pheromones

testosterone-dependent pheromonal signals from urine of uncastrated males painted on castrated males triggers what in resident males?

aggression response

As rabbits are born blind and death, with full motor coordination, how do they locate their mother's nipples

due to the rabbit mammary pheromone

where do Boars release the sex attractant pheromones from?

saliva

What term is used to describe the different MUP profiles as a conveyer of genetic identity in individual males?

Individuality coding MUPs

What is the significance of the high degree of polymorphism in the mouse MUP family?

It provides information about genetic identity

What family of ligand binding proteins do MUPs belong to?

Lipocalins

Where is the Grueneberg ganglion located, and what does it project to?

Located at the tip of the nasal cavity, projects to specific glomeruli in the dorsal region of the main olfactory bulb

Which part of the olfactory system is responsible for learning odors in the environment and their meaning to the animal?

Main olfactory system

Activation of phospholipase C in the vomeronasal transduction pathway converts what?

PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

hat is the primary sensitivity of V2r-expressing VSNs?

Peptides and proteins

What is the term used to describe MUPs that convey information about individual identity but do not elicit a definite response, according to the passage?

Signature mixtures

Males with which channel knockout show mounting behaviour indiscriminate of gender?

TRPC2

what type of proteins can MUPs bind in their hydrophobic cavity?

Testosterone-dependent urinary volatiles

Why are MUPs considered vital for male territorial behavior?

They convey stable information about genetic identity

in the vomeronasal transduction pathway, DAG opens which channel, to allow influx of Na+ and Ca2+

TrpC2 nonselective cation channel

Which vomeronasal receptors are responsive to small, volatile molecules?

V1Rs

What is the receptor identified for ESP1, which is responsible for the boost in lordosis in females?

V2Rp5

What is the neural pathway through which the effect of ESP1 on female sexual behavior is mediated?

V2Rp5 expressing vomeronasal sensory neurons → Accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) → Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) → Medial amygdala (Me) → Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

which of the following has a higher sensitivity?

VSN

Which part of the brain controls female sexual behavior and receives input from V2Rp5 expressing vomeronasal sensory neurons?

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Which chemosensory subsystem is located in the nasal septum has non-volatile chemicals pumped into it via mucus?

Vomeronasal organ

the expansion of MUP genes in mice, rats, and opossums is associated with the expansion of which receptor family?

Vomeronasal receptors (V2r)

what induces male aggression in mice?

a and b

Flehmen behaviour is seen in mice to allow the passage of air into the vomeronasal organ.

false

what is lordosis?

mating stance in female pigs

what is the mouse alarm pheromone?

thiazole

How does the vomeronasal organ receive non-volatile chemicals for sensing?

through liquid borne stimuli

what connects the vomeronasal organ to the oral and nasal cavities?

vomeronasal duct

how many molecules of the silk moth sexual attractant bombykol are needed to elicit a full behaviour response in the male?

5

How many MUP variants does each male mouse typically express?

5-10

What is the dual role of the volatiles released from the urine marks containing MUPs?

A and B

what does the rabbit mammary pheromone do?

A and B

what triggers aggression in mice?

A and B

what does the alarm pheromone (thiazole) elicit in mice?

A and C

what is the sex attractant pheromone released by boars?

A and C

In response to ESP1, V2Rp5 expressing vomeronasal sensory neurons input to what area?

Accessory olfactory bulb (AOB)

Which animal salivates profusely to create a foam that disperses androstenone and androstenol in the presence of females?

Boars

what type of receptors are V1Rs and V2Rs?

G-protein coupled receptors

In the vomeronasal transduction pathway, VSNs activated V1Rs and V2Rs, which couple via which proteins to phospholipase C?

Galpha_o and Galpha_i

what cells sense the alarm pheromone (thiazole) in mice?

Grueneberg ganglion cells

At what concentration range do V2r-expressing VSNs respond to the major histocompatibility complex related peptide?

10-13 M

What percentage of female mice elicited lordosis in response to mating attempts by ESP1-deficient C57BL/6 males?

10-20% of females showing lordosis

responses in OSNs can be elicited to which micro molar range of odorant concentration?

10^-6M

how many main classes of vomeronasal receptors are their?

2

What is the active pheromonal molecule in rabbit mammary pheromones called?

2-methylbut-2-enal

How do MUPs serve as a reservoir for their bound volatile ligands?

By slowly releasing volatile ligands

What strain of male mice is a naturally occurring knockout for ESP1?

C57BL/6

What is the main olfactory system specialized for in mice?

Detecting airborne molecules

Which peptide, produced in the tear secretions of sexually mature males, has been studied for its influence on female mating behavior?

ESP1

Besides eliciting aggression, what additional effect does MUP20 have?

Eliciting countermarking behavior

where are mice V1rs located?

apical region of the vomeronasal epithelium

what is flehmen behaviour?

baring the teeth and curling of the upper lip, which changes the pressure in the organ, directly pumping stimuli in and out

what is the silk moth sexual attractant?

bombykol

What is the vomeronasal organ specialized for in the olfactory system?

chemicals following direct contact with scent sources

Where are mice V2rs located?

deeply in the vomeronasal epithelium

What occurs when axons projecting from Grueneberg ganglion to the MOB are cut?

prevents behaviour alarm response in mice

which of the following is not elicited in sows when they sense androstanone and androstenol?

receptive hormonal state

knockout of the TRPC2 ion channel in male mice induces what when presented with a male intruder?

sexual mounting behaviour

V1 receptors in the apical vomeronasal epithelium respond to......

small volatile molecules

what do class 1 vomeronasal receptors respond to?

small volatile molecules carried in solution

which of the following do class 2 vomeronasal receptors not respond to?

small volatile molecules carried in solution

Where is ESP1 produced?

tear secretions of sexually mature males

in rodents, what do they rely on to pump liquid stimuli in and out of the vomeronasal organ?

the cardiovascular pumping mechanism