phil midterm 1-3
Mexico has thirty one states. So it has fewer states than the United States.
Valid, sound
The English alphabet has 26 letters. Therefore, it has an even number of letters.
Valid, sound
1. Chewing tobacco is not a safe substitute for cigarettes. After all, it causes cancer of the mouth. The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a complete argument is: There is no form of tobacco that is safe to use. (Conclusion) Cigarettes cause lung cancer and emphysema. (Conclusion) No product that causes cancer of the mouth is a product that anyone should use. (Premise) Users of chewing tobacco are not required to go outdoors to use it. (Premise) Any product that causes cancer of the mouth is not a safe substitute for cigarettes. (Premise)
Any product that causes cancer of the mouth is not a safe substitute for cigarettes. (Premise)
Cancer is a disease that has afflicted humans for thousands of years. Therefore, many of the ancient Romans died of cancer. - Prediction, strong - Prediction, weak - Historical Argument, strong - Historical Argument, weak - Causal Argument, strong
Historical Argument, strong
Either you like salad or French fries. You like salad. So, you must not like French fries: - Valid, Disjunctive Syllogism - Invalid, Disjunctive Syllogism - Valid. Failed Disiunctive Syllogism - Invalid, Failed Disjunctive Syllogism - None of the Above
Invalid, Failed Disjunctive Syllogism
Steroid use is dangerous because it can lead to suicide. The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a complete argument is: - There is no proof that steroids lead to suicide. (Premise) - Any drug that can lead to suicide is dangerous. (Premise) - Steroid use is thought to be rampant in professional baseball. (Conclusion) - Any drug that can lead to suicide should be avoided. (Conclusion) - The use of steroids can improve performance in competitive sports. (Premise)
Any drug that can lead to suicide is dangerous. (Premise)
The vast majority of the relevant experts in climatology and earth science say that global warming is caused by human activity. So, it seems likely that global warming is caused by human activity. - Prediction, strong - Prediction, weak - Authority, strong - Authority, weak - Analogy, weak
Authority, strong
Tom's car has a flat tire. Tom must have run over something sharp that punctured it. - Prediction, strong - Prediction, weak - Analogy, strong - Causal Argument Strong - Casual Argument Weak
Causal Argument Strong
Jennifer's cat Pinky doesn't wear a flec collar and is constantly scratching herself. Pinky probably has fleas. Prediction, strong - Prediction, weak - Historical Argument, stong - Causal Argument, weak - Causal Argument, strong
Causal Argument, strong
All great musicians practice a lot. Yo-Yo Ma is a great musician. So, he practices a lot. - Deductive, Categorical Syllogism - Inductive, Generalization - Inductive, Causal Argument - Deductive, Definition - Inductive, Definition
Deductive, Categorical Syllogism
Either you're a Cubs fan or apadies fan and you're not a abs fan: So, you must be a Padres fan. - Inductive, Disjunctive Syllogism - Deductive, Disjunctive Syllogism - Inductive, Categorical Syllogism - Deductive Categorical Syllogism - None of the Above
Deductive, Disjunctive Syllogism
If you text and drive, then you're going to have an accident eventually. You text while driving. So, you're going to have an accident eventually. - Deductive, Disjunctive Syllogism - Deductive, Signs - Inductive, Hypothetical Syllogism - Deductive, Hypothetical Syllogism - Inductive, Analogy
Deductive, Hypothetical Syllogism
Underline the conclusion of each of the following arguments: Expectant mothers should never use recreational drugs, since the use of these drugs can jeopardize the development of the fetus.
Expectant mothers should never use recreational drugs,
That giraffe by the car has a really long neck. That other giraffe by the watering hole has a really long neck. That baby giraffe has a really long neck. Every picture of a giraffe I have ever seen shows an animal with a really long neck. I guess all giraffes have really long necks. - Generalization, strong - Generalization, weak - Historical argument, strong - Historical argument, weak - Authority, weak
Generalization, strong
A rabid dog is like an unexploded bomb. You would never play with an unexploded bomb. So, you should never play with a rabid dog. - Deductive, Disjunctive Syllogism - Inductive, Analogy - Deductive, Analogy - Inductive, Disjunctive Syllogism - Inductive, Generalization
Inductive, Analogy
Mitzi the cat is looking at her empty bowl and meowing. Mitzi is probably hungry. - Inductive, Causal Inference - Inductive, Argument from Authority - Inductive, Analogy - Inductive, Historical Claim - Inductive, Prediction
Inductive, Causal Inference
Either John Glenn or Neil Armstrong was an astronaut. John Glenn was an astronaut. Therefore, Neil Armstrong was not an astronaut.
Invalid (Failed Disjunctive Syllogism)
If you washed the dishes, then they are clean. The dishes are clean. Therefore, you washed them. - Valid, Denying the Antecedent - Invalid, Denying the Antecedent - Invalid, Failed Categorical Syllogism - Invalid, Affirming the Consequent - Valid, Affirming the Consequent
Invalid, Affirming the Consequent
If it is snowing, then we're going to go skiing. But it's not snowing. So, we're not going skiing. - Valid, Modus Tollens - Valid, Modus Ponens - Invalid, Affirming the Consequent - Invalid, Denying the Antecedent - Invalid, Failed Disjunctive Syllogism
Invalid, Denying the Antecedent
California is a state in the United States. New York is a state in the United States. So, England must be a state in the United States. - Valid, Conclusion Necessarily Follows - Invalid, True Premises, False Conclusion - Valid, Modus Ponens - Invalid Modus Ponens - Valid, Disjunctive Syllogism
Invalid, True Premises, False Conclusion
Investors become panicky whenever interest rates rise, and interest rates are rising now. The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a complete argument is: Investors are becoming panicky now. (Conclusion) Rising interest rates usually result in declining stock prices. (Premise) Investors often become panicky for irrational reasons. (Premise) Panicky investors often withdraw their funds from the stock market. (Conclusion) Higher interest rates are always followed by lower interest rates. (Conclusion)
Investors are becoming panicky now. (Conclusion)
Underline the conclusion of each of the following arguments:
Metaphysics has been called the queen of the sciences
Underline the conclusion of each of the following arguments: Most fast foods are loaded with fat. For example, KFC's Chunky Chicken Pot Pie has 42 fat grams, a Double Whopper with Cheese has 65, and an order of Grande Nachos has an incredible 82 fat grams.
Most fast foods are loaded with fat.
It hasn't snowed in San Marcos in the winter for at least thirty-five years. So I predict that this year we are due for a blizzard. - Historical Argument, strong - Historical Argument, weak - Prediction, strong - Prediction, weak - Causal Argument, strong
Prediction, weak
The print at the bottom of this full box of Cheerios says NET WT 15 OZ. Therefore, the contents weigh 15 ounces. - Analogy, strong - Analogy, weak - Signs, strong - Signs, weak - Prediction, strong
Signs, strong
Fifty one percent of the members of the Theta Society drive American cars. Hence, since Kristy is a member of the Theta Society, it is likely that she drives an American car. - Causal argument, strong - Causal argument, weak - Prediction, weak - Statistical argument, strong - Statistical argument, weak
Statistical argument, strong
Coca-Cola is an extremely popular soft drink. Therefore, probably someone, somewhere, is drinking a Cola-Cola right now.
Strong, cogent
Most popular film stars are millionaires. Ryan Gosling is a popular film star. Therefore, Ryan Gosling is probably a millionaire.
Strong, cogent
The grave marker at Arlington National Cemetery says that John F. Kennedy is buried there. It must be the case that Kennedy is really buried in that cemetery.
Strong, cogent
A random sample of twenty-five famous country and western singers revealed that every single one of them studied music in Indonesia. Probably all country and western singers study music in Indonesia.
Strong, uncogent (premise is false)
Every map of the United States shows that Alabama is situated on the Pacific Coast. Therefore, Alabama must be a western state.
Strong, uncogent (premise is false)
People have been listening to rock and roll music for over a hundred years. Probably people will still be listening to it a year from now.
Strong, uncogent (premise is false)
The vast majority of Rose Bowl games have been played in freezing cold weather. Therefore, probably the next Rose Bowl game will be played in freezing cold weather.
Strong, uncogent (premise is false)
When Neil Armstrong landed on the moon, he left behind a gold-plated Schwinn bicycle, which he used to ride around on the moon's surface. Probably that bicycle is still up there on the moon.
Strong, uncogent (premise is false)
Underline the conclusion of each of the following arguments: The ozone layer filters out harmful ultraviolet rays from sunlight before they can reach the surface of our planet and cause damage to humans and other life forms, So, the appearance of a large hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica represents a major environmental crisis.
The ozone layer filters out harmful ultraviolet rays from sunlight before they can reach the surface of our planet and cause damage to humans and other life forms,
What rule of invalidity is broken by the following argument? No dogs are mammals. Some mammals are not animals. So, some mammals are not animals. - Two Negative Premises not allowed. - A negative premise requires a negative conclusion. - If both premises are universal, the conclusion cannot be particular. - Two particular (some) premises are not allowed. - No rule is violated
Two Negative Premises not allowed.
What rule of invalidity is broken by the following argument? Some whales are mammals. Some mice are mammals. So some whales are mice. - Two Negative Premises not allowed. - A negative premise requires a negative conclusion. - If both premises are universal, the conclusion cannot be particular. - Two particular (some) premises are not allowed. - No rule is violated
Two particular (some) premises are not allowed.
Taylor Swift wrote the novel, "The Joy Luck Club." The novel, "The Joy Luck Club" is a novel about a Korean family that emigrates to America. Therefore, Taylor Swift wrote a novel about a Korean family that emigrates to America. - Invalid, False Premises, False Conclusion - Valid, False Premises, False Conclusion - Valid, True Premises, False Conclusion - Valid, Conclusion Necessarily Follows - Invalid, Conclusion Necessarily Follows
Valid, Conclusion Necessarily Follows
The play Hamlet was written by a trained ostrich. An ostrich is a large bird. So, Hamlet was written by a large bird. - Invalid, False Premises, False Conclusion - Valid, False Premises, False Conclusion - Valid, True Premises, False Conclusion - Valid, Conclusion Necessarily Follows - Invalid, Conclusion Necessarily Follows
Valid, Conclusion Necessarily Follows
Either you like salad or French fries. You don't like salad. So, you must like French fries. - Valid, Failed Disjunctive Syllogism - Invalid, Failed Disjunctive Syllogism - Valid, Disjunctive Syllogism - Invalid, Disjunctive Syllogism - None of the Above
Valid, Disjunctive Syllogism
If Alexander the Great died from typhoid fever, then he became infected in India. Alexander died from typhoid fever. Therefore, he became infected in India. - Valid, Modus Ponens - Invalid, Affirming the Consequent - Valid, Modus Tollens - Invalid, Denying the Antecedent - Invalid, Disjunctive Syllogism.
Valid, Modus Ponens
If Napolcon had won the war, then there would be peace. But there is no peace. So, Napoleon did not win the war. - Valid, Pure Hypothetical Syllogism - Valid, Modus Ponens - Invalid, Modus Ponens - Valid, Modus Tollens - Invalid, Modus Tollens
Valid, Modus Tollens
If you are careless with matches then a fire will start. A fire did not start. So, you are not careless with matches. - Valid, Pure Hypothetical Syllogism - Invalid, Modus Tollens - Valid, Modus Tollens - Valid, Modus Ponens - Invalid, Modus Ponens
Valid, Modus Tollens
A triangle is an enclosed geometrical shape with three sides. Therefore it has three interior angles.
Valid, sound
Abraham Lincoln was President of the United States during the Civil War. Therefore, he was the Commander in Chief of the U.S. Army.
Valid, sound
If Eric Clapton is a guitarist, then he is a musician. Eric Clapton is a guitarist. So it follows that he is a musician.
Valid, sound
If you don't eat enough food, you'll lose a lot of weight. If you lose a lot of weight, your clothes won't fit well anymore. So if you don't eat enough food, your clothes won't fit well anymore.
Valid, sound
If you get all of these questions correct then you understand soundness. You got all of these questions correct. Therefore, you understand soundness.
Valid, sound
Kim Kardashian is a celebrity. So she must be famous.
Valid, sound
Either Neil Armstrong or Babe Ruth was the first man to set foot on the moon. But it wasn't Neil Armstrong. So Babe Ruth was the first person on the moon.
Valid, unsound (premise is false)
Constructing the great pyramid at Giza required lifting massive stone blocks to great heights. Probably the ancient Egyptians had some antigravity device to accomplish this feat.
Weak, uncogent
The ebb and flow of the tides has been occurring every day for millions of years. But nothing lasts forever. Therefore, probably the motion of the tides will die out in a few years.
Weak, uncogent
