. the inclusion of only a few corporations during the public policymaking process
b. competition among multiple associational groups
Before the Mexican elections of 2000, the presidential nominee of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) had been chosen by which of the following processes? a. Majority vote of PRI governors b. Selection by the sitting president c. Party elite election d. party primaries across states e. Party primary election by federal constituencies
b. selection by the sitting president
the "first-past-the-post" electoral system in Great Britain is based on a. multimember districts b. single-member districts c. a two-tiered system of elections d. indirect elections e. a single national constituency
b. single member districts
Which of the following statements best describes electoral systems that use proportional representation? a. Citizens vote for individual candidates. b. Citizens may give proportions of their vote to different parties. c. Such systems tend to encourage a proliferation of small parties. d. Such systems make it likely that a single party will obtain a majority of seats. e. Such systems can produce a large change in seats with only a small change in votes.
c. Such systems tend to encourage a proliferation of small parties.
One of the chief criticisms of corporatism is that it a. encourages labor unrest encourages labor unrest b. creates too many groups c. often limits representative processes d. involves too little government participation e. involves too little interest group participation
c. often limits representative process
less ideological and less class-based
compared to parties in a proportional-representation system, parties in a single-member-district system are typically
The organizing principle of the Chinese Communist Party is a. dictatorship of the proletariat b. pluralism c. Confucianism d. democratic centralism
d. Democratic centralism
Which of the following characteristics best fits a catch-all party? a. Presenting voters with an ideological viewpoint that envisions the role of government in a consistent manner on all issues b. A singular focus on one political issue that it considers most important and in need of government attention c. A willingness to change its position on a given issue to encourage more voters to support it in any given election d. The transnational pursuit of power by presenting a consistent message to voters in multiple countries
d. The transnational pursuit of power by presenting a consistent message to voters in multiple countries
The number of political parties in a democratic legislature will most likely be influenced by the country's a. political elite b. judicial system c. population size d. electoral system
d. electoral system
The nature of the social and political cleavages in China and Russia are different because in China a. there are no significant ethnic cleavages or conflicts, while in Russia ethnicity is a central cleavage b. regional differences have not led to secessionist movements, while in Russia this is a major source of upheaval c. the government has managed to maintain the gap between rich and poor close to premarket reform levels, while in Russia inequality has grown enormously d. the Communist Party is still one important and stable channel of upward mobility, while in Russia it is not e. there is no system of public education after primary school, while in Russia education is free through the university level for anyone who can pass the tests
d. the Communist Party is still one important and stable channel of upward mobility, while in Russia it is not
A pluralist system is characterized by which of the following? a. Negotiations among groups that have governmental support b. Considerations of only those interests that reflect plural ethnicities c. The control of interest groups over implementation and policy d. Governmental domination of interest representation e. Competition among interest groups over public policy
e. Competition among interest groups over public policy
A corporatist political system is one in which
formal relationships exist between the government and recognized interest groups
corporatist
from the 1930s through the the 1990s, the structure of mexico's organized labor interactions would be best described as
Compared with first-past-the-post, a proportional representation electoral system
gives third parties a better chance at winning seats in a legislature
corporatist
in which of the following types of systems is economic policy necessarily negotiated among government, labor, and industry?
many interest groups compete to influence government policy
interest group pluralism refers to a system in which
the strength of political parties gives individual legislators less power over policy
interest groups tend to have a minimal impact on individual legislators in parliamentary systems because
A second round of voting is held in a Russian presidential election when
no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round
often limits representative process
one of the chief criticisms of corporatism is that it
been dominated by one political party
one similarity between Russia's Duma and China's National People's Congress is that both have
Which of the following refers to the array of political parties operating in a particular country and the nature of the relationship between them?
party system
the vetting of candidates by the guardian council
political diversity in Iran's Majles is most constrained by which of the following?
single-party dominance in legislature
public policy in nigeria is influenced by both domestic and international factors. All of the following factors are central to the nigerian policy-making process EXCEPT
The people's Democratic Party of Nigeria
since 2000, which of the following political parties has held the executive branch of its respective country for the longest period?
Public policy in Nigeria is influenced by both domestic and international factors. All of the following factors are central to the Nigerian policy-making process EXCEPT
single-party dominance in the legislature
democratic centralism
the organizing principle of the chinese communist party is
The occurrence of elections in typical parliamentary systems is
variable
The Institute of Federal elections (IFE)
which constitution has responsibility for organizing federal elections in Mexico?
interest groups are organized to advocate for a specific policy issue, whereas social movements advocate for a broad social change
which of the following accurately compares interest groups and social movements?
the supreme leader selects six members and the judiciary selects the other six members with Majles approval
which of the following best describes how members of Iran's Guardian Council are selected?
the number of independents decreased b/w 1993 and 2016
which of the following best describes the trend in the data for Independents?
The Communist Party has consistently been one of the top three parties to receive seats in the Duma, and it was the largest party in 1999
which of the following best describes the trend in the data for the Communist Party?
there was a decline in the number of parties in the Russian parliament b/w 1993 and 2016 and a shift to a dominant party
which of the following best describes the trend in the data in the table?
Mexico and Nigeria both have independent electoral commissions to reduce the impact of corrupt practices upon election results
which of the following best explains a characteristic of elections in Mexico and Nigeria?
There has been an increase in support for minor parties, which has pushed the major parties away from the political enter
which of the following best explains how Sartori's idea of centripetal party systems relates to the United Kingdom?
Centrifugal party systems with single member districts and two main parties provide voters with strong constituency service because there is one representative per district
which of the following best explains how centrifugal party systems in the United Kingdom affect constituency service?
both countries' electoral systems use single-member districts with first-past-the-post rules, which tend to favor catch-all parties
which of the following best explains why both Nigeria and the United Kingdom have two major political parties?
Proportional representation
which of the following election systems is most likely to produce the largest number of competitive political parties?
The guardian council restricts the number of reform-minded presidential candidates limiting the number of candidates
which of the following explains the effect the Guardian Council's powers have on presidential candidates in Iran?
single-member districts promote two centrist political parties
which of the following features best explains why the United Kingdom has what Sartori calls a "centrifugal" party system?
Urban Workers
which of the following groups would most likely support Mexico's Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD)?
minority groups may be underrepresented
which of the following is a common criticism of first-past-the-post voting systems?
C. Minor parties have limited influence on policy making in China.
which of the following is a consequence of one-party rule in China? A. CCP has made concessions to social movement demands. B. Corporations have fought against regulations imposed by the CCP. C. Minor parties have limited influence on policy making in China. D. Minor parties have formed groups to challenge the CCP's dominance.
third parties without specific regional support are often underrepresented in Parliament
which of the following is a consequence of the United Kingdom's single-member district plurality electoral system?
Members of the British House of Commons are elected in single-member districts, and members of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies are elected in single-member districts and through proportional representation
which of the following is a difference between the legislative electoral systems in Mexico and Britain?
they were initiated by the state to control local corruption and incompetent leaders
which of the following is a true statement about the adoption of competitive elections in Chinese villages?
B. Nigeria's independent electoral commission, and Iran's limits on who can run for office.
which of the following is an implication for competitiveness of the electoral process in Nigeria and Iran? A. Iran's Guardian Council which encourages free and fair elections, and Nigeria's pattern of the incumbent winning. B. Nigeria's independent electoral commission, and Iran's limits on who can run for office. C. Both countries ban women from running in elections. D. Nigeria's quotas for minority groups, while Iran reserves no seats for specific groups.
parties other than the chinese communist party are allowed to exist in China, while most Mexican voters in the 2018 election identified with the PRI, PAN, MORENA
which of the following is true of political participation and parties in china and mexico?
Mexico uses a mix of proportional and first-past-the-post representation while Nigeria uses only first-past-the-post
which of the following is true of the electoral systems for the legislatures in Nigeria and mexico?
B. Russia and Iran
which of the following pairs of countries both require that the chief executive receive an absolute majority of the public's votes to be elected? A. Russia and Nigeria B. Russia and Iran C. Iran and Mexico D. Nigeria and Mexico
party system
which of the following refers to the array of political parties operating in a particular country and the nature of the relationship between them?
figure A shows the outcome in a first-past-the-post electoral system, while figure B shows the outcome in a proportional representation system
which of the following statements best represents the outcomes of the two elections illustrated above?
in both elections, allegations of fraud were brought by the losing party
which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of the 2009 presidential election in iran and the 2006 election in Mexico?
C. Mexico and Russia
which two countries use both first-past-the-post and proportional representation systems in elections to the lower house of the legislature? A. Iran and Russia B. China and Mexico C. Mexico and Russia D. Nigeria and Mexico