Philosophy midterm

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of A. knowledge B. wealth C. community D. reputation

A. knowledge

A modified skeptic believes that absolutely nothing can be known. A. True B. False

B. False

Chalmers thinks that the possibility of zombies shows that they actually exist or will exist. A. True B. False

B. False

Empirical evidence can show that the principle of induction is true. A. True B. False

B. False

If sound, Aquinas's arguments prove that all of Christianity is true. A. True B. False

B. False

According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that _____. A. all of Christianity is true B. the universe has a cause C. the Big Bang model is false D. the universe is uncaused

B. the universe has a cause

According to Nagel, an organism has conscious mental states if and only if _____. A. it has human-like physical attributes B. there is something that it is like to be that organism C. the mental states are reducible to functional states D. the mental states play the right causal role

B. there is something that it is like to be that organism

Why does Kenneth Miller reject Behe's argument about the irreducible complexity of the bacterial flagellum? A. because he is an atheist B. because each part of the bacterial flagellum could have evolved separately if God made it happen C. because each part of the bacterial flagellum could have evolved separately if each part originally played a different role in the cell D. because he disagrees with evolution

C. because each part of the bacterial flagellum could have evolved separately if each part originally played a different role in the cell

A good example of something that a modified skeptic would not believe in would be: A. astronomy B. astrophysics C. arithmetic D. astrology

D. astrology

Craig says an actually infinite number of things _____. A. is possible B. is meaningless C. exists somewhere D. cannot exist in real life

D. cannot exist in real life

A philosophical materialist is someone who claims that everything is physical; there is nothing beyond that. A. True B. False

A. True

D'Holbach's view is that science precludes the notion of free will. A. True B. False

A. True

Descartes is convinced that corporeal things exist and that he has a body. A. True B. False

A. True

For Anselm, God is the highest being we can conceive of. A. True B. False

A. True

For Thrasymachus (the character in Plato's Republic), justice is whatever is in the best interests of those who are powerful. A. True B. False

A. True

Kant tries finds a third way between rationalism and empiricism. A. True B. False

A. True

One of the assumptions behind the Socratic method was that truth can be found using pure thinking. A. True B. False

A. True

Socrates wrote no philosophy down. A. True B. False

A. True

The purpose of the Socratic method was to find error and replace it with truth. A. True B. False

A. True

Though Pascal's "wager" shows that it is reasonable to believe in God, it does not prove that God exists. A. True B. False

A. True

True or False? For Descartes, the statement "I am, I exist" is necessarily true every time he utters it. A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following do both hard determinists and libertarians agree on? A. causal determinism is true B. free will is possible C. causal determinism and free will are incompatible D. nothing; they disagree on everything

C. causal determinism and free will are incompatible

Locke rejected the notion of _____. A. empirical knowledge B. relations of ideas C. innate ideas E. sense data

C. innate ideas

According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is _____. A. illusory B. caused by a finite God C. necessary D. contrary to divinity

C. necessary

Which of the following types of arguments concerns the apparent existence of purpose or design in the universe? A. ontological B. cosmologial C. teleological D. moral

C. teleological

Locke's purpose is to inquire into _____. A. authoritative opinions about knowledge B. the structure and functions of the brain C. the origin and extent of human knowledge D. the essence of the soul

C. the origin and extent of human knowledge

The difficulty of justifying the assumption that the future will be like the past is known as _____. A. the problem of science B. the problem of deduction C. the problem of induction D. the problem of incoherence

C. the problem of induction

Compatibilism is the view that that determinism is true; determinism and free will are compatible; and _____. A. no one acts freely B. free will is a myth C. we sometimes act freely D. soft determinism is false

C. we sometimes act freely

According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations _____. A. can evolve a biological system B. produces higher life forms C. is the way that irreducibly complex systems evolve D. cannot evolve a biological system

D. cannot evolve a biological system

According to Thomas Aquinas' discussion of the cosmological argument for God's existence, there must be an ultimate cause or reason for the existence of the world (namely, God). If there were no such cause, then there would be no way to explain why: A. anything (including the world) exists at all B. God exists C. everything always has to be explained D. God would choose to create a world at all

A. anything (including the world) exists at all

Which of the following best describes Pascal's view on the existence of God? A. in the absence of a proof one way or the other, we choose to live our lives based on something: why not use the anticipated rewards of religious belief as that basis? B. it would be contrary to human nature to believe in the existence of a God for whom we have no evidence C. God would not reward a believer with eternal happiness if the person adopts the belief as a result of considering the possible rewards of such a belief D. the Christian life is fulfilling enough that, even if there is no God or afterlife, people should adopt Christianity for its own sake

A. in the absence of a proof one way or the other, we choose to live our lives based on something: why not use the anticipated rewards of religious belief as that basis?

Locke believes that we have nothing in our minds that did not come from _____. A. sensation and reflection B. reflection on innate ideas C. reason alone D. cultural memory

A. sensation and reflection

The challenge of reconciling determinism with our intuitions or ideas about personal freedom is known as _____. A. the problem of free will B. the determinism problem C. the libertarian dilemma D. the problem of indeterminism

A. the problem of free will

What does Kant mean by the "noumenal" world? A. the world as it really is, independently of our experiences of it B. the world as it is presented to us in experience C. the world of mind D. the world of matter

A. the world as it really is, independently of our experiences of it

In Hick's view, because God is good and loving, the environment that he has created for human life is naturally as pleasant and comfortable as possible. A. True B. False

B. False

The point of Pascal's wager is to prove that God exists. A. True B. False

B. False

According to Anselm's version of the ontological argument, God must exist both in the understanding and in reality because: A. without being able to believe in a God who exists in reality, some people would not be able to make sense of what is in their understanding B. a being who exists only in the understanding is not as great as one who exists both in the understanding and in reality C. if God existed only in the understanding, then those who do not fully understand what or who God is would not be able to believe in him D. God is beyond all understanding

B. a being who exists only in the understanding is not as great as one who exists both in the understanding and in reality

The idea that every event is determined or necessitated by preceding events and the laws of nature is known as _____. A. libertarianism B. determinism C. monism D. compatibilism

B. determinism

Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from _____. A. memory B. experience C. the mind of God D. logic

B. experience

According to d'Holbach, all the mental and moral attributes that people think are evidence for an immaterial soul are in fact _____. A. purely intellectual B. purely physical and natural C. ethereal D. undetermined

B. purely physical and natural

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____. A. an argument B. the Socratic Method C. the Socratic Jest D. a debate

B. the Socratic Method

Which of the following would not be a good argument for skepticism? A. perception is relative and dependent on our particular brain makeup B. our impressions become less critical through repetition and custom C. all people are brought up with different beliefs, under different laws and social conditions D. since God gave us our reason, we can trust it to give us the truth

D. since God gave us our reason, we can trust it to give us the truth

The core idea of evolution by natural selection is: A. everything happening by chance B. molecules randomly assembling themselves into life forms C. when an organism is in a new situation, it adapts to its surroundings D. small genetic changes that are beneficial leading to larger changes over long periods of time

D. small genetic changes that are beneficial leading to larger changes over long periods of time

Why can't past experience justify claims about the future, according to Hume? A. our knowledge of past experience depends on memory, which cannot be known to be accurate B. Hume actually does think that past experiences can justify claims about the future C. we can never know whether or not the future will resemble the past D. such claims are based on the assumption that we can know what causes what, and we cannot

D. such claims are based on the assumption that we can know what causes what, and we cannot