Philosophy Final
What were the major elements of Epicurean Cosmology?
-Dont worry about death. When you die, you no longer exist. -Avoid politics and religion -only physical matter exists. There is no spiritual/immortal -Our free will can somehow change the movements of certain atoms to make changes in the universe. (The Epicurean Swerve)
What was the definition of "pleasure" according to Epicurean Ethics? What did they think happiness consisted of?
-Pleasure= happiness (good) -pain= unhappiness (bad) -too much happiness will make you unhappy -Happiness consists of being in a state of pleasure/peacefulness/tranquility. (you must moderate yourself, though, so as to not become too happy and therefor unhappy.
Who was the founder of Stoicism? Also, why is it called "stoicism"?
-Stoicism was founded by Zeno of Citium (334-262 B.C.) -he taught in a stoae -stoicism was called "stoicism" because of the word "stoic" in english means "being emotionless". The goal of stoicism was to be indifferent to everything. They said that to obtain apathy/indifferentness, you first have to gain a certain wisdom about the universe.
What were the major elements of stoic cosmology?
-there is only the materialist universe (no immortal/spiritual) -there was an invisible "highly refined" type of thing called "aether" Human souls were made of aether -The whole universe had a soul which controls everything. It is foolish to try and change the Pneuma. -Reason is defined by the Pneuma The Pneuma makes good/bad people
What are stoic ethics like? What did happiness consist of, according to them?
Achieving happiness consisted of being calm and tranquil. This was achieved by the removal of desire. If you desire anything, it means you are unhappy/unfulfilled.
What is pathos?
Appeal to Emotion
What is logos
Appeal to reason/logic
What is Ethos?
Appearing like you are a trustworthy person and know what you're talking about
what is the common definition of Rhetoric?
Art of Persuasion
Who were the other major stoics mentioned?
Chrysippus, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius
Who was the founder of Epicureanism? Also, who was the Roman poet who contributed a famous work to the Epicurean tradition...and what was that work called?
Epicurus was the founder. Lucretius, a famous Roman poet, wrote, "on the Nature of Things".
What are the 3 typical types of Rhetoric?
Forensic (Judicial) Deliberative (Political) Ceremonial (Epidetic)
What are the 3 things you need to have good Ethos?
Good Sense: You seem to be smart High Moral: you seem to be a good person Benevolence: you appear to care about the audience particularly
What are the Five Canons of Rhetoric?
Invention- brainstorm ideas Style- phrasing those arguments in a good way Arrangement- figuring out which argument goes where Delivery- how you present your speech (voice, expressions, gestures) Memory- Have your speech memorized
What is Forensic Rhetoric?
Persuading an audience about a justice/injustice
What is Deliberative Rhetoric?
Persuading an audience to take some action
What is Ceremonial Rhetoric?
Praising/ blaming someone/something
Who was the founder of Pyrrhonism/skepticism?
Pyrrho. Some other pyrrhonists: Carneades, Sextus, Empiricus, Aenesidemus
What are the 3 Hellenistic Philosophies?
Pyrrhonism/Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism
Different Kinds of Tropes:
Simile, Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Onomatopoeia, Hyperbole
What did Skeptics claim was the source of happiness and why?
The source of happiness is tranquility/peacefulness. Don't believe anything so that your beliefs won't conflict with other peoples beliefs, because the disagreement will result in stress.
What is deduction?
an inference from a general law to particular instances (MATH)
What is Induction?
an inference from particular instances to a general law (PHYSICS)