Philosophy 5/7/2016

Aesthetics

(art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art)

Moral Philosophy

Branch of philosophy that examines beliefs and assumptions about the nature of certain human values. (Ethics)

Morality

A system of learned attitudes about social practices, institutions, and individual behavior used to evaluate situations and behavior as right or wrong, good or bad

Abstract Objects

Abstract and concrete are classifications that denote whether a term describes an object with a physical referent or one with no physical referents

Natural Philosophy

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how its functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.

Philosophy of War

examines war beyond the typical questions of weaponry and strategy, inquiring into such things as the meaning and etiology of war, the relationship between war and human nature, and the ethics of war.

Logic

The use of careful reasoning that follows the formulas of standard classical critical thinking patterns such as deduction, induction, and reasoning by analogy

Ancient Philosophy

This period is associated with the Ancient Greeks, which are considered to be the first philosophers in the West, who basically made the first philosophical inquiry about the nature of the world.

Philosophy of Mind

branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain.

Modern Philosophy

a branch of philosophy that originated in Western Europe in the 17th century, and is now common worldwide[citation needed]. It is not a specific doctrine or school (and thus should not be confused with Modernism), although there are certain assumptions common to much of it, which helps to distinguish it from earlier philosophy. The 17th and early 20th centuries roughly mark the beginning and the end of modern philosophy.

Beauty

a combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight.

Dichotomy

a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.

Debate

a formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward. an argument about a particular subject, especially one in which many people are involved.

Objects

a material thing that can be seen and touched. a thing external to the thinking mind or subject.

Formulae

a method, statement, or procedure for achieving something, especially reconciling different aims or positions

Early Modern Philosophy

a period in the history of philosophy at the beginning or overlapping with the period known as modern philosophy. The early modern period in history is roughly 1500-1800, but the label "early modern philosophy" is sometimes used to refer to a more specific period of time

Philosophy of Life

a personal philosophy, whose focus is resolving the existential questions about the human condition. also refers to a specific conception of philosophizing as a way of life

Deconstruction

a philosophical theory of criticism that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning.

Hypothesis

a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations.

Virtue

a quality considered morally good or desirable in a person.

Propositions

a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion. expresses a concept that can be true or false.

Analytic Philosophy

a style of philosophy that became dominant in English-speaking countries during the 20th century. a method of approaching philosophical problems through analysis of the terms in which they are expressed, associated with Anglo-American philosophy of the early 20th century.

Theory

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world.

Sensory

of or relating to sensation or the physical senses; transmitted or perceived by the senses.

Universe

all existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos. The universe is believed to be at least 10 billion light years in diameter and contains a vast number of galaxies.

Variables

an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change.

Judgement

an opinion or conclusion.

Particulars

are concrete entities existing in space and time as opposed to abstractions

Philosophy of Logic

area of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic. is the investigation, critical analysis and intellectual reflection on issues arising in logic.

Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence

attempts to answer such questions as: 1.Can a machine act intelligently? 2. Can it solve any problem that a person would solve by thinking? 3.Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? 4.Is the human brain essentially a computer? 5.Can a machine have a mind, mental states and consciousness in the same sense humans do? 6.Can it feel how things are?

Deductive

based on reason and logical analysis of available facts.

Philosophy of Education

can refer to either the academic field of applied philosophy or to one of any educational philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education. the philosophical study of education and its problems...its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy. may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education

Inductive

characterized by the inference of general laws from particular instances.

Faith

complete trust or confidence in someone or something. strong belief in God or in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual apprehension rather than proof. a system of religious belief. strong belief in God or in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual apprehension rather than proof. a system of religious belief.

Secular

denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis.

Sentiment

general feeling or opinion.

Valid

having a sound basis in logic or fact; reasonable or cogent. well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force

Eastern Philosophy

includes the various philosophies of South and East Asia, including Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy, Korean philosophy, and Japanese philosophy.

Metaphilosophy

is "the investigation of the nature of philosophy". Its subject matter includes the aims of philosophy, the boundaries of philosophy, and its methods. (Philosophy of Philosophy)

Philosophy of Science

is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.

Philosophical Anthropology

is a discipline dealing with questions of metaphysics and phenomenology of the human person, and interpersonal relationships.

Abductive

is a form of logical inference that goes from observation to a hypothesis that accounts for the reliable data and seeks to explain relevant evidence.

Philosophy of Common Sense

is a philosophy of mind rooted in a theory of perception that claims that the senses provide us with direct awareness of the external world. In contrast, some forms of idealism assert that no world exists apart from mind-dependent ideas and some forms of skepticism say we cannot trust our senses. (Naïve Realism; Direct Realism; Common Sense Realism)

Pseudophilosophy

is a term, often considered derogatory, applied to criticize philosophical ideas or systems which are claimed not to meet an expected set of standards.

Philosophy of Sex

is an aspect of applied philosophy involved with the study of sex and love. It includes both ethics of phenomena such as prostitution, rape, sexual harassment, sexual identity, the age of consent, homosexuality, and conceptual analysis of concepts such as "what is sex?" It also includes questions of sexuality and sexual identity and the ontological status of gender.

Experimental Philosophy

is an emerging field of philosophical inquiry that makes use of empirical data—often gathered through surveys which probe the intuitions of ordinary people—in order to inform research on philosophical questions.

Philosophy of Perception

is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual data, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world. (Critical Realism)

Philosophy of Space & Time

is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.

Ethics

is the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. (Moral Philosophy)

Philosophy of Love

is the field of social philosophy and ethics that attempts to explain the nature of love.

Medieval Philosophy

is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century C.E. to the Renaissance in the 16th century. It is defined partly by the process of rediscovering the ancient culture developed in Greece and Rome in the classical period, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate sacred doctrine with secular learning.

Contemporary Philosophy

is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy.

Philosophy of Social Science

is the study of the logic and method of the social sciences, such as sociology, anthropology, and political science. Philosophers of social science are concerned with the differences and similarities between the social and the natural sciences, causal relationships between social phenomena, the possible existence of social laws, and the ontological significance of structure and agency.

Universals

is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities.

Ontotheology

means the ontology of God and/or the theology of being.

Experience

practical contact with and observation of facts or events. an event or occurrence that leaves an impression on someone.

Contingent

subject to chance. true by virtue of the way things in fact are and not by logical necessity. occurring or existing only if (certain other circumstances) are the case; dependent on.

Philosophy of Psychology

refers to issues at the theoretical foundations of modern psychology.

Feminist Philosophy

refers to philosophy approached from a feminist perspective.

Philosophy of History

refers to the theoretical aspect of history, in two senses. 1.Critical philosophy of history is the "theory" aspect of the discipline of academic history, and deals with questions such as the nature of historical evidence, the degree to which objectivity is possible, etc. 2.Speculative philosophy of history is an area of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history.

Cosmology

study of the universe as a totality; theory of the origin and structure of the universe

Taste

the ability to discern what is of good quality or of a high aesthetic standard.

Reasoning

the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way.

Reformation

the action or process of reforming an institution or practice.

Feminism

the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.

Dialectic

the art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions. inquiry into metaphysical contradictions and their solutions. the existence or action of opposing social forces, concepts, etc.

Ontology

the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.

Methodology

the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry in a particular discipline. a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.

Metaphysics

the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.

Cosmogony

the branch of science that deals with the origin of the universe, especially the solar system.

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Mind

the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought.

Teleology

the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes. the doctrine of design and purpose in the material world (Finalism)

Art

the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.

Identity

the fact of being who or what a person or thing is.

Existence

the fact or state of living or having objective reality. (Being)

Human Nature

the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans. the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings

Time

the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole.

Essence

the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something, especially something abstract, that determines its character.

World

the material universe or all that exists; everything

Epistemology

the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.

Being

the nature or essence of a person. (Existence)

Deontology

the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules.

Nature

the phenomena of the physical world collectively. the physical force regarded as causing and regulating. the innate or essential qualities or character of a person or animal.

Philosophy of Religion

the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions

Social Philosophy

the philosophical study of questions about social behavior.

Western Philosophy

the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with Hellenic (i.e. Greek) philosophy, and eventually covering a large area of the globe.

Platonism

the philosophy of Plato or his followers. the theory that numbers or other abstract objects are objective, timeless entities, independent of the physical world and of the symbols used to represent them

Body

the physical and mortal aspect of a person as opposed to the soul or spirit.

Justice

the quality of being fair and reasonable.

Causality

the relationship between cause and effect. the principle that everything has a cause

Tautology

the saying of the same thing twice in different words, generally considered to be a fault of style. a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form.

Ideology

the science of ideas; the study of their origin and nature. the ideas and manner of thinking characteristic of a group, social class, or individual.

Phenomenology

the science of phenomena as distinct from that of the nature of being. A philosophical approach that attempts to give a direct description of our experience as it is in itself, without taking into account its psychological origins or casual explanations

Anthropology

the study of humankind, in particular. the comparative study of human societies and cultures and their development. the science of human zoology, evolution, and ecology

Theology

the study of the nature of God and religious belief. religious beliefs and theory when systematically developed

Political Philosophy

the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Jurisprudence

the theory or philosophy of law. It includes principles behind law that make the law. (Philosophy of Law)

Reality

the world or the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. the state or quality of having existence or substance. existence that is absolute, self-sufficient, or objective, and not subject to human decisions or conventions

Discourse

written or spoken communication or debate. a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing.